General Human Anatomy previous year paper of 2018, for BDS first year students

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PART -1
1. Write a shortnote on: 4×3=12
a. Fertilization.
b. Amniocentesis.
c. Development of palate and a short note on cleft palate.
 Fertilization:
It is the fusion of mature spermatozoon and mature ovum to form zygote.
Mechanism of Fertilization:
Mechanism of fertilization can be studied in the following stages:
1. Approximation of spermatozoon and ovum
(Secondary oocytes):
 It includes transport of sperms and secondary oocytes to uterine tube.
 Secondary oocytes released from the ovary after ovulation is picked up by fimbria of uterine
tube.
 The most common site of fertilization (union of spermatozoa and secondary oocytes) is
ampullary region of uterine tube.
2. Fusion of spermatozoon and ovum:
 Secondary oocytes is surrounded by zona pellucida, corona radiata and cumulus oophorus.
 Spermatozoa undergo capacitation (in the uterus or the uterine tube) which helps in traversing
through the above three barriers.
 Spermatozoa traverse through cummlus oophorus and corona radiata and reach the zona
pellucida.
3. Effects of fertilization
 Completion of second meiotic division of secondary oocytes.
 Restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
 Determination of chromosomal sex
 Initiation of cleavage division of zygote
 Amniocentesis:
 It is the aspiration of amniotic fluid under ultrasound guidance.
 It is generally performed at 16 to 18 weeks of gestation. About 10 to 20 ml of fluid is
aspirated.
 Amniotic fluid contains desquamated fetal cells from skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal
tract besides water (98%) and electrolytes.
 It is the most commonly performed procedure because it is an easy technique with a risk of
fetal loss of only 0.5 to 1%.
 The main disadvantage of this method is that the cells thus obtained need to be cultured for
genetic analysis and results take 2 to 3 weeks.
 Amniocentesis is now also performed at 10 to 14 weeks for earlier diagnosis.
 Development of palate and a short note on cleft palate
The palateis the tissuethat interposes between theoral & nasal cavities it develops from two
parts
 The Primary Palate
 The Secondary Palate
 Development of palate 5 to 9 weeks of embryo.
 Development of the Primary Palate:

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Fusion of the twomedial processes with thefronto nasal process results in the formation of
primary palate.
 Development of Secondary Palate:
The formation of secondary palatecommences between 7 and 8 weeks and completes around the
3rd month of the gestation.
 Each palatal process grows downwards first then upwards after thewithdrawal oftongue.
Cleft palate:
The defective fusion of various segments of the palate gives riseto clefts in the palate.
Complete cleft palate: Complete cleft palate can be of the following types:
 Unilateral complete cleft palate occurs if the maxillary process of one side does not fuse with the
corresponding premaxilla.
 Bilateral complete cleft palate occurs if both the maxillary processes fail to fuse with the
premaxilla
Incomplete or partial cleft: Incomplete cleft palate can be of the following types:
 Bifid uvula: The cleft involves only uvula.
 It is of no clinical importance.
 Cleft of soft palate: Cleft involves uvula and soft palate.
 Cleft of soft palate extending into the hard palate.
2. Draw well labelled diagram to show: 4×3=12
a. Microanatomy of esophagus.
b. Microanatomy of pituitary gland.
c. Sensory nerve supply of face.
a. Microanatomy of esophagus

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b. Microanatomy of pituitary gland
c. Sensory nerve supply of face
3. Write briefly about: 4+3+4=11
a. Secretomotor supply of parotid gland.
b. Autosomal dominant disorder.
c. Blood supply of lateral wall of nose.
a. Secretomotor supply of parotid gland.
1. Parasympathetic supply:
 It is carried by the auriculotemporal nerve
 The preganglionic fibers arise from inferior salivatory nucleus and pass successively
through the glossopharyngeal nerve, tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve,
tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal nerve to relay in the otic ganglion.
 Post-ganglionic fibers arise from the cells of the ganglion and pass through
auriculotemporal nerve to supply the parotid gland.
 It is secretomotor and results in secretion of watery fluid.

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2. Sympathetic supply:
 It is derived from the sympathetic plexus around the external carotid artery which is
formed by the postganglionic fibers from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
 It is secretomotor and results in production of mucus rich sticky secretion.
 It is also vasomotor to the gland.
b. Autosomal dominant disorder:
 This occurs due to mutation in a dominant gene on an autosome leading to a
particular trait.
 This trait is transmitted from one generation to the other equally to male and female
offspring’s
 The risk of transmission of the disorder is 50% if one of the parents has the
dominant trait.
 The unaffected family members do not transmit the disorder.
E.g., Huntington disease, Myotonic dystrophy, Tuberous sclerosis, etc
c. Blood supply oflateral wall ofnose:
Arterial Supply ofthe Lateral Wall: It is supplied by the following arteries:
I. Anterior ethmoidal artery, branch of ophthalmic artery. It supplies the antero-superior
quadrant.
II. Branches offacial artery,supply the antero-inferior quadrant.
III. Sphenopalatine artery,branch from maxillary artery supplies the postero-superior
quadrant.
IV. Greater palatine artery:It gives off branches which pierce the perpendicular plate of
palatine bone and supply the postero-inferior quadrant, while the terminal branches
supply the antero-inferior quadrant.

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PART -2
4. a. Enumerate the abductors and adductors ofvocal cord with their nerve supply.
b. Eustachian tube
c. Ciliary ganglion. 4×3=12
a. Abduction - The vocal folds abduct in order to let air in and out of the lungs during
breathing
Adduction - The vocal folds may adduct (come together) to trap air in the lungs. They
may also adduct to vibrate to produce vocal sound.
b. Eustachian tube:
 The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx,
which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity.
 It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air
pressure outside the body.
Structure:
 The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the
lateral wall of the nasopharynx, approximately at the level of the inferior nasal
concha.
 It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part.
Function: Pressure equalization, Mucus drainage.
There are four muscles associated with the function of the Eustachian tube:
 Levator veli palatini
 Salpingopharyngeus
 Tensor tympani
 Tensor veli palatini
c. Ciliary ganglion
 It is a peripheral parasympathetic ganglion, topographically connected with the
nasociliary nerve, branch of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
 Functionally it is connected to the occulomotor nerve.
Situation:
 It lies near the apex of the orbit, between the optic nerve and lateral rectus muscle.
 The ophthalmic artery is medial to it.

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Root of ciliary ganglion:
I. Motor (parasympathetic) root:
 It is derived from the nerve to inferior oblique and consists of preganglionic
parasympathetic fiber.
 The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the cells of the ganglion and pass
through short ciliary nerves to supply the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae.
II. Sensory root:
 It is derived from the nasociliary nerve.
 It consists of sensory fibers for pain, touch and temperature from the eyeball which pass
through the ciliary ganglion.
III. Sympathetic root:
 It is derived from the sympathetic plexus around internal carotid artery.
 It consists of postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical sympathetic
ganglion.
5. a. Draw a well lebelled diagram showing the structures passing through gaps in
constrictor muscles ofpharynx: 4×3=12
b. Waldeyers ring:
 It consists of collections of lymphoid tissue around the commencement of air and food
passages in the sub mucosal layer.
 The lymph nodules are arranged in a ring like pattern.
 From posterior to anterior it is made up of the following:
1. Pharyngeal (nasopharyngeal) tonsils:
 Lie Posterosuperiorly under the mucus membrane of the roof and adjoining posterior
wall of nasopharynx.
2. Tubal tonsils:
 Present on each side around the opening of eustachian tube into nasopharynx.
3. Palatine tonsils:
 Present in the tonsillar fossa on each side of the oropharyngeal isthmus.
4. Lingual tonsil:
 This is present anteroinferiorly and lies in the submucosa of posterior 1/3rd of dorsum of
tongue.

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c. Carotid sheath:
 The carotid sheath is an anatomical term for the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds
the vascular compartment of the neck.
 It is part of the deep cervical fascia of the neck,
 The deep cervical fascia of the neck includes four parts:
i. The investing layer
ii. The carotid sheath
iii. The pre-tracheal fascia
iv. The pre-vertebral fascia
 STRUCTURE OF THECAROTID SHEATH
 The four major structures contained in the carotid sheath are:
i. The common carotid artery
ii. Internal jugular vein
iii. The Vagus nerve
iv. The deep cervical lymph nodes
 Features of Carotid Sheath:
 It is formed by the condensation of fibro-areolar tissue and is attached to the pretracheal and
prevertebral fascia.

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6. Write short notes on: 4+4+3=11
a) Blood supply ofthyroid gland
b) Hyoglossus muscle
c) Conducting system ofheart
a) Blood supply of thyroid gland:
The gland is supplied by following arteries on each side:
1. Superior thyroid artery:
 It is a branch from external carotid artery.
 It runs downwards and forwards along with the external laryngeal nerve.
 It leaves the nerve near the upper pole of the thyroid lobe.
 It divides into anterior and posterior branches.
 The anterior branch descends along the anterior border.
 The posterior branch descends on the posterior border.
2. Inferior thyroid artery
 It is a branch of thyrocervical trunk from the first part of subclavian artery.
 It passes behind the carotid sheath to the back of the lobe, where it is intimately related to the
recurrent laryngeal nerve.
 The artery gives 4 or 5 branches.
3. Thyroidea ima artery:
 It is a branch of brachiocephalic trunk but may occasionallyarise directly from the arch of aorta.
 It enters the isthmus from below.
4. Accessory thyroid arteries:
 These are branches from tracheal and esophageal arteries.

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b) Hyoglossus muscle:
 The hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral.
 Arises from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.
 Relations ofHyoglossus Muscle:
1. External or superficial surface:
 Related to: Tendon of digastric muscle, stylohyoid, styloglossus and mylohyoid muscles,
lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion, sublingual gland, deep part of submandibular
gland with its duct, hypoglossal nerve and lingual vein.
2. Internalor deep surfaces:
 Related to genioglossus, inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue, middle constrictor of
pharynx, lingual artery is present between it and the middle constrictor muscle of
pharynx, stylohyoid ligament, and glossopharyngeal nerve.
c. Conducting system ofheart:
 The heart is able to contract on its own because it contains specialized cardiac muscle
tissue that spontaneously forms impulses and transmits them to the myocardium to
initiate contraction.
 The conducting system of the heart is composed of the following 5 components:.
1. Sinuatrial node.
2. Atrioventricular node.
3. Atrioventricular bundle.
4. Left and right branches of bundle.
5. Subendocardial Purkinje fibers.