4. Face Mask
Positive pressure
Ventilation
Airway Patent
Tight Fitting
Clear and transparent
Various sizes and flavors
Short term airway
management with ambu
bag or anaesthetic circuit
5. Signs of successful seal and
ventilation
• the rising of the chest with delivery of positive
pressure
• breath sounds on auscultation
• a firm/taught/full bag
• return carbon dioxide on exhalation capnography
• Foggy Mask
6. Oropharyngeal Airway
Guedel’s Airway
Various sizes and
colour coded
Pre hospital
emergency care or
short term airway
management
Unconscious patient
Stimulate gag reflex
7. Risks of use
Patient may vomit if they have intact gag
reflex
Too large can close glottis and obstruct the
airway
Insertion can become traumatic and cause
bleeding
8. Nasopharyngeal airway
Well tolerated
Various sizes
Length is measured
from nostril to meatus
of the ear
Contraindicated in
basal skull fracture and
anti coaguated
patients
Well lubricated
9. Supraglottic Airway
Placed above the vocal cord level
Those devices which allow hands-free
maintenance of an open airway
Allows spontaneous or assisted
ventilation
10. General Characteristics
Ability to be placed without direct visualization
Better cardio vascular stability both during insertion
and removal
Minimal IOP and ICP changes
Provide little protection against aspiration
Contraindicated in full stomach patients
13. Laryngeal Mask Airway
Tube with an inflatable cuff
which is inserted into the
Pharynx
Used in elective anaesthesia
Emergency medicine for
airway management by
paramedics
Spontaneous and controlled
Both disposable and reusable
Various sizes -8
14. Laryngeal Mask Airway
Incidence of aspiration is 2 in 10000 (0.02%)
One death attributed directly to LMA out of 2
million users
It is included by theAmericanTask Force in
the difficult airway algorithm in 1995
C. Keller et al – Aspiration and LMA – a review of literature
BJA 93(4) 579-82: 2004
Brimacombe JR et al-The Larynfeal Mask Airway- in the
difficult airway.Anaesthesiology clin of North America
June 13(2) ; 411-37 : 1995
15. Proseal & LMA Supreme
Has two separate tubes
Sizes 1-5 are available
Improved airway
protection
Holds a better cuff seal
pressure
Requires greater depth of
anaesthesia
16. Flexible LMA
Flexo metallic tube
Preformed angle
Better placement
Less incidence of dislodgement
once placed
More useful in head and neck
surgery
17. Tracheo Esophageal Combitube
Double lumen and
double balloon device
Allows ventilation
independent of its
position
Excellent rescue device
both in and out of
hospital emergency
situations
20. INSERTION STEPS
Use lateral approach
Introduce the tip into corner
of mouth
Advance behind the base of
tongue
Without exercising excessive
force, advance until the base
of the connector is aligned
with teeth.
Inflate the cuff
22. Cobra plus tube
Distal end has softened
openings
Used for both spontaneous
and controlled ventilation
Serves as a rescue airway
23.
24. Single use, noninflatable
Integral gastric channel
Various sizes
Moulding feature
25. Streamlined liner of Pharyngeal airway -
SILPA
Cuffless
Lines the pharynx
Large internal volume –
Allows collection of
secretion, minimize
aspiration
Minimal expertise for
insertion
26. Advantages
Speed & ease of
insertion.
Improved
haemodynamic stability
on induction &
emergence.
Minimal increase in IOT.
Decrease anaesthetic
requirements for airway
tolerance.
Decreased coughing &
sore throat.
27. Intraglottic devices-History
1864- First endotracheal anaesthesia using
tracheotomy cannula by German surgeon
1880- SirWilliam Macewen – Glasgow
surgeon was the first to introduce
orotracheal intubation
1921- Sir Ivan Magill endotracheal rubber
tubes
1928- Cuffed endotracheal anaesthesia
28. Indications for endotracheal
intubation
Airway Protection
Pulmonary toileting
Applications of positive pressure
ventilation
Maintenance of adequate oxygenation
29. Endotracheal tubes
NonToxic,Non allergic
PVC tubes –
inexpensive most
compatible with
tissues
Red rubber tubes not
used nowadays
32. ETT -Cuff
HighVolume Low
pressure cuffs- PVC
tubes- less prone for
pressure necrosis
LowVolume high
pressure cuffs –red
rubber tubes- more
prone
36. RAE Tubes
Ring , Adair ElvinTube
Orosurgical, ENT,
Maxillofacial surgeries
Preformed Bend
Problem with
suctioning
37. Paediatric tubes
Uncuffed tubes
Varoius sizes available
Formulas are available
to guide tube selection
Pediatric airway is
more susceptible
Black mark indicates
depth of insertion
41. Micro laryngeal trachealtubes
Standard tube length
and cuff size with
smaller ID and OD
(4,5,6mm)
Smaller diameter is
helpful if there is tumor
in the airway.
Used in microlaryngeal
surgery
42. Hi Lo Evac ETT with evacuation
Lumen
Designed to reduce
Ventilator Associated
Pneumonia(VAP)
Lumen in the
supraglottic region
allows suctioning and
thereby reduce
aspiration.
Silver impregnation of
PVC tubes
44. Bronchial Blockers
UniventTube
Arndt wire guided
endobronchial blocker
Single lumen ETT with
movable bronchial
blocker in the second
lumen
Used when long term
post op ventilation is
needed
46. Direct Laryngoscopes
First introduced by
Alfred Kirstein in 1895
Jackson used it for
intubation and
modified it with distal
light source
Janeway introduced
batteries and made it
portable
48. Gum elastic Bougie
Flexible
Narrow diameter
tracheal tube introducer
or exchanger
Length is approximately
60cm and the distal tip
can be curved or straight
Pediatric and adult sizes
available
50. ILMA & LMA C Trach
Allows intubation with
minimal head and neck
manipulation
Recommended in both
difficult airway and
Resuscitation algorithm
CTrach allows intubation
under direct vision
51. Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy
Used for either
diagnostic or
therapeutic procedures
Used often in difficult
airway situation
Blood or secretion in
the airway can make
the procedure difficult
52. Light wand and intubating
Stylet
Used in anticipated
difficult intubation
Trans illumination of
anterior neck used as a
guide
Well circumscribed glow
indicates laryngeal
placement
Used both in awake and
anaesthetized patients
54. Case Scenario
40 year old -180 kg man with history of sleep
apnoea and EF 25% has Strept .pneumonia
in his left lower lobe and progressive resp
insufficency
O/E he has 50degree neck extension and
Mallampati 2
How will you proceed?
55. Patient airway anatomy is not suggestive of
difficulty.
Supine position – subcutaneous tissues may
impair your ability to ventilate
Use reverseTrendlenburg position, shoulder
roll to make ventilation better-gravity
Have some accessory airway equipment
ready – like fibreoptic , ILMA , LMA
57. Conclusion
Wide variety of airway armamentarium available
Provides great margin of safety
Ask for senior help early
Always have plan B and plan C available in case
plan A fails in difficult airway situations