Physiology practical assignment

1. College of Physiotherapy
Practical assignment for Physiology
Topic:- actions and regulations of
adrenaline and noradrenaline hormone

2. Actions and regulations of
adrenaline hormone

3. It is also known as epinephrine, is a
hormone and medication.
Adrenaline is normally produced by
both the adrenal glands and a small
number of neurons in the medulla
oblongata, where it acts as a
neurotransmitter involved in regulating
visceral functions (e.g., respiration).

4. It plays an important role in the
fight-or-flight response by
increasing blood flow to
muscles, output of the heart,
pupil dilation response and
blood sugar level.
It does this by binding to alpha
and beta receptors.

5. Its actions vary by tissue type and
tissue expression of adrenergic
receptors.
For example, high levels of
adrenaline causes smooth muscle
relaxation in the airways but
causes contraction of the smooth
muscle that lines most arterioles.

6. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors
inhibits insulin secretion by the
pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis
in the liver and muscle,and
stimulates glycolysis and inhibits
insulin-mediated glycogenesis in
muscle.btypes α1, α2, β1, β2, and
β3.

7. Its actions are to increase
peripheral resistance via α1
receptor-dependent
vasoconstriction and to increase
cardiac output via its binding to β1
receptors. The goal of reducing
peripheral circulation is to increase
coronary and cerebral perfusion
pressures and therefore increase
oxygen exchange at the cellular
level.

8. Effects on organs:-
Heart- increases heart rate contractility
conduction acrossAV node
Lungs- increases respiratory rate
bronchodilation
Liver- stimulates glycogenolysis
Systemic-vasoconstriction and vasodilation
muscle contractions

10. Actions and regulations
of noradrenaline
hormone

11. Noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in
the catecholamine family that functions in
the brain and body as a hormone and
neurotransmitter.
"Norepinephrine" is also the
international nonproprietary name
given to the drug.Regardless of which
name is used for the substance itself,
parts of the body that produce or are
affected by it are referred to as
noradrenergic.

12. The general function of norepinephrine is to
mobilize the brain and body for action.
Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep,
rises during wakefulness, and reaches much
higher levels during situations of stress or
danger, in the so-called fight-or-flight response.
In the brain, norepinephrine increases arousal
and alertness, promotes vigilance, enhances
formation and retrieval of memory, and focuses
attention; it also increases restlessness and
anxiety.

13. Norepinephrine is synthesized from
the amino acid tyrosine by a series of
enzymatic steps in the adrenal
medulla and postganglionic neurons
of the sympathetic nervous system.
The metabolic pathway is:
Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → L-DOPA
→ Dopamine → Norepinephrine

14. Norepinephrine (labeled "noradrenaline" in this drawing) processing in a
synapse. After release norepinephrine can either be taken up again by the
presynaptic terminal, or broken down by enzymes.

15. Inside the brain norepinephrine functions as
a neurotransmitter, and is controlled by a
set of mechanisms common to all
monoamine neurotransmitters. After
synthesis, norepinephrine is transported
from the cytosol into synaptic vesicles by
the vesicular monoamine transporter.

16. Norepinephrine is stored in these
vesicles until it is ejected into the
synaptic cleft, typically after an action
potential causes the vesicles to
release their contents directly into the
synaptic cleft through a process called
exocytosis.

17. The sympathetic effects of
norepinephrine include:
In the eyes, an increase in production of tears, making
the eyes more moist,and pupil dilation through
contraction of the iris dilator.
In the heart, an increase in the amount of blood
pumped.
In brown adipose tissue, an increase in calories
burned to generate body heat (thermogenesis).
In skeletal muscles, an increase in glucose uptake.

19. References
El-Bahr, S. M.; Kahlbacher, H.; Patzl, M.; Palme, R. G. (2006). "Binding and
Clearance of Radioactive Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Sheep Blood". Veterinary
Research Communications. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 30 (4): 423–
432. doi:10.1007/s11259-006-3244-1. ISSN 0165-7380. PMID 16502110
"Epinephrine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15
August 2015.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenalin
e#cite_ref-AHFS2015_4-3
"Norepinephrine". PubChem. Retrieved 6 November
2015.
Deedwania PC (2015). "Management of Patients With Stable
Angina and Type 2 Diabetes". Rev Cardiovasc Med. 16 (2): 105–
13. PMID 26198557.

20. THANK YOU