This document discusses language development and disorders in children. It describes the stages of language development from birth through age 5. Key stages include babbling, first words, two-word phrases, and grammatically complex sentences. Common language disorders are also outlined, including aphasia, lisps, and autism. The causes, symptoms, and potential treatments for each disorder are summarized. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of typical and atypical language acquisition in early childhood.

1. Language Development
Language Development
and
and
Language Disorders
Language Disorders
in Children
in Children
Maiko Okuno
Maiko Okuno

2. <Contents>
1.What’s Language?
2.Origin of Language
3.Language Developmental Pyramid
4.Developmental Stage
5.How to Facilitate Language Development
6.Cognitive Development
7.Mental Disorder
8.Language (Communication) Disorder
9.Language Disorder - ① Aphasia
10.Language Disorder - ② Lisp Speech Disorder
11.Language Disorder - ③ Autism
12.Summary
13.Sources

3. Question
Question
How many languages are there in the world?
The answer is.. 6500

4. What’s Language?
⦿ Language is
⦿ In a narrow sense, it implies spoken language. However, it
includes also hand language which has nothing to do with
voices or sounds in broad sense.
⦿ The scientific study of
language is called linguistics.
an human ability to communicate.

5. Origin of Language
Continuity-based theories Discontinuity-based theories
・ Evolved from earlier
pre-linguistic systems
among our pre-human
ancestors.
・ Appeared suddenly in
the transition from pre-
hominids to early man.
Economic tablet with numeric signs,
Susa, and Uruk periods (3200 B.C. to 2700
BCE).
Department of Oriental Antiquities, Louvre

6. Language Development Pyramid
1.Looking and listening
↓
2. Play
↓
3.Understanding
↓
4.Talking
↓
5. Pronunciation

7. Developmental Stages
0-3 months Can recognize familiar and unfamiliar voices.
Can use meaningless sounds to convey urgent needs.
4-6 months Can recognize commands with strong emphasis.
Starts practicing with sound production.
7-12 months Begins to recognize simple vocabulary, particularly nouns for
objects they can see.
Starts producing first words. By this time they usually know
between 5 and 20 words or so.
1-3 years Can respond to simple questions and more detailed
commands. By the end of this stage they normally know
about 1000 words.
3-5 years By the end of this stage most children are able to understand
and express themselves in most language functions about
concepts they have learned.

8. How to Facilitate
Language Development
The 2-year-old gradually begins to use
pronouns, such as I, you, and me, correctly.
In addition, he/she can follow 2or3
commands. Suddenly, she seems to be an
infinitely more sophisticated being; she
understands and responds to nearly
everything you say!
What role does a parent play in it? Many
experts believe that the human brain is, in a
sense, preprogrammed to learn language.
So parents should back off from strenuous
efforts to teach a child language by
constantly introducing new words or by
overtly correcting grammar or syntax.
Rather, you can best help your child's
garden of verbal skills grow by being a
good facilitator.
(First, recognize the wide variation in language abilities
at ages. In general, boys start to talk later than girls do.)

9. 1. Respond to a child with sensitivity from infancy forward.
2. React positively to a child's babbling.
3. Talk to a child frequently.
4. Get a child's attention when you want him/her to interact
with you as he/she enters toddlerhood.
5. Ask a child questions and listen to him/her responses as
his/her language ability grows.
6. Read and sing to a child.

10. Cognitive Development
Early childhood is not only a period of amazing physical growth, it is
also a time of remarkable mental development. Cognitive abilities
associated with memory, reasoning, problem-solving and thinking
continue to emerge throughout childhood.
◉Psychologist, Jean Piaget, Aron Beck
⦿
⦿Stages
Stages
• The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
• The Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 years)
• The Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
• The Formal Operational Stage (12 years to adulthood)

11. Mental Disorder
Mental health in childhood means reaching developmental and emotional
milestones, and learning healthy social skills and how to cope when there
are problems. Mentally healthy children have a positive quality of life and
can function well at home, in school, and in their communities.
◉
◉Causes
Causes
The causes of mental disorders are generally complex and vary depending
on the particular disorder and the individual. Although the causes of some
mental disorders are unknown.
◉
◉Symptoms
Symptoms
・
・ Genetic inheritance, such as parents having depression
・ Migration and discrimination
・ Childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families
・ Abuse of drugs

13. Language(Communication) Disorder
Communication disorders include speech
disorders and language disorders.
Language disorder in children refers to
problems with either: getting their
meaning or message across to others
(expressive language disorder), or
understanding the message coming from
others (receptive language disorder).
Many young children have difficulty with
communication at some time in their
lives. Most will eventually catch up.
However, some will continue to have
problems.
◉
◉Causes
Causes
・ Occur in children with other developmental problems.
(e.g. autistic spectrum disorders, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. )
・ Caused by damage to the central nervous system, which is called aphasia.
・ Rarely caused by a lack of intelligence.

14. ◉
◉Symptoms
Symptoms
・ Difficulty following directions
・ Trouble rhyming at an early age
・ Attention deficits
・ Inconsistent performance
・ Reading difficulty
◉
◉Treatments
Treatments
・ Speech and language therapy
・ Psychological therapy
◉
◉Estimate
Estimate
8-9% of school-aged students
(voice disorders/3%
and stuttering/1%)
Source :
textmed.com

15. Language Disorder
- ① Aphasia
Aphasia is a disorder that results from damage to the parts of the brain that
contain language. Aphasia causes problems with any or all of the following:
speaking, listening, reading, and writing.
◉
◉Causes
Causes
・ Caused by stroke.
・ Any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control
language.
◉
◉Symptoms
Symptoms
・ Have trouble using words and sentences
(expressive aphasia).
・ Have trouble understanding others
(receptive aphasia).
・ Have troubles with both using words and
understanding (global aphasia).

16. Language Disorder
- ② Lisp Speech Disorder
Lisp speech disorder is a condition that hinders with a person's
proficiency to talk clearly and understandably. It may be initiated by
developmental delays, hearing difficulties, accidents, strokes, or defects in
any of the body parts or muscles.
◉Types
・ Lateral Lisp - With this disorder, the
tongue place is in the identical position when
making the "L" sound.
・ Palatal Lisp - What occurs here is the
middle of the tongue arrives into contact with
the soft palate, or the soft part of the top
covering of the mouth.
・ Interdental Lisp - The tongue comes in
between the front teeth & the airflow is pushed
forward.

17. Language Disorder
- ③ Autism
Autism spectrum disorder is a complex developmental disability that
typically appears during the first three years of life and affects a person’s
ability to communicate and interact with others.
◉
◉Causes
Causes
•Genetic vulnerability
•Environmental factors
◉
◉Symptoms
Symptoms
•Lack of or delay in spoken language
•Little or no eye contact
•Lack of interest in peer relationships
•Lack of spontaneous or make-believe play

18. Autism has much more
possibilities than other
disorders or disabilities to be
treated.
The medical cost for a child with
autism is 6 times higher than a
child without it.

19. Summary
◍Language is a necessary ability and everyone
communicates with others by using language including
hand language.
◍There are more than 5 stages in language
development.
◍There are many kinds of language disorders and
main ones are Aphasia, Lisp, and Autism.
◍Boys have higher possibilities to have disabilities
or delays than girls.
◍Everyone with disorders has a greatly possibility
to treat disabilities or delays.
◍Any familiar matters can cause any disorders.
(e.g. traffic accident, fighting, stumbling, and hitting your brain)

21. <Sources>
・ Child Development Institute
http://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/language_development/
・ education.com
http://www.education.com/reference/article/language-development-2/
・ SIL
http://www-01.sil.org/sociolx/LangDev.html
・ Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_development
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_disorder
・ Learning Rx
http://www.learningrx.com/cognitive-disorder.htm
・ IVC Journal
http://www.ivcjournal.com/articles/cognitive-disorder/
・ Medline Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001545.htm
・ University of Maryland
http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/language-disorder-children
・ Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=001545
・ Health Intelligent Network
http://hin.com/blog/tag/child-mental-disorder/
・ Language Development 5th
– Erika Hoff (Florida Atlantic University)
Date of publication: 2013/1/1