Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It can be caused by physical or psychological factors. A thorough medical history, physical exam, and use of the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire are used to evaluate patients. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, oral medications like sildenafil, counseling, penile injections, vacuum devices, and penile prostheses for severe cases. PDE5 inhibitors are generally well-tolerated but have drug interactions to consider. Proper treatment can help improve the lives of those suffering from ED.
2. “Man survives earthquakes, experiences the
horrors of illness, and all of the tortures of
the soul. But the most tormenting tragedy
of all time is, and will be, the tragedy of the
bedroom.”
Tolstoy
3. The consistent inability to achieve and/or
maintain an erection adequate for
satisfactory sexual intercourse.
Definition of Erectile
Dysfunction(ED)
“This definition is simple, but the condition is not”
4. DSM-IV (American Psychiatric
Association, 2000)
Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or to
maintain until completion of the sexual activity, an
adequate erection
The disturbance causes marked distress or
interpersonal difficulty
The erectile dysfunction is not better accounted for by
another Axis I disorder (other than a sexual dysfunction)
and is not due exclusively to the direct physiological
effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a
medication) or a general medical condition
6. Normal Male Sexual Function requires:
1) An intact Libido
2) Detumescence
3) Ability to achieve and maintain penile Erection
4) Ejaculation
Parasympathetic nerves S2-4 mediate erection
Sympathetic nerves T11-L2 control ejaculation and
detumescence
7. Penile erection is a neurovascular event
modulated by psychological factors and
hormonal status. On sexual stimulation, there
is increased flow of blood into the lacunar
network. Subsequent compression of the
trabecular smooth muscle causes a closure of
the emissary veins and accumulation of blood
in the corpora. The corpora becomes non-
compressible and blood cannot escape.
Physiology Of Erection
8. Nerve impulses cause the
release of
neurotransmitters (NO)
from the cavernous nerve
terminals. Nitric oxide
diffuses into cavernosal
smooth muscle cells,
activates Guanylate
cyclase, which converts
GTP to cGMP resulting in
smooth muscle relaxation
in the arteries and
arterioles supplying the
erectile tissue and a
several fold increase in
penile blood flow.
9. At the same time, relaxation of the
trabecular smooth muscle increases
the compliance of the sinusoids,
facilitating rapid filling and expansion
of the sinusoidal system.
11. The subtunical venular plexuses are thus
compressed between the trabeculae and the tunica
albuginea, resulting in almost total occlusion of
venous outflow.
12. These events trap the blood within the
corpora cavernosa and raise the penis from a
dependent position to an erect position, with
an intracavernous pressure of approximately
100 mm Hg (the phase of full erection).
15. Types of Erectile Dysfunction
It can be primary or secondary
Primary means present from the first attempt
at intercourse or it may be secondary in which
person develop ED after a period of normal
function.
In situational male ED, a man is able to have
coitus in certain circumstances but not in others
More common in older than younger men (in
contrast to premature ejaculation)
24. Medications & ED
More likely to affect sexual function
Beta blockers(propranolol,atenolol)
Statins
Diuretics(thiazide)
Anti-
depressants(fluoxetine,sertraline,amitriptyline)
Anti-psychotics(chlorpromazine,risperidone)
Less likely to affect sexual function
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
29. Assessment
A thorough history (medical, sexual, and
psychosocial)
Has there been a previous period of normal
function?
Has the failure occurred with more than one
partner?
Does erection occur during foreplay?
Does erection occur on waking or in response to
masturbation?
Is there evidence of alcohol or drug abuse? (ask
the partner as well as the patient)
Are there possible effects of any medications?
31. Questions 1 2 3 4 5
1. How do you rate
your confidence that you could
get and keep an erection?
Very low Low Moderate High Very high
2. When you had erections with
sexual stimulation, how
often were your erections hard
enough for penetration?
Almost
never/never
A few times
(much less
than half the
time)
Sometimes
(about half the
time)
Most times
(much more
than half the
time)
Almost
always/always
3. During sexual intercourse, how
often were you able to maintain
your erection after you had
penetrated (entered) your
partner?
Almost
never/never
A few times
(much less
than half the
time)
Sometimes
(about half the
time)
Most times
(much more
than half the
time)
Almost
always/always
4. During sexual intercourse, how
difficult was it to maintain your
erection to completion of
intercourse?
Extremely
difficult
Very difficult Difficult Slightly
difficult
Not difficult
5. When you attempted sexual
intercourse, how often was it
satisfactory for you?
Almost
never/never
A few times
(much less
than half the
time)
Sometimes
(about half the
time)
Most times
(much more
than half the
time)
Almost
always/always
Over the Past 6 Months
32. The IIEF-5 score is the sum of the ordinal
responses to the 5 items.
22-25: No erectile dysfunction
17-21: Mild erectile dysfunction
12-16: Mild to moderate erectile dysfunction
8-11: Moderate erectile dysfunction
5-7: Severe erectile dysfunction
Scoring System
35. Test for erections during
REM sleep
It is normal for a man to have
five to six erections during sleep,
especially during rapid eye
movement (REM). Their absence
may indicate a problem with
nerve function or blood supply in
the penis. There are two methods
for measuring changes in penile
rigidity and circumference during
nocturnal erection: snap gauge
and strain gauge.
Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)
38. ED treatment algorithm
1st line – lifestyle changes,
hormone issues
2nd line – oral medication,
counseling
3rd line – penile injections,
vacuum devices
4th line – implants, vascular
surgery
39. Treatment of ED General
Measures
Smoking cessation
Reduce alcohol
Weight loss
Exercise
40. Psychosexual therapy
Even if cause of ED is physical the patient
will develop psychosexual issues
Performance anxiety
Sensate focus exercises
Relationship counselling
41. Drugs for ED
Oral agents:
• Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
• Oral phentolamine and apomorphine
• Yohimbine
Intra-cavernosal
• Prostaglandin E1 Alprostadil
• Papaverine
Intra-urethral:
• Alprostadil
42. PDE5 inhibitors
Sildenafil (Viagra) 25mg, 50mg, 100mg
•1 hour before sexual activity
•4-6 hour window
•Absorption delayed by fatty meal
Tadalafil (Cialis) 5mg, 10mg, 20mg
•30 minutes before sexual activity
•36 hour window
•Absorption not affected by food
Vardenafil (Levitra) 5mg, 10mg, 20mg
•30-60 minutes before sexual activity
•4-6 hour window
•Absorption delayed by fatty meal
43. Most commonly usedPDE5
Inhibitor-Sildenafil
Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of
phosphodiesterase type 5, which inactivates cyclic
GMP. When sexual stimulation releases nitric oxide
into the penile smooth muscle, inhibition of
phosphodiesterase type 5 by sildenafil causes a
marked elevation of cyclic GMP concentrations in
the glans penis, corpus cavernosum, and corpus
spongiosum, resulting in increased smooth-muscle
relaxation and better erection. Sildenafil has no
effect on the penis in the absence of sexual
stimulation, when the concentrations of nitric oxide
and cyclic GMP are low.
49. Intracavernosal Injections
Alprostadil (Caverject, Viridal) 5-40 mcg
•Independent of intact nervous system
•Manual dexterity, adequate vision, training
•Contraindicated: bleeding disorders, sickle cell
anaemia, multiple myeloma, leukaemia
•Side effects: peno-scrotal pain, haematoma,
fibrosis at injection sites, priapism
Papaverine, Phentolamine, Aviptadil (vaso-intestinal
peptide) been used sole or with Alprostadil
53. Vacuum Devices
Blood trapped in intracorporal and
extracorporal compartments of penis
Constricting ring at base of penis
Cyanosis, oedema, cold
Pivots at base below ring
Maximum time 30 minutes