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Communication ppt.ppt
1. Effective Communication
with
Patients and Providers
(Including Skill Station Training Using Expert Patients)
Unit 15
HIV Care and ART: A Course for
Pharmacists by Salahadin M.Ali
2. 2
2
Unit Learning Objectives
Describe the team approach to HIV care and
treatment
Explain basic principles and behaviors of ART
counseling
Describe essential steps in communicating with
a multidisciplinary team.
Describe essential steps in communicating with
an HIV-positive patient
Demonstrate effective communication with
patients and providers
3. 3
3
Team Approach in ART
Involves pharmacist or druggist, and other
multidisciplinary team members working
together towards comprehensive patient care
Involves information sharing between providers
and patients
Ensures patient confidentiality
May involve others (family members) as per the
patient’s choice.
4. 4
Objectives of Effective Communication
Pharmacists need to be able to share
information in order to work effectively with
patients, and the multi-disciplinary team
members.
On a professional level with the multidisciplinary team
With an individual patient on a level that he/she can
understand
5. 5
5
Communicating with the Multi-
disciplinary Team Members
Begin by identifying yourself
Identify the patient you are to discuss
Present the issue or concern that you have
identified
Do not be judgmental
Use professional rapport to gain respect
Be prepared to discuss the issue at a
professional level
Propose a solution
Await feedback
6. 6
6
Communicating with the Multi-
disciplinary Team Members (2)
You may not always have all of the answers to
the questions that follow
Be comfortable saying that you do not know the
answer at the moment, that you will look into it
and get back to the provider as soon as you can
The provider will respect that you provide only
information about which you are confident
Over time, you will build a working relationship
with the multidisciplinary team members that you
work with
7. 7
Communicating with Patients – Importance
of Patient Counseling
Effective patient counseling is not simply the
provision of information.
Information is prerequisite to compliance but the
timing and organization of the message and
involvement of the patient are also critical in
determining what the patient understands and
remembers.
8. 8
8
Communicating with Patients –
Readiness for ART
Assess readiness to start ART
Identify barriers to success with ART such as:
• knowledge about ART
• fears of adverse effects
• stigma
• financial concerns
• sustainability
• non-adherence
Work with the ART team to correct barriers
before starting therapy. Every patient has
unique barriers to success
9. 9
Communicating with Patients – Counseling
Checklist
A patient counseling checklist (PCC-09) should
be used when counseling patients. Some of the
important counseling points are listed below:
Name of drug
Directions for use
Common or severe adverse effects
Significant drug interactions
Storage
(Refer to the Participant Handbook to see the PCC, and the
separate job aid on counseling-Medicine Use Counseling
Guide)
10. 10
Communicating with Patients –
Providing Information
If written information is provided, identify
whether the patient has any learning barriers
such as low literacy
Use pictures to communicate information
Indicate colors of the pills to familiarize
patients with their regimen
Ensure written information is provided in
patient’s native language
11. 11
Communicating with Patients –
Providing Information (2)
Ask patient to tell you how they will use the
medication
Correct misunderstandings before they leave
Give patients specific examples of how to
remember to take their doses: for example,
when they brush their teeth or when they wake
up their children
Assist patients in preparing for changes in their
routine: for example, vacation or visiting family
12. 12
12
Communicating with Patients -
Adherence
Review need for strict adherence
Near-perfect adherence is necessary for treatment success.
Prevents resistance and treatment failure, which may limit future
treatment options
Assess adherence each time patients refill their ART
Ask questions like "When did you last miss a dose?”
rather than, “Have you missed any doses?”
Congratulate the adherent patient
Identify the reason for missed doses and provide
possible solutions to avoid missing doses in the future
13. 13
13
Communicating with Patients – Clinical
and laboratory monitoring
Review the need for ongoing clinical and
laboratory monitoring
Success/failure of ART regimen
Toxicities
• Detect ART adverse effects that the patient may not
feel
• Evaluate symptoms
14. 14
Role Plays with Patients (Expert Patient
Training-EPT) (1)
The role plays on communicating with patients
uses Expert Patient Training.
Expert patient training uses PLHIV who are
experts in their own illness in the training of
health workers.
These PLHIV were trained to portray patients
based on specific HIV cases that were often but
not necessarily similar to their own life
experiences.
15. 15
Role Plays with Patients (Expert Patient
Training-EPT) (2)
Use the 5 A’s when communicating with patients (and
also with the expert patient trainer) *:
ASSESS
• Ask why patient came to the pharmacy
• Review the medications with the patient
• Determine whether there is an adherence problem
ADVISE
• On prevention
• On correct treatment
• On adherence
• Provide counseling according to PCC-09
*See the Participant Handbook for details on the 5 A’s.
16. 16
Role Plays with Patients (Expert Patient
Training-EPT) (3)
AGREE
On treatment plan
Involve patient
ASSIST
Provide treatment options
Help solve treatment problems
Provide psychological support
17. 17
Role Plays with Patients (Expert Patient
Training-EPT) (4)
ARRANGE
Follow-up date(s)
Provide treatment plan
Complete PIS-04
In addition to the 5 A’s the pharmacy
professional should remember the following
general points:
Be respectful to the patient
Use simple words
Listen to patient
Make sure the patient has understood all points
19. 19
Role Plays with Patients (Expert Patient
Training-EPT) – (5)
Steps:
Demonstration of a case by a facilitator trained on
EPT with the expert patient trainer. (30 minutes)
Role plays of trainees with the expert patient trainer.
(13 cases)
• Session 1 (Cases 1-3, ART Initiation Cases) (2 hrs)
• Session 2 (4-13, ART Follow-Up Cases) (2 hrs)
21. 21
21
Role Play Scenario (1)
A patient brings a prescription to the pharmacist
for stavudine + zidovudine + nevirapine
Contact the patient’s physician to alert them to
the drug interaction between stavudine and
zidovudine and recommend an alternative
regimen
22. 22
22
Role Play Scenario (2)
A patient comes to your pharmacy and through your
conversation with him you discover that he meets the
criteria for starting Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy
(CPT). He just completed treatment for PCP 2 weeks
ago. He is not currently taking Cotrimoxazole for CPT
Ask the patient if he has had Cotrimoxazole in the past
and try to find out if he has any drug allergies. Then,
contact the patient’s nurse/physician to suggest that the
patient be started on Cotrimoxazole DS daily for CPT, if
appropriate
23. 23
23
Role Play Scenario (3)
A patient comes to the pharmacy and tells you
that he has been feeling itchy. He pulls up his
shirt and shows you a rash on his skin
You look at his medication profile and see that
he started the following regimen 3 weeks ago:
stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine
You have established that the patient has a mild
rash
Contact the patient’s nurse or physician and
pass on the information about the Nevirapine
drug reaction
24. 24
24
Role Play Scenario (4)
A patient comes to your pharmacy with
prescriptions for:
Lopinavir/ritonavir, Stavudine, Lamivudine
Rifampin, Isoniazid & Pyridoxine, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
You remember the drug interaction between
Lopinavir/ritonavir and Rifampin and recognize that
these two drugs should not be combined together
Contact the patient’s physician/nurse with this
information. Recommend an alternative regimen (or
beginning ART after TB 2-month initiation)
25. 25
Role Play Scenarios 5-17
These role plays use the expert patient training
(EPT) cases.
See the separate EPT Amharic version cases
(Cases 1-13)
26. 26
26
Key Points
A team approach to HIV care and treatment is an
effective way to care for HIV-positive patients
Good communication with providers and patients
is essential for successful HIV care and
treatment
Pharmacists need to counsel patients on ART
readiness, ART information, and the importance
of adherence and ongoing monitoring
Use the principle of 5 A’s when communicating
with patients
Editor's Notes
Notes:
This unit should take approximately 5:15 hours to complete.
Step 1: Communicating with Patients and Providers (Slides 2-18) – 20 minutes
Step 3: Role Play Exercises (Communicating with physicians and nurses) (Slides 19-23) – 45 minutes
Step 4: Role Play Exercises with Expert Patient Trainers (2 sessions of 2 hours each) – 4 hours
Step 4: Key Points, Questions (Slide 25) – 10 minutes
Note:
Step 1: Communicating with Patients and Providers (Slides 2-18) – 20 minutes
Notes:
On a professional level with the multidisciplinary team members. For example, “The combination of ddI and D4T increases the risk of pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy. Therefore it is not recommended that they be used together.”
With an individual patient on a level that he/she can understand. For example, “D4T may cause peripheral neuropathy. This would feel like tingling in your hands and or feet. It may be painful.”
Note:
You are the expert on drug therapy, but patients are experts on their daily routines, how they understand their illness and its treatment, and whether they anticipate any problems taking the medicine as prescribed. Each of these points needs to be assessed if counseling is to be effective.
Note:
Other factors which should be considered when preparing to start ART are fasting, going for holy water, traditional healers, substance abuse (Chat chewing, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse), work schedule (may interfere with dosing schedule), family disclosure, and distance between patient’s home and the health institution.
Notes:
When a patient comes back for a refill, you don’t have to review all 5 points. Instead, ask questions like:
How are things going?
Are you tolerating the medication?
Has your provider made any changes to your regimen since you were here last?
Form groups and discuss on the Patient Counseling
Checklist (PCC 09) that is found in the participant
handbook.
Note:
Tell patients how to handle missed doses (Half Way Rule).
Notes:
By phrasing the question, “When did you last miss a dose?” you can tell the patient that it is realistic to miss a dose from time to time.
If you ask, “Have you missed any doses?” a patient may say, “no,” because patients often want to please the health-care worker.
Notes:
ASSESS
Review the medications with the patient and their treatment supporter. Determine whether there is an adherence problem.
Ask questions in a respectful and non-judgmental way. Ask in a way that makes it easier for patients to be truthful:
• "Many patients have trouble taking their medications. What trouble are you having?"
• "Can you tell me when and how you take each pill?"
• "When is it most difficult for you to take the pills?"
• "It is sometimes difficult to take the pills every day and on time. How many have you missed in the last 4 days (insert agreed time period)?"
Ask about the common and locally important factors that may interfere with adherence.
Ask about stigma related to taking the pills.
Count pills.
How many pills forgotten yesterday, last 3 days, last month?
If poor adherence, determine what the problem is:
• Side effects?
• Simply forgot?
• Ran out of pills?
• Which dose missed: morning or evening? Why?
• Cost?
• Reminds you of HIV?
• Misunderstood? (explain, use aids)
• Changed work situation?
• Not comfortable taking medication around others?
• Stigma?
• Different timing when away from home or holiday, travel, weekend?
• Seldom at home and disorganized?
• Transport problems
• Problems with diet (food availability)?
• Another medical problem?
• Screen for excess alcohol use and depression, and treat, if present.
• Other locally common constraints: __________________ , __________________ , ______________________
ADVICE
Reinforce the information given before.
Give additional information that may help with adherence problem.
Advise on any suggested changes in the regimen (after consulting with clinician). (If treatment needs to be stopped, or if patient decides to stop a drug, stop all medications at once and consult with clinician. Usually side effects require only changing one drug, not stopping—consult with clinician if this is necessary).
Notes:
AGREE
Agree on any changes in Treatment Plan and solutions to adherence problems (if present).
Discuss the agreements you have reached and check for their commitment.
ASSIST
Provide adherence support.
Reinforce interventions which match the patient’s needs and adherence problems, if present.
Make sure that the patient has:
• Plan to link taking medications with daily events such as meals.
• Any device or skills (e.g. how to use a diary) that s/he needs.
Make sure patient has the support s/he needs:
• Get help from treatment buddy, other family and friends or peers.
• Help patient and treatment supporter to find solutions.
If adherence problem:
• Get help! Call for advice or refer back sooner but do not "just refer".
• Link with home-based care for help and home visits.
• Seek help from district clinic adherence staff if regimen is too complicated or not tolerated or low adherence.
If repeated missed doses, use special interventions (home visit, etc).
Notes:
ARRANGE
Record adherence estimate on patient’s card.
Arrange for refills.
Arrange for next follow-up visits:
• in clinic
• home visits
Make sure that the patient and supporter understand the follow up plan and how to contact the clinic team if there is a problem.
Notes:
Step 3: Role Play Exercises (Communicating with physicians and nurses) (Slides 19-23) – 45 minutes
Step 4: Role Play Exercises with Expert Patient Trainers (2 sessions of 2 hours each) – 4 hours
What is Role Play?
Class participants play the role of a pharmacist, or other person in a practice setting.
Participants pretend to have a conversation with a health professional or patient about a particular issue.
Role playing allows you to see how you might react in a situation before it arises.
Divide into small groups (5-8 per group)
Select two participants to do the role play for each group
One person will be the pharmacist
One person will be the patient OR the physician/nurse
Participants should switch roles after each role play so that everybody has a chance to play the pharmacist at least twice.
Select one participant to provide feedback to the pharmacist about how the counseling session went (e.g., language, professionalism, information provided, empathy, etc.)
Begin with a positive comment, such as “I liked the way you approached the problem.”
Follow with suggestions for improvement, such as “Next time, you might try to slow down your speech.”
End with a positive comment, such as “You identified a potentially negative drug interaction and corrected the problem.”
Avoid negative feedback that the individual cannot change (e.g., the tone of their voice)
Instead, provide constructive criticism that can help them improve their skills
You may share an experience that you have had to demonstrate your point