1. Women in Workforce
MHR 452
Group #2
Tina Vo, Ting Wang, Samanvita Chakka,
Jenny Wang, Takeshi Kuwajima, Alejandra Robles

2. What is Discrimination against Women?
"... any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the
effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by
women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and
women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social,
cultural, civil or any other field."
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in
1979 by the UN General Assembly

3. Introduction
Women are still being underrepresented
Gender discrimination is still a major issue in the workforce.
Men are assumed to be independent in their personal and professional lives
Women are expected to be the primary caretakers in the household

4. Research Questions
1.How is the work environment in the United States different for men and women
today?
2.What are the causes of the discrimination for women in the workforce?
3.Comparing the past and the present, how have the work conditions for women
differ and what has remained constant?

5. How is the work environment in the United
States different for men and women today?

6. Statistical Overview of Women in Workforce
Women’s share of the total labor force is
46.8% in the United States
Women held 51.5% of management,
professional and related positions
Currently hold 20 (or 4.0%) CEO positions at
S&P 500 companies
61% of all mothers with children under
the age of three are in the labor force

7. Gap in Wage
Started up salary of men and
women at young age(25-34)
1980
Men $1.00/hr
Women $0.67/hr
2012
Men $1.00/hr
Women $0.93/hr
Overall pay
$0.76 - 0.79/hr

8. Challenges for women
● Take significant amount of time off
work (39%)
● Reduce their hours (42%)
● Quit work to care for a child and
their families (27%)

9. Sexual Harassment
2 types of Sexual Harassment in
workforce:
1.Quid pro quo: Usually as supervisor, as
a condition of getting or keeping job.
2.Hostile work environment: In general
as verbal, physical, or both
● Sexual Harassment in common
workplace
★ 1 in 3 women has been sexual
harassed at work.
★ 81% of women experience
harassment in verbal form
★ 75% women experience
harassment by male coworkers
★ 49% by male clients or
customer
★ 38% by male managers

10. What are the causes of the discrimination for
women in the workforce?

11. Conscious & Unconscious presumption
Gender, Race, Religion, Sexual Orientation, Or Age
Auto Gender Stereotyping
Undervaluing of women’s work
Segregation in the labour market
Traditions and Stereotypes

13. Comparing the past and the present, how have
the work conditions for women differ and what
has remained constant?

14. Past Vs. PresentPast
Women have experienced low social
and economic status because of
their unequal access to education
Women are housewives
Women have no right of speech
Present
Women have chance to get in
workforce as men do because
women have right to get same
education level as men.
Husband and wife are more likely to
work
Discrepancy in pay gap declined

15. Recommendations
Employers should place female employees in more
opportunity-enhancing positions within the
corporations
Utilize social media such as Facebook and Twitter to
acknowledge successful women leaders
Persuade organizations to utilize job rotation and other
training programs to encourage women to strive for
profit-and-loss positions.
Create programs that encourage succession planning,

16. Conclusion
In conclusion we have discussed the issues women have
faced in the workforce in regards to the wage gap, sexual
harassment, and undervaluing of women’s work. Though
there are have been improvements in the workforce over
time there is still more that needs to be done. Simply by
acknowledging these problems we can strive to improve
gender discrimination in the workplace.