Grape phylloxera is an aphid-like insect pest that feeds on the roots of grapevines. It originated in eastern North America and was accidentally introduced to Europe in the 1860s, where it destroyed many vineyards on that continent. The microscopic louse feeds on and damages grapevine roots, ultimately killing the vines if left untreated. It can spread between vineyards via contaminated boots or vineyard equipment, or naturally over short distances. While devastating to European vineyards initially, the wine industry was saved by developing rootstock grafted with American grapevine varieties resistant to the pest. Preventing further spread relies on cleaning equipment, treating plant materials, and limiting human movement between infested and non-infested areas.

1. TOPIC- WINE PEST PHYLLOXERA
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2. What is Grape Phylloxera?
 Phylloxera is also a genus in family
Phylloxeridae
 Grape phylloxera is an insect pest
of commercial grapevines
worldwide, originally native to
eastern North America
 Phylloxera is a microscopic louse or
aphid, that lives on and eats roots
of grapes. It can infest a vineyard
from the soles of vineyard worker’s
boots or naturally spreading from
vineyard-to-vineyard by proximity.

3.  Phylloxera is one of the most
destructive grape pests
worldwide. This small aphid-like
insect has a complex life cycle
that involves survival on the
roots throughout the year and
on the leaves during the
growing season. The sequence
of events in the life cycle is
different for the foliar and root
forms of this insect.

4. Causes of grape phylloxera?
 These bumps are galls
caused by the grape
phylloxera, an aphid-like
insect with the rather
intimidating name of
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae,
that once endangered the
grape industry in Europe.

5. Where did Phylloxera come from?
 It came from the United States
 Phylloxera may have spread through the
unintended actions of “Count” Agoston
Haraszthy, the man who started Sonoma’s
oldest winery, Buena Vista Winery, in 1857.
 In 1861, Haraszthy traveled to Europe
tromping through the vineyards in France,
Germany and Switzerland to collect
samples. He brought back cuttings of 350
different types of grapes and started an
experimental vineyard in Sonoma

6. What are affected by phylloxera?
 Grape phylloxera damage the
root systems of
grapevines by feeding on the
root, either on growing
rootlets, which then swell and
turn yellowish, or on mature
hardened roots where the
swellings are often hard to see.
Necrotic spots (areas of dead
tissue) develop at the feeding
sites on the roots.

7. How did phylloxera get to
Europe?
 In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic
destroyed most of the vineyards for wine
grapes in Europe, most notably in France.
 Starting around 1860, a tiny yellow louse called
phylloxera (pronounced fi-lok-SUH-ruh)
decimated Europe's vineyards, brought to the
continent unknowingly by Victorian-era
botanists through American native vines.
The pests had free rein on a continent where
they never should have set wing.

8. Effect on wine industry
 At the height of its spread in
Europe,
phylloxera destroyed more
than 2 million vineyard
hectares and almost
brought European wine
production to a halt in
severely affected areas.

9. Phylloxera trapping
Another method currently under development for detection of phylloxera is an emergence trap. This
method of trapping can be used in spring and summer months as crawlers move from the vine roots
onto the soil surface.
The trap involves a bucket or similar container which is moistened on the inside surface and then
placed upside down at the base of a grapevine (Figure 4). The container is pegged to the ground to
create an airtight seal and encourage a build up of humidity within.
As phylloxera crawlers move from roots to canopy, some will emerge within the inverted container
and move up the inside walls. Condensation on the inside surface of the container catches the
phylloxera crawlers.
When traps are retrieved after 3 to 4 weeks the accumulated condensation can be collected in
ethanol or methylated spirits and inspected for phylloxera using a microscope. Suspected phylloxera
should be verified by an expert.
Prevention
Spread of phylloxera to new locations is generally a result of unintentional movement of the insect by
people. Phylloxera can be transferred on grape and grapevine material, through equipment that has
been used in infested vineyards and by people on their clothing or footwear moving from infested to
non-infested vineyards.
Signage discouraging entry into phylloxera-free vineyards should be observed at all times.
Planting material should always be purchased from certified nurseries in phylloxera-free areas, and
should be hot-water treated in accordance with state regulations.

10. Acknowlegdement
I would like to thank my food
and beverage operations
module tutor, Mr.koustav dutta
the opportunity to take up this
assignment and helping me
complete it to the bestof my
ability.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
To make the presentation I have taken source from the
following websites & note :
 www.google.co.in
 www.wikipedia.org
 Note