1. The National Initiative for Human Development and Poverty in Morocco“The future is being built and the best is possible.” His Majesty, King Mohammed VI.15/12/2010<br />Introduction<br />“The future is being built and the best is possible”. This was the principle slogan of the National Initiative for Human Development in 2005 by His Majesty, King Mohammed VI. The establishment of this huge venture is leaded by the wish of improving the Moroccan living conditions, using institutional and financial resources, and increasing the social indicators and motivated by the conviction that the destiny of our country is in our hands. <br />Motivation<br />The National Initiative for Human Development is basically the most important Moroccan plan in the last century. It leads to the establishment of a new way of facing problems and struggling against poverty. Actually, the 21th century represents the generation of changes thank to the Millenium Goals. In that way, the Moroccan Government is trying to follow the social worldwide trend which makes the Human being the ultimate focus. This research is motivated by our carry about the Moroccan social situation in order to see in efficient way how our future will be.<br />Problem Statement<br />Our principle purposes are to see how the National Initiative for Human Development could improve the social context in Morocco and reduce poverty. Then, what is the impact of this program on the Moroccan social growth, especially for the youth? And finally, how the INDH make Moroccan hopeful about the future? <br />Approach<br />In order to try to analyse this issue, we have chosen to use several research methods. Actually, we focus our paper on comparing between the Moroccan social context over the last five years, that is to say after the launching of the NIHD. We used databases to see the evolution of the social indicators, reports of the INDH comity and finally figures to illustrate some aspects of the issue. <br />Although we have chosen to discuss the whole aspects of this issue, we particularly focused our analysis on the impact of the INDH on poverty in order to limit the research on the main and the most imperative point which is poverty. <br />Results<br />This analysis will show that the national initiative for human development was implemented trough coherent choices which accelerate the rate of development and break definitively with the practices which have, up till now, stood in the way of the Moroccan development. <br />Conclusion<br />The National initiative for human development is the first step to reduce poverty and the social deficit. However, a lot has to be made to eradicate it properly. <br />Outline<br />Introduction <br /> <br />The National Initiative for Human Development, the Grand Work-<br />Project of the Reign <br />Definition <br />Aims and purposes <br />Resources and tools <br /> <br />The Consequences of INDH<br />Social Indicators<br />Economic Growth<br />A shinning future <br /> <br />A future with confidence?<br />Limits and obstacles<br />Expectations <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />Introduction<br />It is up to us to make the Independence Jubilee an historic moment, and to pause in order to evaluate the steps undertaken by our nation during this half century, in the area of human development (…). Our objective is to reinforce our future choices and orientations and to emphases the extraordinary efforts that were undertaken to put Morocco on the path to building a modern State.” It is in these terms that His Majesty, King Mohammed VI, in His August 20, 2003 speech, inaugurated a public undertaking and participatory study of reflection and debate as a retrospective evaluation of human development in Morocco .This project took the form of a report entitled “50 Years of Human Development and Possibilities for 2025.” <br />This undertaking was conducted in a moment where important reform undertakings have been launched. The country is making an historic step marked by multiple transitional democratic and political, demographic and social, economic and cultural processes. This is a period of profound questioning, promising the formulation of great intentions to renew the national vision and to accelerate the country’s rate of development.<br />Actually, according to the Human Development Index Morocco is ranked 126. This classification is very low due to the low rate of literacy, life expectancy, and income. Since the ranking is low in comparison with the human and natural resources that the country possesses, Morocco thought of having a positive change toward progress, and it launched many projects that will serve the development of the country not only economically and politically, but, more importantly, socially as well. <br />In this way and to fulfill the needs of the 21th century and the Millennium goals, the notion of human development was thrust to the forefront of the national arena in 2005, through a large-scale initiative, hailed the National Initiative for Human Development leaded by His Majesty, King Mohamed VI and the Prime Minister Driss Jetou. Emanating from a Royal decision, the Initiative has been described as “the Grand Work-Project of the Reign”, that is, a nationwide priority to be addressed over a long period of time. Moreover, the initiative is perfectly in tune with the recommendations of the 50th Anniversary of the Independence Report. On a smaller scale, the Initiative is a pilot experience in the integration of public policies. <br />Actually, many projects took place under the present king, but this paper will focus on one which is called the National Initiative for Human Development. A discussion about the initiative‟ objectives, the reasons behind its creation, its strategic planning, its financing, and its effects are going to be analyzed. In addition, an analysis of how the initiative lead to the realization of some of the Millennium Development goals as well as some criticism of the initiative will be summarized in the conclusion.<br />The National Initiative for Human Development, the Grand Work-Project of the Reign <br />The INDH puts Morocco’s social issues at the forefront of the country’s political priorities. Among its most positive features is that it has adopted a participatory approach, which involves civil society and local authorities in both planning and implementation. However, it is not clear how it fits in with a national development strategy and with the country’s general economic policy, nor how it will help transfer greater political power and resources to local governments as the key agents in the current democracy-building process. <br />Definitions<br />Like all major government initiatives in Morocco, the National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) was announced in a royal speech on May 18, 2005 in which King Mohamed VI acknowledged that social problems were ‘the main challenge we must face to achieve our project for society and development’. He said that, based on ‘objective data […] large segments of Morocco’s population and entire areas of the country live in conditions […] of poverty and marginalization incompatible with a dignified and decent life’. He expressly mentioned urban slums, illiteracy; low levels of school attendance, unemployment and exclusion. In his speech, the king assumed the State’s responsibility to undertake ‘social modernization’ through integrated public policies. <br />Globally, the INDH is a series of programs which aim to reduce poverty and enhance the social indicators of development. <br />Aims and purposes<br />The three focal points of the INDH identified in the king’s speech were: <br />To reduce the social deficit (both urban and rural) through better access to basic infrastructure and social services such as health, education, literacy, water, electricity, healthy housing, sewage systems, highway systems, mosques, youth centers and cultural and sports infrastructure.<br />To promote income-generating activities and employment.<br />To offer assistance to the most vulnerable social groups to help them emerge from their precarious conditions.<br />Finally, ‘considering that it is physically impossible to guarantee complete, simultaneous coverage to all regions and all sectors’, 360 rural municipalities and 250 marginal neighborhoods or old quarters were designated as priority beneficiaries and the prime minister was put in charge of developing an action plan for implementation.<br />Resources and Tools<br />Throughout 2005 the institutional arrangements for launching the INDH were designed and the first 1,104 projects were selected for priority action, with a total budget of 250 million dirham Ten billion dirham were earmarked for programs in 2006-10. <br />The resources allocated for 2005 come in part from the national budget (50 million dirham), in part from local authorities (100 million) and to a large extent from the Hassan II Fund for Economic and Social Development. This is a public agency directly responsible to the Palace, with a special budget line for infrastructure-building and job creation. It was established in 1999 as one of the last initiatives of the late King Hassan II, using the revenues from the granting of the second mobile telephone license. For 2006-10 it is projected that local authorities and international cooperation will each provide 20% of the funds, while the State will provide the remaining 60%.<br />The consequences of the INDH<br />The first evaluation of the initiative was done two months after its launching. During that time, the initiative cited that 117 projects are being implemented and they are supposed to improve the life of 1 million Moroccan citizens. However, and overall, this initiative’s main target is to benefit 5 million people by 2010.<br />Social indicators<br />According to the Human Development Index, Morocco ranked 126th in the year 2005 even though many projects related to INDH took place. 353 projects were launched in the educational sector, 177 in the health sector, 132 terms of having access to electricity, water, and sanitation, 144 projects to generate a constant outcome, and 99 projects for creating libraries and cultural centers for the youth. Overall, 822 projects or 75% of the projects were achieved from 2005 till 31 August 2006. <br />Regarding human poverty index, Morocco got behind from the 63 position to 68 even though the percentage of its human poverty index has slightly improved from 38.4 to 33.4. Maternal mortality did not improve, but it worsened since it has increased from 230 per 100000 live births to 240. However, it is important to see that other social indicators experienced a little improvement. For instance, adult literacy rate increased from 60.3 to 68.3 for males and from 34 to 39.6 for females. REF _Ref280091242 <br />Economic growth<br />Considered as a way of autonomy of the poor population and their socio-professional integration into the economy, the Income Generating Activities (IGA) has known a worldwide spectacular development, boosted particularly by the growth of microfinance. In Morocco, the development of projects that generate employment and income is a goal shared by many development actors. Several departments have established specific programs taken from this initiative, like pillar II of Morocco’s Green Plan (Plan Maroc Vert), for development of social agriculture and local products and current strategy including Handicrafts and Social Economy field. Benefiting from the dynamic of the NIHD and supported by specialized social agencies, the associative and cooperative field showed significant capabilities for mobilization. Therefore, apart from some negative externalities on natural resources and the difficulty to maintain the projects, the IGAs development has been a powerful instrument helping the poor populations to integrate the economic field and improving their social status.<br />A shinning future<br />The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) now offers a potential framework to reorganize solidarities and accelerate the fight against poverty and exclusion. Significant improvement in human development can be secured in the choice period presented by the next ten years. The INDH, which made a goal of such efforts, must avoid being reduced to a mere poverty reduction program and rather affirm itself as a potential framework to reorganize social and territorial reorganization and to guarantee efficient policies and public programs. In operational terms, the initiative should be the main strategic framework to implement such efforts and enable the convergence of programs and projects as well as innovation for social engineering and partnership management of population needs. In the next two decades, strategic social issues will also need to find exit strategies and realize more ambitious results.<br />A future with confidence?<br />The INDH sets for a new social and political context which will allow the coming generation to be a part of the Moroccan development process. However, it is important to point out the difficulties of implementing the INDH and the expectations for the future. <br />Limits and obstacles<br />These are fundamental impediments that correspond to deficits and gridlocks identified through a retrospective analysis and in expectation of future challenges:<br />Knowledge: Despite agreed efforts, the Moroccan educational system is currently experiencing a legitimacy and credibility crisis that augments difficulties in this area. As demonstrated by the difficulty to transmit the values of citizenship, openness, and progress, and the regression of fundamental learning necessary for the development of capacity and the school's social and economic functions have naturally been affected.<br />Economy: The volatility and poor level of growth have significantly slowed the country's human development. The predominance of the agricultural sector, at the constant mercy of climate changes, is a major reason for the continued vulnerability of Morocco's economy.<br />Health: Despite significant progress in the national health system, access to healthcare remains uneven and limited by numerous factors. With a poor level of public health expenditure and of collective and private medical coverage, general health services financing remains insufficient. This situation helps explain deficits in medical and paramedical care, hospital infrastructure, and, of course, in the system’s overall performances.<br />Expectations<br />If Morocco is unable to act today to bypass those weights that prevent it from moving forward and to transform the future impediments described above into true leverages for development, it will be confronted with a regressive scenario. The regressive course remains a possibility if ongoing reforms are not strengthened, if they are not brought to term, or if they are overtaxed so as to weaken collective engagement. Should the country be unable to adapt its intelligence to new stakes and to changes in the international arena, it will also face the regressive course.<br />Envisioning a desirable future is based upon observed seeds of change and requirements of the desired development course. This perception centers on consolidation of the democratic process, successful decentralization, reduced inequality and exclusion, and with harmonious insertion in globalization.<br />Conclusion<br />The national Initiative for Human Development can be considered a unique experience in Morocco since it is based on the participatory approach of development and the fight against all forms of exclusion are the concerns of everybody . The royal initiative was created for many reasons which are the existence of the high rate of poverty, the lack of access to basic social services and the marginalization that many people experience. In addition, other reasons are the terrorist attacks which are the result of major social discontent and the Cannabis production which is believed to have financed the bombing in Morocco and elsewhere. Finally, other reasons are the desire to make the legitimacy stronger and to balance the economic policy which Morocco focused on at the expense of the social sector. <br />Even though the National Initiative for Human Development made many efforts to booster the development of the country by mainly reducing the poverty level and the social exclusion; it is still facing many obstacles and criticisms. <br />However, what is certain is that the initiative together with the National Development Fund contributed to the realization of the majority of the Millennium Development Goals.<br />Reference List<br />Banque Mondiale. 2006. Document d‟évaluation de projet pour un prêt propose d‟un montant de 100 millions de $ EU au Royaume du Maroc pour un projet d‟appui à L‟initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain. Rapport No: 36973-Mor. Département Maghreb (MNCO1). <br />Ben Meir, J. Public Participation: Critical for Success of Morocco‟s “National Initiative for Human Development” from http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000357.htm<br />Country Report: Morocco. 2007. Agriculture from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25060752&site=ehost-live<br />France Diplomatie. 2006 from<br /> http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/morocco_285/france-and-morocco_3181/index.html<br />Human Development Report, 2007/2008 from http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf<br />Human Development Report, 2000 from http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_2000_en.pdf<br />King announces the launching of 'the National Initiative for Human Development'. 2005 from <br />http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050519/2005051932.html<br />Martin, I. 2006. Morocco: The Bases for a New Development Model? : The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), from <br />http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/947.asp<br />
![The National Initiative for Human Development and Poverty in Morocco“The future is being built and the best is possible.” His Majesty, King Mohammed VI.15/12/2010<br />Introduction<br />“The future is being built and the best is possible”. This was the principle slogan of the National Initiative for Human Development in 2005 by His Majesty, King Mohammed VI. The establishment of this huge venture is leaded by the wish of improving the Moroccan living conditions, using institutional and financial resources, and increasing the social indicators and motivated by the conviction that the destiny of our country is in our hands. <br />Motivation<br />The National Initiative for Human Development is basically the most important Moroccan plan in the last century. It leads to the establishment of a new way of facing problems and struggling against poverty. Actually, the 21th century represents the generation of changes thank to the Millenium Goals. In that way, the Moroccan Government is trying to follow the social worldwide trend which makes the Human being the ultimate focus. This research is motivated by our carry about the Moroccan social situation in order to see in efficient way how our future will be.<br />Problem Statement<br />Our principle purposes are to see how the National Initiative for Human Development could improve the social context in Morocco and reduce poverty. Then, what is the impact of this program on the Moroccan social growth, especially for the youth? And finally, how the INDH make Moroccan hopeful about the future? <br />Approach<br />In order to try to analyse this issue, we have chosen to use several research methods. Actually, we focus our paper on comparing between the Moroccan social context over the last five years, that is to say after the launching of the NIHD. We used databases to see the evolution of the social indicators, reports of the INDH comity and finally figures to illustrate some aspects of the issue. <br />Although we have chosen to discuss the whole aspects of this issue, we particularly focused our analysis on the impact of the INDH on poverty in order to limit the research on the main and the most imperative point which is poverty. <br />Results<br />This analysis will show that the national initiative for human development was implemented trough coherent choices which accelerate the rate of development and break definitively with the practices which have, up till now, stood in the way of the Moroccan development. <br />Conclusion<br />The National initiative for human development is the first step to reduce poverty and the social deficit. However, a lot has to be made to eradicate it properly. <br />Outline<br />Introduction <br /> <br />The National Initiative for Human Development, the Grand Work-<br />Project of the Reign <br />Definition <br />Aims and purposes <br />Resources and tools <br /> <br />The Consequences of INDH<br />Social Indicators<br />Economic Growth<br />A shinning future <br /> <br />A future with confidence?<br />Limits and obstacles<br />Expectations <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />Introduction<br />It is up to us to make the Independence Jubilee an historic moment, and to pause in order to evaluate the steps undertaken by our nation during this half century, in the area of human development (…). Our objective is to reinforce our future choices and orientations and to emphases the extraordinary efforts that were undertaken to put Morocco on the path to building a modern State.” It is in these terms that His Majesty, King Mohammed VI, in His August 20, 2003 speech, inaugurated a public undertaking and participatory study of reflection and debate as a retrospective evaluation of human development in Morocco .This project took the form of a report entitled “50 Years of Human Development and Possibilities for 2025.” <br />This undertaking was conducted in a moment where important reform undertakings have been launched. The country is making an historic step marked by multiple transitional democratic and political, demographic and social, economic and cultural processes. This is a period of profound questioning, promising the formulation of great intentions to renew the national vision and to accelerate the country’s rate of development.<br />Actually, according to the Human Development Index Morocco is ranked 126. This classification is very low due to the low rate of literacy, life expectancy, and income. Since the ranking is low in comparison with the human and natural resources that the country possesses, Morocco thought of having a positive change toward progress, and it launched many projects that will serve the development of the country not only economically and politically, but, more importantly, socially as well. <br />In this way and to fulfill the needs of the 21th century and the Millennium goals, the notion of human development was thrust to the forefront of the national arena in 2005, through a large-scale initiative, hailed the National Initiative for Human Development leaded by His Majesty, King Mohamed VI and the Prime Minister Driss Jetou. Emanating from a Royal decision, the Initiative has been described as “the Grand Work-Project of the Reign”, that is, a nationwide priority to be addressed over a long period of time. Moreover, the initiative is perfectly in tune with the recommendations of the 50th Anniversary of the Independence Report. On a smaller scale, the Initiative is a pilot experience in the integration of public policies. <br />Actually, many projects took place under the present king, but this paper will focus on one which is called the National Initiative for Human Development. A discussion about the initiative‟ objectives, the reasons behind its creation, its strategic planning, its financing, and its effects are going to be analyzed. In addition, an analysis of how the initiative lead to the realization of some of the Millennium Development goals as well as some criticism of the initiative will be summarized in the conclusion.<br />The National Initiative for Human Development, the Grand Work-Project of the Reign <br />The INDH puts Morocco’s social issues at the forefront of the country’s political priorities. Among its most positive features is that it has adopted a participatory approach, which involves civil society and local authorities in both planning and implementation. However, it is not clear how it fits in with a national development strategy and with the country’s general economic policy, nor how it will help transfer greater political power and resources to local governments as the key agents in the current democracy-building process. <br />Definitions<br />Like all major government initiatives in Morocco, the National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) was announced in a royal speech on May 18, 2005 in which King Mohamed VI acknowledged that social problems were ‘the main challenge we must face to achieve our project for society and development’. He said that, based on ‘objective data […] large segments of Morocco’s population and entire areas of the country live in conditions […] of poverty and marginalization incompatible with a dignified and decent life’. He expressly mentioned urban slums, illiteracy; low levels of school attendance, unemployment and exclusion. In his speech, the king assumed the State’s responsibility to undertake ‘social modernization’ through integrated public policies. <br />Globally, the INDH is a series of programs which aim to reduce poverty and enhance the social indicators of development. <br />Aims and purposes<br />The three focal points of the INDH identified in the king’s speech were: <br />To reduce the social deficit (both urban and rural) through better access to basic infrastructure and social services such as health, education, literacy, water, electricity, healthy housing, sewage systems, highway systems, mosques, youth centers and cultural and sports infrastructure.<br />To promote income-generating activities and employment.<br />To offer assistance to the most vulnerable social groups to help them emerge from their precarious conditions.<br />Finally, ‘considering that it is physically impossible to guarantee complete, simultaneous coverage to all regions and all sectors’, 360 rural municipalities and 250 marginal neighborhoods or old quarters were designated as priority beneficiaries and the prime minister was put in charge of developing an action plan for implementation.<br />Resources and Tools<br />Throughout 2005 the institutional arrangements for launching the INDH were designed and the first 1,104 projects were selected for priority action, with a total budget of 250 million dirham Ten billion dirham were earmarked for programs in 2006-10. <br />The resources allocated for 2005 come in part from the national budget (50 million dirham), in part from local authorities (100 million) and to a large extent from the Hassan II Fund for Economic and Social Development. This is a public agency directly responsible to the Palace, with a special budget line for infrastructure-building and job creation. It was established in 1999 as one of the last initiatives of the late King Hassan II, using the revenues from the granting of the second mobile telephone license. For 2006-10 it is projected that local authorities and international cooperation will each provide 20% of the funds, while the State will provide the remaining 60%.<br />The consequences of the INDH<br />The first evaluation of the initiative was done two months after its launching. During that time, the initiative cited that 117 projects are being implemented and they are supposed to improve the life of 1 million Moroccan citizens. However, and overall, this initiative’s main target is to benefit 5 million people by 2010.<br />Social indicators<br />According to the Human Development Index, Morocco ranked 126th in the year 2005 even though many projects related to INDH took place. 353 projects were launched in the educational sector, 177 in the health sector, 132 terms of having access to electricity, water, and sanitation, 144 projects to generate a constant outcome, and 99 projects for creating libraries and cultural centers for the youth. Overall, 822 projects or 75% of the projects were achieved from 2005 till 31 August 2006. <br />Regarding human poverty index, Morocco got behind from the 63 position to 68 even though the percentage of its human poverty index has slightly improved from 38.4 to 33.4. Maternal mortality did not improve, but it worsened since it has increased from 230 per 100000 live births to 240. However, it is important to see that other social indicators experienced a little improvement. For instance, adult literacy rate increased from 60.3 to 68.3 for males and from 34 to 39.6 for females. REF _Ref280091242 <br />Economic growth<br />Considered as a way of autonomy of the poor population and their socio-professional integration into the economy, the Income Generating Activities (IGA) has known a worldwide spectacular development, boosted particularly by the growth of microfinance. In Morocco, the development of projects that generate employment and income is a goal shared by many development actors. Several departments have established specific programs taken from this initiative, like pillar II of Morocco’s Green Plan (Plan Maroc Vert), for development of social agriculture and local products and current strategy including Handicrafts and Social Economy field. Benefiting from the dynamic of the NIHD and supported by specialized social agencies, the associative and cooperative field showed significant capabilities for mobilization. Therefore, apart from some negative externalities on natural resources and the difficulty to maintain the projects, the IGAs development has been a powerful instrument helping the poor populations to integrate the economic field and improving their social status.<br />A shinning future<br />The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) now offers a potential framework to reorganize solidarities and accelerate the fight against poverty and exclusion. Significant improvement in human development can be secured in the choice period presented by the next ten years. The INDH, which made a goal of such efforts, must avoid being reduced to a mere poverty reduction program and rather affirm itself as a potential framework to reorganize social and territorial reorganization and to guarantee efficient policies and public programs. In operational terms, the initiative should be the main strategic framework to implement such efforts and enable the convergence of programs and projects as well as innovation for social engineering and partnership management of population needs. In the next two decades, strategic social issues will also need to find exit strategies and realize more ambitious results.<br />A future with confidence?<br />The INDH sets for a new social and political context which will allow the coming generation to be a part of the Moroccan development process. However, it is important to point out the difficulties of implementing the INDH and the expectations for the future. <br />Limits and obstacles<br />These are fundamental impediments that correspond to deficits and gridlocks identified through a retrospective analysis and in expectation of future challenges:<br />Knowledge: Despite agreed efforts, the Moroccan educational system is currently experiencing a legitimacy and credibility crisis that augments difficulties in this area. As demonstrated by the difficulty to transmit the values of citizenship, openness, and progress, and the regression of fundamental learning necessary for the development of capacity and the school's social and economic functions have naturally been affected.<br />Economy: The volatility and poor level of growth have significantly slowed the country's human development. The predominance of the agricultural sector, at the constant mercy of climate changes, is a major reason for the continued vulnerability of Morocco's economy.<br />Health: Despite significant progress in the national health system, access to healthcare remains uneven and limited by numerous factors. With a poor level of public health expenditure and of collective and private medical coverage, general health services financing remains insufficient. This situation helps explain deficits in medical and paramedical care, hospital infrastructure, and, of course, in the system’s overall performances.<br />Expectations<br />If Morocco is unable to act today to bypass those weights that prevent it from moving forward and to transform the future impediments described above into true leverages for development, it will be confronted with a regressive scenario. The regressive course remains a possibility if ongoing reforms are not strengthened, if they are not brought to term, or if they are overtaxed so as to weaken collective engagement. Should the country be unable to adapt its intelligence to new stakes and to changes in the international arena, it will also face the regressive course.<br />Envisioning a desirable future is based upon observed seeds of change and requirements of the desired development course. This perception centers on consolidation of the democratic process, successful decentralization, reduced inequality and exclusion, and with harmonious insertion in globalization.<br />Conclusion<br />The national Initiative for Human Development can be considered a unique experience in Morocco since it is based on the participatory approach of development and the fight against all forms of exclusion are the concerns of everybody . The royal initiative was created for many reasons which are the existence of the high rate of poverty, the lack of access to basic social services and the marginalization that many people experience. In addition, other reasons are the terrorist attacks which are the result of major social discontent and the Cannabis production which is believed to have financed the bombing in Morocco and elsewhere. Finally, other reasons are the desire to make the legitimacy stronger and to balance the economic policy which Morocco focused on at the expense of the social sector. <br />Even though the National Initiative for Human Development made many efforts to booster the development of the country by mainly reducing the poverty level and the social exclusion; it is still facing many obstacles and criticisms. <br />However, what is certain is that the initiative together with the National Development Fund contributed to the realization of the majority of the Millennium Development Goals.<br />Reference List<br />Banque Mondiale. 2006. Document d‟évaluation de projet pour un prêt propose d‟un montant de 100 millions de $ EU au Royaume du Maroc pour un projet d‟appui à L‟initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain. Rapport No: 36973-Mor. Département Maghreb (MNCO1). <br />Ben Meir, J. Public Participation: Critical for Success of Morocco‟s “National Initiative for Human Development” from http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000357.htm<br />Country Report: Morocco. 2007. Agriculture from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25060752&site=ehost-live<br />France Diplomatie. 2006 from<br /> http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/morocco_285/france-and-morocco_3181/index.html<br />Human Development Report, 2007/2008 from http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf<br />Human Development Report, 2000 from http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_2000_en.pdf<br />King announces the launching of 'the National Initiative for Human Development'. 2005 from <br />http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050519/2005051932.html<br />Martin, I. 2006. Morocco: The Bases for a New Development Model? : The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), from <br />http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/947.asp<br />](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anglais-110406142614-phpapp01/85/anglais-1-320.jpg)
