India and weapons of mass destruction

INDIA AND WEAPONS OF MASS
DESTRUCTION

1 - [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent [2] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre [3]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-V [4] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-V [5] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-V

2 - [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddha [2] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddha [3]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddha [4] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II [5]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-1 [6]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-Carey_Sublette-2 [8]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II [11] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-
nuclearweapons1-3 [12] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-nuclearweapons1-3 [13]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-nuclearweapons1-3 [14]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-5 [19] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_V [20]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_V [21] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_V [22]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_V [23] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-Saran-6
[24] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-Saran-6 [25]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-Saran-6 [26]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-Saran-6 [27]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-it4j13-7 [28]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-bs23d13-8 [31]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-bs23d13-8 [32]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-bs23d13-8
Indiaisa memberof three 1
multilateral 2
exportcontrol re3
g4
imes5
— the 6
Missile 7
Technolo8
gy9
Control Re10
g11
ime12
,13
WassenaarArran14
g15
ement16
and17 18
Australia Group19
.It has 20
signedand
ratifiedthe 21
Biolo22
g23
ical24
1https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_export_control_regime
2https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_export_control_regime
3https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Technology_Control_Regime

WeaponsConvention25
andthe 26
Chemical WeaponsConvention27
.Indiaisalsoa 28
subscribingstate to
the 29
Ha30
g31
ue Code of Conduct32
. Indiahassignedneitherthe33
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreat34
y35
nor the NuclearNon-ProliferationTreat36
y37
,considering
bothto be flawedanddiscriminatory.[38
1239
]40
Indiapreviouslypossessed chemical weapons41
,but
voluntarilydestroyeditsentire stockpile in2009 — one of the sevencountriestomeetthe OPCW42
extendeddeadline.[43
1344
]45
8https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassenaar_Arrangement
18https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Group
19https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Group
21https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention
25https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention
29https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Conduct_against_Ballistic_Missile_Proliferation
34https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty
36https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty
37https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty
38https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2010-12
41https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons
42https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons
43https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-india-13

Indiamaintainsa"no first use46
"nuclearpolicyandhas developeda nucleartriad 47
capabilityasa part
of its"48
minimumcredible deterrence49
"doctrine50
.[51
1452
][53
1554
]55
Biological weapons
Indiahas a well-developed biotechnolo56
gy57
infrastructure thatincludesnumerouspharmaceutical
productionfacilitiesandbio-containmentlaboratories(includingBSL-3and BSL-4) for workingwith
lethal patho58
g59
ens60
.61
Italsohas highlyqualifiedscientistswithexpertise ininfectiousdiseases.Some
of India'sfacilitiesare beingusedtosupportresearchanddevelopmentforbiological weapons(BW)
defence purposes.Indiahasratifiedthe Biolo62
g63
ical WeaponsConvention64
(BWC) andpledgesto
abide byitsobligations.There isnoclearevidence,circumstantial orotherwise,thatdirectlypoints
towardan offensiveBWprogram.Indiadoespossessthe scientificcapabilityandinfrastructure to
launchan offensiveBWprogram,buthas chosennot to doso. In termsof delivery,Indiaalsopossesses
the capabilitytoproduce aerosolsandhasnumerouspotential deliverysystemsrangingfromcrop
dustersto sophisticatedballisticmissiles.[65
1666
]67
No informationexistsinthe publicdomainsuggestinginterestbythe Indiangovernmentindeliveryof
biological agentsbythese oranyothermeans.To reiterate the latterpoint,inOctober2002, the then
PresidentA.P.J. Abdul Kalam 68
assertedthat"Indiawill notmake biological weapons.Itiscruel to
humanbeings".[69
1670
]71
46https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_first_use
47https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_triad
48https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Credible_Deterrence
51https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-FOOTNOTENair2007-14
52https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-FOOTNOTENair2007-14
53https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandit2009-15
56https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology
57https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology
58https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens
65https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-ReferenceA-16
68https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam

Chemical weapons
In 1992, Indiasignedthe 72
Chemical WeaponsConvention73
(CWC),statin74
gthatitdidnothave
chemical weaponsandthe capacityor intenttomanufacture chemical weapons.BydoingthisIndia
became one of the original signatoriesof the CWCin1993,[75
1776
]77
and ratifiediton2 September1996.
Accordingto India'sexArmyChiefGeneral Sunder78
j79
i80
,acountryhavingthe capabilityof making
nuclearweaponsdoesnotneedtohave chemical weapons,since the dreadof chemical weaponscould
be createdonlyinthose countriesthatdo not have nuclearweapons.Otherssuggestedthatthe fact
that Indiahas foundchemical weaponsdispensablehighlighteditsconfidence inthe conventional
weaponssystematitscommand.
In June 1997, Indiadeclareditsstockof chemical weapons(1,045tonnesof sulphur
mustard81
)82
.[83
1884
][85
1986
]87
By the end of 2006, Indiahaddestroyedmore than75 percentof its
chemical
weapons/material stockpile andwasgrantedextensionfordestroyingthe remainingstocksbyApril
2009 and wasexpectedtoachieve 100 percentdestructionwithinthattime frame.[88
1889
] 90
India
informedthe UnitedNations91
inMay 2009 that ithad destroyeditsstockpileof chemical weaponsin
compliance withthe internationalChemical WeaponsConvention.WiththisIndiahasbecome third
countryafter SouthKoreaand Albaniatodoso.[92
2093
][94
2195
]96
Thiswascrosscheckedbyinspectorsof
the UnitedNations.
Indiahas an advancedcommercial chemical industr97
y98
,andproducesthe bulkof itsownchemicalsfor
domesticconsumption.ItisalsowidelyacknowledgedthatIndiahasan extensive civilianchemical and
75https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-17
78https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Sunderji
81https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_mustard
82https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_mustard
83https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-dominicantoday.com-18
91https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
94https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-in.news.yahoo.com-21
97https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry

pharmaceutical industryandannuallyexportsconsiderablequantitiesof chemicalstocountriessuchas
the
UnitedKingdom,UnitedStatesand
Taiwan.[22]99
Nuclear weapons
As earlyas26 June 1946, 100
Jawaharlal Nehru101
,soon to be India'sfirstPrime 102
Minister,announced:
“ Aslongas the worldisconstitutedasitis,everycountrywill have todevise anduse the latestdevices
for itsprotection.Ihave nodoubt Indiawill developherscientificresearchesandIhope Indianscientists
will use the atomicforce forconstructive purposes.Butif Indiaisthreatened,she willinevitablytryto
defendherself by
all meansat her disposal.[103
23104
]105
” India'snuclearprogramme cantrace itsoriginsto March 1944
and itsthree-sta106
g107
e 108
effortsintechnologywere establishedby Homi Jehan109
g110
irBhabha111
when
he foundedthe nuclearresearchcentre,the 112
Tata113
Institute of Fundamental Research114
.[115
24116
][117
25118
] 119
India'slossof territoryto Chinaina brief
Himala120
y121
an border war122
in October1962, providedthe New Delhi governmentimpetusfor
developingnuclearweaponsasameansof deterringpotential
Chinese aggression.[123
26124
]125
Indiafirsttestedanucleardevice in1974 (code-named"Smilin126
g127
Buddha128
"),underPrime MinisterIndiraGandhi129
,whichitcalleda "130
peaceful nuclearexplosion131
."
98https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry
99https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-nti.org-22
100https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru
106https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme
109https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_Jehangir_Bhabha
112https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research
117https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-Nuclear_weapon_archive-25
120https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War

The test used 132
plutoniumproducedinthe Canadiansupplied CIRUSreactor133
,and raisedconcernsthat
nucleartechnologysuppliedforpeacefulpurposescouldbe divertedtoweaponspurposes.Thisal so
stimulatedthe earlyworkof the 134
NuclearSuppliersGroup135
.[136
27137
]138
Indiaperformed 139
further
nucleartestsin1998 (codenamed"OperationShakti140
").In1998, as a response tothe continuingtests,
the UnitedStatesand JapanimposedsanctionsonIndia,whichhave since beenlifted.[141
28142
]143
Neutron bombs
R ChidambaramwhoheadedIndia's
Pokhran-II144 145
nucleartestssaidinan interviewtothe PressTrust of India146
that Indiaiscapable of
producinga 147
neutronbomb148
.[29]149
India's no-first-use policy
Indiahas a declarednuclearno-first-use150
policyandisinthe processof developinga 151
nuclear
doctrine152
basedon "153
credible minimumdeterrence154
."InAugust1999155
, the Indiangovernment
126https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddha
129https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosions
133https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIRUS_reactor
134https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group
140https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shakti
144https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II
145https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II
146https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India
147https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_bomb
148https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_bomb
151https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credible_minimum_deterrence

releasedadraftof the doctrine[156
30157
]158
whichassertsthatnuclearweaponsare solelyfordeterrence
and that Indiawill pursue apolicyof "retaliationonly".The documentalsomaintainsthatIndia"will not
be the firsttoinitiate anuclearfirst strike159
,butwill respondwithpunitiveretaliationshould
deterrence fail"andthatdecisionstoauthorisethe use of nuclearweaponswouldbe made bythe Prime
Ministeror his'designatedsuccessor(s)'.[160
30161
] 162
Accordingtothe NRDC,despite the escalationof
tensionsbetweenIndiaandPakistanin2001–2002, Indiaremainedcommittedtoitsnuclearno-first-use
policy.
India'sStrate163
g164
ic NuclearCommand165
was formallyestablishedin2003, withan AirForce officer,
AirMarshal Asthana,as the
Commander-in-Chief.
Commander-in-Chief.The jointservicesSNCisthe custodianof all of India'snuclearweapons, missiles166
and assets.Itis alsoresponsible forexecutingall aspectsof India'snuclearpolicy.However,the civil
leadership,inthe formof the CCS (167
CabinetCommittee onSecurit168
y) isthe onlybodyauthorise169
d
to ordera nuclearstrike againstanotheroffendingstrike.The 170
National Securit171
y172
Advisor173
174
Shivshankar Menon175
signalleda176
significantshiftfrom"Nofirstuse177
"to "no firstuse againstnon-
nuclearweaponstates"ina speechonthe occasionof GoldenJubilee celebrationsof 178
National179
156https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-NFU-30
159https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_strike
163https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Nuclear_Command
166https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missiles
167https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security
170https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)
174https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivshankar_Menon
175https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivshankar_Menon
178https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_College,_India

Defence Colle180
g181
e182
inNewDelhion21183
October2010, a doctrine MenonsaidreflectedIndia's"strategicculture,withitsemphasisonminimal
deterrence."[184
31185
][186
32187
] 188
InApril 2013 Sh189
y190
am Saran191
, convenerof the National
Securit192
y193
Advisor194
y195
Board196
, affirmed that regardless of the size of a nuclear attack against India,
be it a miniaturisedversionora"big"missile,Indiawill retaliate massivel197
y198
toinflictunacceptable
damage.[199
33200
]201
Indian nuclear triad
Air-launched nuclear weapons
202
The Mirage2000203
of the Indian AirForce is believed to be assigned thenuclearstrike role, operating
fromMaharajpurAirForce Station.
Nuclear-armedfighter-bomberswere India'sfirstandonlynuclear-capable strikeforce until 2003, when
the country's firstland-basednuclearballisticmissileswere fielded.[204
34205
]206
In additiontotheirg207
round-attack208
role,itisbelievedthatthe 209
Dassault Mira210
g211
e 2000s212
and213 214
SEPECAT Ja215
g216
uars217
of the 218
Indian Air Force219
are able toprovide asecondarynuclear-
189https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyam_Saran
192https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisory_Board
197https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_retaliation
198https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_retaliation
202https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KT211_AMD_Mirage_2000TH_Indian_Air_Force_(8414614218).jpg
203https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_2000
204https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-auto-34
207https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_aircraft

strike role.[220
35221
]222
The SEPECATJaguar wasdesignedtobe able tocarry anddeploynuclearweapons
and the IndianAirForce has identifiedthe jetasbeingcapable of deliveringIndiannuclear
weapons.[223
36224
] 225
The mostlikelydeliverymethodwouldbe the use of bombsthatare 226
free-
fallin227
g228
and un229
g230
uided231
.232
[233
37234
]235
Three air baseswithfoursquadronsof Mirage 2000H (about16 aircraftwith16 bombsfrom1st and 7th
squadronsof the 40th Wingat 236
Mahara237
j238
pur Air Force Station239
) and Jaguar IS/IB(about32
240
aircraft with32 bombsfromone squadroneachat 241
Ambala Air Force Station242
and243 244
Gorakhpur
Air Force Station245
) aircraft,are believedtobe assignedthe nuclearstrike role againstPakistanand
China.[34]246
208https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_aircraft
209https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000
214https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar
219https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force
226https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unguided_bomb
236https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharajpur_Air_Force_Station
241https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambala_Air_Force_Station
244https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Area_(Gorakhpur)
245https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Area_(Gorakhpur)

Land-based ballistic missiles
The estimated68 nuclearwarheads[247
34248
]249
of land-basednuclearweaponsof Indiaare underthe
control of anddeployedbythe IndianArm250
y251
,usinga varietyof bothvehiclesandlaunchingsilos.
Theycurrentlyconsistof three differenttypesof ballisticmissiles252
,the A253
g254
ni-I255
,the A256
g257
ni-
II258
, A259
g260
ni-III261 262
andthe Army'svariantof the Prithvi missile263
family –the Prithvi-I.Additional
variantsof the Agni missileseriesare currentlyunderdevelopment,includingthe mostrecent,the
A264
g265
ni-IV266
andA267
g268
ni-V269
,whichare due to enterfull operational service inthe nearfuture.Agni
-IV has beeninductedinthe armedforcesandAgni-V hassuccessfullybeentestedandfired5timesas
of 2018. In additiontothat Agni-IV hasanestimatedrange of 4000 km and Agni-V of 5500– 6000 km
(estimated). A270
g271
ni-VI272
isalsounderdevelopment,withanenvisionedrange of 8000–12000 kmand
featuressuchas 273
Multiple independentl274
y275
tar276
g277
etable reentr278
y279
vehicles280
(MIR281
Vs) or
Maneuverable reentr282
y283
vehicles284
250https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army
251https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army
252https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile
253https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-I
256https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-II
259https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-III
263https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile)
264https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IV
267https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-V
270https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-VI
273https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle
282https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuverable_reentry_vehicle

(MARVs).[38285
][39]286
287
The Indian Army'sAgniII medium-rangeballisticmissile on parade.
3 - [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile) [2] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile[3]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile [4] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile
[5] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile) [6] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile) [7]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile)[8] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile) [9]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile)[10] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-I [11]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-I [12] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-I [13]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile[14] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-
range_ballistic_missile [15] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile [16]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-II [17] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-II [18] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-
II [19] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-III [20] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-III [21]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-III [22] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile [23]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile [24] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-
range_ballistic_missile [25] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IV [26] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IV [27]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-IV [28] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-V [29] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-
V [30] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-V [31] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile [32]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile [33] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-VI [34]
287https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agni-II_missile_(Republic_Day_Parade_2004).jpeg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-VI [35] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni-VI [36]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_missile [37] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_missile [38]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_missile
Sea-based ballistic missiles
The Indian Nav288
y289
has developedtwoseabaseddeliverysystemsfornuclearweapons,completing
Indianambitionsforanuclear triad290
, whichmayhave beendeployedin2015.[291
40292
][293
41294
]295
296
Conceptualdrawing of theINSArihantSSBN.
The firstis a submarine-launchedsystemconsistingof atleastfour6,000 tonne (297
nuclear-powered298
)
299
ballisticmissile submarines300
of the301 302
Arihant class303
. T304
he firstvessel, INS305
Arihant306
,has
beenlaunchedandwill complete extensive sea-trialsbefore beingcommissionedanddeclared
operational.She isthe firstnuclear-poweredsubmarine tobe builtbyIndia.[307
42308
][309
43310
]311
A CIA312
reportclaimedthatRussiaprovidedtechnologicalaidtothe naval nuclearpropulsion
program.[313
44314
][315
45316
] 317
The submarineswill be armedwithupto12 Sa318
g319
arika320
(K-15)
288https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy
289https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy
290https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_triad
296https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arihant_1.jpg
297https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine
302https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_class_submarine
303https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_class_submarine
305https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Arihant
306https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Arihant
309https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-IT-43
312https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA
313https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-eipyi-44
314https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-eipyi-44
315https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-tda-45
318https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika_(missile)

missilesarmedwithnuclearwarheads.Sagarikaisa submarine-launchedballisticmissile321
witharange
of 700 km. Thismissile hasalengthof 8.5 meters,weighsseventonnesandcancarry a payload of up to
500 kg.[322
46323
]324
Sagarikahas alreadybeentest-firedfromanunderwaterpontoon,butnow DRDO325
isplanninga full-fledgedtestof the missile fromasubmarine andforthispurpose mayuse the services
of the Russian Nav326
y327
.[328
47329
]330
India'sDRDO331
isalsoworkingon a submarine-launchedballistic
missile versionof the Agni-IIImissile,knownasthe Agni-IIISL.AccordingtoIndiandefencesources,the
Agni-IIISLwill have arange of 3,500 kilometres(2,200mi).[332
48333
]334
The new missile will complement
the olderand lesscapable Sagarikasubmarine-launchedballisticmissiles.However,the Arihantclass
ballisticmissilesubmarineswill be onlycapableof carryinga maximumof fourAgni-IIISL.
INS Subhadra was modified for the test and the missile was launched from the reinforced helicopter deck.
The secondis a ship-launchedsystembasedaroundthe shortrange shiplaunchedDhanushballistic
missile (avariantof the Prithvi missile335
).Ithasa range of around 300 km. Inthe year2000 the missile
was test-firedfromINS Subhadra (aSukan336
y337
aclass patrol craft338
).
INSSubhadrawas modifiedforthe testandthe missile waslaunchedfromthe reinforcedhelicopter
deck.The resultswere consideredpartially successful.[339
49340
] 341
In2004, the missile wasagaintested
fromINS Subhadra andthistime the resultswerereportedsuccessful.[342
50343
]344
InDecember2005 the
321https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile
325https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRDO
326https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navy
327https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navy
328https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-autogenerated5-47
331https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRDO
335https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_(missile)
336https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukanya_class_patrol_craft
339https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-nrdc.org-49
342https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-bharat-rakshak.com-50

missile wastestedagain,butthistime fromthe destro345
y346
er347
INS348
Ra349
j350
put351
.The testwas a
successwiththe missile hittingthe landbasedtarget.[51]352
4 - [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_missile [2]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika_(missile) [6] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika_(missile) [7]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika_(missile) [8] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika_(missile) [9]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika_(missile) [10] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-4_(SLBM) [11]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-53
International response
Indiaisnot a signatoryto eitherthe NPTor the 353
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban354
Treat355
y (CTBT),but didaccede to the356
Partial Nuclear TestBan Treat357
y358
in
October1963. Indiaisa memberof the
International Atomic Ener359
gy360
A361
g362
enc363
y364
(IAEA),andfourof its17 nuclearreactorsare subject
to IAEA safeguards.Indiaannounceditslackof intentiontoaccede tothe NPTas late as 1997 by voting
345https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer
348https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Rajput_(D51)
352https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-domain-b.com-51
357https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty
358https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty
359https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency

againstthe paragraph of a 365
General Assembl366
yResolutio367
n[368
54369
]370
whichurge371
dall non-
signatoriesof the treaty toaccede to it at the earliestpossible date.[372
55373
]374
Indiavotedagainstthe
UN General Assemblyresolutionendorsingthe CTBT375
,whichwasadoptedon 10 September1996.
Indiaobjectedtothe lackof provisionforuniversal nucleardisarmament376
"withinatime-bound
framework."Indiaalsodemandedthatthe treatybanlaboratorysimulations.Inaddition,Indiaopposed
the provisioninArticle XIV of the CTBTthat requiresIndia'sratificationforthe treatytoenterintoforce,
whichIndiaarguedwasa violationof itssovereignrighttochoose whetheritwouldsignthe treaty.In
earlyFebruary1997, ForeignMinisterI.K.Gujral reiteratedIndia'soppositiontothe treaty,sayingthat
"Indiafavorsanystepaimedat destroyingnuclearweapons,butconsiders thatthe treatyinits current
formis notcomprehensiveandbansonlycertaintypesof tests."
October1963.
In August2008, the 377
International Atomic Ener378
gy379
A380
g381
enc382
y(IAEA) approved 383
safeguards
agreementwithIndiaunderwhichthe formerwill graduallygainaccesstoIndia'scivilian 384
nuclear
reactors385
.[386
56387
]388
In September2008, 389
the NuclearSuppliersGroup390
grantedIndiaa waiver
365https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly
372https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-UN_ARES5238-55
375https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTBT
376https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament
384https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor

allowingittoaccessciviliannucleartechnologyandfuel fromothercountries.[391
57392
]393
The
implementationof thiswaivermakesIndiathe onlyknowncountrywith nuclearweapons394
whichis
not a party to the NPTbut is still allowedtocarryout nuclearcommerce withthe restof the
world.[395
58396
][397
59398
]399
Since the implementationof the NSG 400
waiver,Indiahassignednucleardealswithseveral countries
including
France,[401
60402
]403
UnitedStates,[404
61405
]406 407
Mon408
g409
olia410
,
Namibia411
,[412
62413
]414
Kazakhsta415
n416
[417
63418
]419
andAustralia[420
64421
]422
while the frameworkfor
similardealswithCanadaandUnitedKingdomare also being
prepared.[65423
][66424
][59]425
394https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons
397https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505#cite_note-auto1-59
407https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia
411https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia
415https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan

See also
GuidedmissilesofIndia426
India–UnitedStatesCivil Nuclear427
A428
g429
reement430
Indian ArmedForces431
Weaponsof mass destruction432
NuclearCommand Authorit433
y434 435
(436
India437
)438
References
Viewfull listof citations439
Further reading
Abraham,Itty(1998). The Making of the Indian AtomicBomb.Science,Secrecy,and the Postcolonial
State.
426https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missiles_of_India
427https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%e2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement
431https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces
432https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction
433https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)
439https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileCite/897762505

Londonand NewYork: Zed Books440
. ISBN441 442
9788125016151443
.
Pahuja,OmParkash(2001). India:A NuclearWeapon State.New Delhi:Ocean Books. 444
ISBN445 446
978-
81-87100-690447
.448
Perkovich,George (1999). India's
NuclearBomb:The Impacton Global Proliferation.Berkeley,LosAngeles,andLondon:Universityof
CaliforniaPress. ISBN449 450
978-0-520-23210-5451
.
Szalontai,Balázs(2011). 452
The Elephant in the Room: The SovietUnionand India’s Nuclear
Pro453
g454
ram455
,456
1967-1989457
.458
NuclearProliferationInternational HistoryProjectWorkingPaper#1.Washington,D.C.: 459
Woodrow
WilsonCenterPress460
.461
External links
Indian nuclearweapons pro462
g463
ram464
at
440https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zed_Books
441https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number
442https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125016151
443https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125016151
444https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87100-69-0
449https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number
452http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/npihp-working-paper-1-the-elephant-the-room
459https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Center_Press

The NuclearWeaponArchive At NuclearFiles465
:
NuclearIndia's nuclearconfrontation with Pakistan466
Nuclearweapon stockpiles467
CIA on India'snuclear pro468
g469
ram470
India'smissile testin471
g472
ran473
g474
es475
Videointerviewstakenat the 2008476
NPT PrepComon the UnitedStates-477
India Peaceful AtomicEner478
gy479
CooperationAct480
462http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html
465https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Files
466http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/post-cold-war/india-pakistan/india-
pakistan-conflict.htm
467http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/nuclear-stockpiles.htm
468http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=18265
471http://frontierindia.net/missile-testing-ranges-of-india/
476http://npt-webcast.info/index.php?p=stichworte

Annotated biblio481
g482
raph483
y484
forIndia'snuclear weaponspro485
g486
ram487
at the 488
Alsos
Di489
g490
ital Librar491
y492
for NuclearIssues493
.494
WoodrowWilsonCenter'sNuclear495
ProliferationInternational Histor496
y497
Pro498
j499
ect500
, includingacollectionof 501
primary-source documentsonIndiannucleardevelopment.
The National Securit502
y503
Archive's"NuclearVault"504
featuresanum505
berof compilationsof
declassifiedUSgovernmentdocumentsrelatedtoIndia'snuclearprogram.
Retrievedfrom
481http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=indian*nuclear*weapons*program&creator=&title=&media=all&ge
nre=all&disc=all&level=all&sortby=relevance&results=10&period=15
489https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsos_Digital_Library_for_Nuclear_Issues
495http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nuclear-history-documents/
502http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/index.htm

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508https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
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