7. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS FOR
A. ADOLESCENTS
Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood-
between the ages of 12 to 18 that is marked by growth and
change, and physical and emotional development.
The physical and mental changes are predictable, but that doesn’t
make this age group any easier to understand and communicate
with the physical changes at this age are dramatic, as boys and
girls gradually grow into men and women.
8. Cont….
• Adolescents are often preoccupied with themselves, and this can
cause anxiety when the changes in development are not always
consistent with those of peers, and the periods of awkwardness don’t
happen to everyone at the same time or in the same way.
9. ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• The term adolescence is derived from the Latin word “Adolescere”
meaning to grow, to mature.
• It is considered as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood.
• They are no longer children yet not adults.
• It is characterized by rapid physical growth, significant physical,
emotional, psychological and spiritual changes.
• The problems of adolescents are multi-dimensional in nature and
require holistic approach.
10. Cont…
• A large number of adolescents in Nepal are still out of school,
malnourished, get married early, working in vulnerable situations, and
are sexually active. They are exposed to tobacco or alcohol abuse.
oAdolescence: 10-19 years
oEarly Adolescence: 10-13 years
oMiddle Adolescence: 14-16 years
oLate Adolescence: 17-19 years
oYouth: 15-24 years
oYoung people: 10-24 years
11. CHALLENGES IN ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH IN
NEPAL
1. 45% of adolescent girls under nourished
2. 20% of adolescent boys under nourished
3. Early marriage 26% <15 years – girls, 54%<18years
4. 20-30% adolescent boys sexually active
5. 10% adolescent girls sexually active
12. CONT…
6. 59% adolescents know about condoms
7. 49% adolescents know about contraceptives
8. 4.5% drug abuse
9. 50% of all HIV positive new infections are in the age group of 10-25
years
10. Adolescent abortion 1-4.4 millions
15. Late Adolescence(17-19)years
Distinct identity, well formed opinion and ideas. The following
changes are taking place during adolescent period:
1) Biological changes- onset of puberty
2) Cognitive changes- emergence of more advanced cognitive abilities
3) Emotional changes- self image, intimacy, relation with adults and
peer groups
4) Social changes- transition into new roles in the society
16. SMR(SEXUALLY MATURITY RATING)
• Genitalia stage for boys(G1 to G5)
• Pubic hair stage(PH1 to PH5)
• Breast development for girls(B1 to B5)
17. IMPACT OF
ADOLESCENCE
Lack of formal or informal education
School dropout and childhood labour
Malnutrition and anemia
Early marriage, teenage pregnancies
Habits and behaviours picked up during
adolescence period have lifelong impact
18. Cont…
Desire for experimentation
Lot of unmet needs regarding nutrition,
reproductive health and mental health
They require safe and supportive
environment
Sexual maturity and onset of sexual
activity
Transition from dependence to relative
independence
19. Ignorance
about Sex and
Sexuality
Lack of understanding
Inadequate school syallabus about adolescent
health
Social frustration
Misdirected peer pressure in absence of
adequate knowledge
Lack of recreational, creative, and working
opportunity
Suboptimal support at family level
20. Reasons for Adolescent reluctant to
seek help
Fear
Lack of privacy
Confidentiality
Uncomfortable with
opposite health worker
Poor quality perception
Long waiting time
Parental consent
Lack of information
Feeling of discomfort
Cubersome procedure
Operational barrier
21. HEALTH
EDUCATION
Safe sex
Early marriage
Body image
Substance abuse
Stress
management
Early diagnosis
and
management of
medical and
behavioural
problem
Skilled based
health education
Family life
education
Nutritional
counselling
Nutritional
needs(micronutri
ents)
Life skill
education
RTI/HIV/AIDS
22. CONT…
Managing emotional stress
Child rearing and responsible
parenthood
Problems associated with menstrual
cycle and menstrual hygiene
Development of secondary sexual
characters and menarche
23. Adolescent
Friendly Health
Service
• Reproductive Health
Service
• Sexual and
Reproductive Health
education
• Growth and
development
monitoring
• Prenatal and
postpartum care
• STD/HIV screening
counselling and
treatment
• Pregnancy testing
option
• Anticipatory
guidance about
substance abuse
and other risk
taking behaviour
• Contraception
• Counselling for life
skill development
• Screening for
various disorders
• MTP
• Well baby care
28. B.YOUTH
“Positive Experiences + Positive
Relationships + Positive Environments =
Positive Youth Development”
“Youth” is best understood as a period of
transition from the dependence of
childhood to adulthoods independence
and awareness of our independence as
members of a community.
29. CONT…
• “youth” is often indicated as a person
between the age where he/ she may leave
compulsory education, and the age at
which he/she finds his/her first
employment.
• Youth programs engage young people in
intentional, productive, and constructive
ways while recognizing and enhancing
their strengths.
30. CONT…
• These programs promote
positive outcomes by
providing opportunities,
fostering positive
relationships, and giving the
support that is needed to
develop young people’s assets
and prevent risky behaviors.
31. MISSION
To ensure that youth with disabilities are provided full access
to high quality services in integrated settings in order to
maximize their opportunity for employment and independent
living.
32. Definition of Youth Development
• Youth development is a process which prepares young people to
meet the challenges of adolescence and adulthood through a
coordinated, progressive series of activities and experiences which
help them to become socially, morally, emotionally , physically, and
cognitively competent.
-Adapted from National Youth Employment coalition(NYEC) and NC
WD/Y.
33. Definition of Youth
Leadership
• Youth leadership is the ability to analyze
one’s own strengths and weaknesses, set
personal and vocational goals, and have
the self-esteem to carry them out.
34. programming
important to youth
with Disabilities?
Assists young people to become self- sufficient
and productive members of society.
Assists in the development of advocacy (self-
determination) skills
Fosters making informed choices
Exposes youth to role models and leaders with
and without disabilities
35. Effective program components for all
youth
oActivities that are challenging, interesting and related to everyday life
oOpportunities to participate in decision-making relating to things
youth care about relationships with emotionally supportive adults
oActivities- focused programs with recreational activities
oOpportunities for skill-building
36. Cont…
oIntegration of family, school and community efforts
oPhysical and psychological safety
oPositive social norms
oWorkforce Investment Act(WIA) and youth Development
38. i. working
To develop positive attitudes, skills and
behaviors around occupational and career
direction
Some activities supporting working
Job shadowing
Internships
Entrepreneurships
Site tours
39. ii. Learning
• To develop positive basic
and applied academic
attitudes, skills and
behavior
• To develop higher altitude
for academic skill, and the
ability to approach
endeavors with a strategy
to achieve
40. CONT…
• Some activities supporting learning:
Formal and informal skills assessment
Identification of learning styles and
difficulties
Peer tutoring
41. iii. Thriving
To develop attitudes, skills and behaviors
demonstrated by maintaining optimal physical and
emotional well-being
Some activities supporting thriving:
Counselling
Community resource mapping
Conflict management skill- building
Social activities
42. iv. Connecting
• To develop and maintain positive social
behaviors, skills and attitudes through
relationships with elders, family, peers,
supervisors, and community members.
• Some activities supporting connecting:
Mentoring
Tutoring
Building community networks
Accessing community resources
43. v. Leading
• To develop positive skills, attitudes and behaviors around civic/public
involvement and personal goal setting
• Some activities supporting leading:
Registering to vote
Volunteering
Peer mediation activities
Youth advisory committees
44. Principles of effective youth
Leadership Programs
1) Help youth learn specific knowledge and skills related to leadership
2) Enable youth to understand the history, values, and beliefs of their
society
3) Facilitate the development of individual strengths and leadership
styles
4) Facilitate the development of ethics, values and ethical reasoning
45. CONT…
5) Promote awareness understanding and tolerance of other peoples,
cultures and societies
6) Embody high expectations of confidence, and respect for youth
served
7) Emphasize experiential learning and provide opportunities for
genuine leadership
8) Involve youth in service to others
46. CONT…
9) Facilitate self- reflection and the individual and cooperative
teamwork, and networking experiences with peers
10) Involve youth in collaborative, teamwork, and networking
experiences with peers
11) Involve youth in significant relationships with mentors, positive role
models and other nurturing adults
12) Stated purposes and goals
47. c. Senior citizens
• “The senior citizens are the people who are 60 years and above”.
-WHO and Senior citizens Act 2063, Nepal
• The retirement age for military in Nepal is 45 to 48 years for lower
class, for general government service 58 years, and for university
teachers and judiciary service 63 years.(khanal s.,2009)
48. CONT…
• The programs intends to promote and improve the quality of life of
older persons through the establishment and provision of basic
health services for older persons, formulation of policies and
guidelines pertaining to older persons, provision of information and
health education to the public, provision of basic and essential
training of manpower dedicated to older persons and the conduct of
basic and applied researchers.
49. Developmental programs
• Provision of medicines
• Provision of walker, canes, wheelchairs, eye- glasses and health
kits
• Provide medical assistance to senior citizen region wide
• Community –based orientation or senior citizens rights and
privileges
50. CONT…
• Yearly celebration/ observance of the National Elderly Week
• Reservation of at least two seats in the public vehicle.
• 50%discount in fare rate in public vehicle.
51. D. Differently able person
• Differently able person is often described in terms of lack of normal
functioning of physical, mental or psychological processes.
• It is also defined as learning difficulties or difficulties in adjusting
socially, which interfaces with a persons normal growth and
development.
52. CONT…
• Jhapa, morang, Kathmandu, Kailali, Dang and Chitwan are the top
districts in terms of total number of differently able persons in Nepal.
53. CONT…
• The purpose of world programme of action concerning differently
able persons is to promote effective measures for prevention of
disability, rehabilitation and the realization of the goals of “full
participation” of disabled persons in social life and development, and
of “equality”. This means opportunities equal to those of the whole
population and an equal share in the improvement in living
conditions resulting from social and economic development.
54. Developmental Programs
provide free education
Awareness raise among them, their parents, teachers, schools
management committee on special needs of woman with disabilities
Provide equal opportunity in job
Facilitate safe environment and security
55. CONT…
• Strong networking and coordination with different agencies and
sectors for strong and effective policies formulation for differently
able persons in each sectors.
• Scholarships schemes for students with disabilities.
• Reservation in government jobs
