Lecture 2 - Literature Research 2023.pdf

1. © Kenessov, 2022 Prof. Bulat Kenessov

2. © Kenessov, 2022 Questions • Why is a literature research needed • What difficulties do you have when doing a literature research

3. © Kenessov, 2022 Goals of a literature research • To answer specific research questions • To check hypotheses • Learn something • Find problems and knowledge gaps

4. © Kenessov, 2022 Recommendations • Try not to start experiments before doing a literature research • In most cases, literature research will provide answers to available questions • There is a huge amount of information in a scientific literature

5. © Kenessov, 2022 Process • Formulate goal, questions and hypotheses • Make a search of literature sources • Systematize collected sources and information • Critically evaluate each source • Write a review, formulate conclusions

6. © Kenessov, 2022 Examples of questions for literature research • What are the advantages of SPME fibers based on MOFs? • What methods can be used to prepare MOF-based fibers? • What methods are simplest? • What methods allow preparing best MOF-based fibers? • What are the known problems of preparing MOF- based fibers? How can these problems be solved?

7. © Kenessov, 2022 Structure • Importance of a wide field/topic • Importance of a narrow field/topic • Available knowledge in a narrow field • Problems and knowledge gaps in a narrow field • Conclusions and goal statement for experimental research

8. © Kenessov, 2022 Sources • Research articles and reviews • Books • Patents • Conference proceedings • Other sources

9. © Kenessov, 2022 Literature search • Databases Web of Science Scopus SciFinder (CAS) • Libraries and other databases of literature

10. © Kenessov, 2022 Web of Science (webofscience.com) • One of the oldest databases (since 1997) • Have most reliable indexes (SCIE, SSCI, AHCI) • Allows searching in patents (Derwent Innovations Index) • Used for calculation of Journal Impact Factor (JIF) • National subscription is active in Kazakhstan

11. © Kenessov, 2022 Web of Science

12. © Kenessov, 2022 Most important search methods • Topic or title • Author(s) • Organization(s) • Cited references or citations

13. © Kenessov, 2022 WoS search results

14. © Kenessov, 2022 Scopus (scopus.com) • Good alternative to Web of Science • Almost same search tools • Dubious journals can be difficult to identify • National subscription is active in Kazakhstan

15. © Kenessov, 2022 Scopus

16. © Kenessov, 2022 Scopus search results

17. © Kenessov, 2022 SciFinder (scifinder.cas.org) • Largest database for chemistry • Contains database of chemical reactions and properties • No subscription in Kazakhstan and KazNU • Members of American Chemical Society have access

18. © Kenessov, 2022

19. © Kenessov, 2022 Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) • Free database • Simple interface • Quick search • Very large coverage

20. © Kenessov, 2022 Google Scholar

21. © Kenessov, 2022 Directory of Open Access Journals (doaj.org) • Free database • Only open access journals are indexed

22. © Kenessov, 2022 Recommendations for searching • Find one article very close to your topic of study • Read only titles and abstracts • Immediately save found sources (use Mendeley) • Do only searching at this stage • Spend at least 2-3 days for search only

23. © Kenessov, 2022 Work with a collected sources • Separate sources On importance On topics and questions • Read all abstracts, look at figures • Read only most valuable articles, make sure you understand them correctly

24. © Kenessov, 2022 Mendeley • Free reference manager • Saving results of searching sources • Structuring documents • Quick addition and analysis of your comments • Automatic formatting and generation of lists of references www.mendeley.com

25. © Kenessov, 2022 Optimal sequence for reading article • Title and abstract • Figures • Conclusion • Results and discussion • Experimental part and Introduction (if required)

26. © Kenessov, 2022 Recommendations • Do not leave important things unclear • Look for variables (use figures) • Check the evidences for each statement • Immediately add important information to the table

27. © Kenessov, 2022 Table with important information Conclusion Argument(s) Strength of arguments (1-5 scale) Problems Nitrogen dioxide is the most dangerous ambient air pollutant in Almaty Ratio of NO2 concentration to the threshold value is the highest 3 Threshold values are not best indicators of toxicity Lifetime of benzene in ambient air is 7 days Plot of benzene concentration in ambient air over time 5 Reproduced by many scientists Optimum temperature of benzene hydrogenation is 70 degrees C Plot “reaction yield = f (reaction temperature)” 3 1) Only for Pt catalysts; 2) Only for 10 bar pressure Extraction time 30 min provides highest sensitivity of phenol detection in water by SPME-GC- MS Plot peak area = f (extr time); increase of ex time over 30 min does not lead to the increase of a reponse 4 S/N is better indicator than peak area

29. © Kenessov, 2022 Literature review Importance of a wide field (big problem) Existing problems of the narrow field Possible solutions of the narrow problem(s) Conclusion and the goal of study Existing solutions of the big problem Problems of existing solutions Attempts of solving these problems

30. © Kenessov, 2022 Example 1 • Air pollution in Almaty results in major losses • The problem exists because of inefficient decisions • Inefficient decisions are caused by the lack of data • Air analysis is very expensive and cannot be afforded • Analysis of VOC by standard methods is most expensive

31. © Kenessov, 2022 Example 1 (continued) • There are following alternatives to stand. methods: … • The best alternative is SPME because … • The problem of SPME is poor accuracy (VS stand. meth.) • There are following approaches to improve accuracy: … • Accuracy can be improved by … because … • The goal of our study was to test this hypothesis

32. © Kenessov, 2022 Example 2 • Baikonur cosmodrome is important for the country • The fuel used in rockets is highly toxic • The population is concerned about possible health risks • The health risk values are not available • The exact risk values have to be established

33. © Kenessov, 2022 Example 2 (continued) • There is a methodology, which can be used for risk assessment because … • The methodology requires monitoring pollutants in … • The analytical methods are available for the pollutants • This study is aimed at estimating risks

34. © Kenessov, 2022 Useful videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ews2LPOY1s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VE3ADZvoUY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCu-obYMFsE

35. © Kenessov, 2022 Activate remote access to WoS • Register your account at webofscience.com • Log in from PC with an access to WoS (e.g., connected to KazNU network) For Scopus, institutional e-mail is needed (@kaznu.kz or @edu.kaznu.kz)

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