The document discusses new language features introduced in Java versions 12 through 17, including switch expressions, text blocks, records, sealed classes, and pattern matching. Each version is shown alongside the new features it introduced. Switch expressions were added in Java 12, allowing switches to be used as expressions. Text blocks in Java 13 allow multi-line strings without escape sequences. Records in Java 14 provide a way to encapsulate data with minimal boilerplate code. Sealed classes were introduced in Java 15 to allow restricting which subclasses can be created. Java 16 included preview support for pattern matching, and Java 17 added full pattern matching capabilities.