(classification of injuries stiff neck, cramps, bruise)

1. Name: Alexander D. Acayen BSE PE A32PM
Subject: Athletics
Prof: Dr. Corina Reyes
Topic: Classification of Injuries (Stiff Neck, Cramps, Bruise)
Stiff Neck
• Is typically characterized by soreness and difficulty moving the neck, especially when trying
to turn the head to the side.
• Stiff neck may be accompanied by headache, shoulder pain, or arm pain and cause the
individual to turn the entire body as opposed to the neck to try to look to the side.
Cause of stiff neck
• Too much time in an awkward position, such as hunched over a steering wheel while
driving, hunched over a steering wheel while driving, hunched forward to view a computer
monitor, or cradling a phone in the crook of the neck.
• Spleeping in a position that strains the neck, such a swith a pillow that is too high or too
firm.
• Carrying a heavy suitcase or other object on one side of the body.
• Any form trauma that impacts the neck, such as from whiplash in a car accident, or from a
fail in which one lands on the top of the head.
Prevention
• Make sure you have posture when sitting and standing, reading more about how to sit
correctly
• How to use laptop safety, and common ;p;osture mistakes and fixes take regular breaks
from your desk
• Driving or any activity where your neck is held in the same position for a long period of time
if you often feel stressed
• Try to relaxation techniques to help ease any tension in your neck avoid sleeping on your
front, and make sure your head is in line with your body (not tilted to the side) if you sleep
on your side only use enough pillows (usually only one) to keep your head level with your
body make sure your mattress is relatively firm a soft mattress could mean your neck is
bent while you sleep.
Apply R.I.C.E
R-est
I-ce
C-ompress
E-levate

2. Bruise
• A bruise (layman’s term), also called a contusion (medical term), is a typeof hematoma of
tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood
seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.
• A bruise is a comon skin injury that results in a discoloration of the skin. Blood from
damagedblood cells deep beneath the skin collects near the surface of the skin, resulting in
what we think of as a black and blue mark.
Cause of a Bruise
• People typically get bruises when they bump into something or when something bumps into
them.
• Bruises can occur in some people who exercise vigorously, such as athletes and weight
lifters. These bruises result from microscopic tears in blood vessels under the skin.
• Unexplained bruises that occur easily or for no apparent reason may indicate a bleeding
disorder, especially if the bruising is accompanied by frequent nosebleeds or bleeding
gums.
• Often, what are thought to be unexplained bruises on the shin or the thigh, for example,
actually result from bumps into a bedpost or the other object and failing to recall the injury.
• Bruises in elderly people frequently occur because of their skin has become thinner with
age. The tissues that support the underlying blood vessels have become more fragile.
• Bruises are also more common in those taking medicine to thin the blood.
Symptoms
• Initially, a fresh bruise many actually be reddish. It will then turn blue or dark purple within a
few hours, then yellow or green after a few days as it heals.
• A bruise is commonly tender and sometimes even painful for the first few days, but the pain
usually goes away as the color fades.
• Because the skin is not broken in a bruise,there is no risk of infection.
Types of Bruises
Depending on the location, bruises are classified into:
1. Subcutaneous bruises
2. Intradermal bruises
3. Deep bruises or contusions
Aging of Bruises/Color Changes
There are due to degradation products of blood.
Color Approximate Time Cause
Red Fresh Hemoglabin
Blue 24 hours Deoxygenated
Hemoglabin
Bluish Black 2-4 days Hemosiderin

3. Greenish 5-7 days Biliverdin
Yellow 7-10 days Bilirubin
Disappears 2-3 weeks
Prevention
• Wear protective gear (like shin guards) while playing contact sports such a soccer.
• Place furniture away from doorways and common walking paths within your home.
• Keep phone and electrical cords away from open areas where you may trip and fall.
• Be sure floors are kept dry and that rugs are slip resistant.
• Keep floors free of clutter.
• Plug in a small night light or use a flashlight if you need to walk to the bathroom during the
night.
• If you doctor has prescribed blood-thining drugs, be sure to have regular monitoring and
adjust medications as necessary.
Treatment
• Call the doctor if the bruise is accompanied by swelling and extreme pain, especially if you
take a blood-thining medication for a medical condition.
• Call the doctor if bruising occurs easily or for no apparent reason.
• Call the doctor if the bruise is painful and under a toenail of fingernail.
• Call the doctor if a bruise does not im;prove within two weaks or fails to completely clear
after three or four weeks.
• Go to an emergency room if you think you have a broken bone along with the bruise.
• Some bruises (sometimes called a “goose egg”) occurs on the head, but the person did not
black out and is able to remember the accident, it is unlikely that serious head injury has
resulted. On the other hand, if the person cannot remember what happened and you
suspect the person may have a concussion, he or she should be taken to the nearest
emergency room.
• If a bruise occurs just above the eye, you can expect the bruise to travel to the area just
under the eye, possibly causing a black eye, because of the effects of gravity. As long as
you are able to move the affected eye in all directions and do not have changes in your
vision, it is unlikely to be a serious injury that requires a visit to the hospital.
• If you doctor has prescribed blood-thining drugs, be sure to have regular monitoring and
adjust medications as necessary.
Cramps
• A painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle, typically caused by fatigue or strain.
• A muscle cramp is an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax.
• Almost everyone experiences a muscle cramp at some in their life.
• There are a variety of types and causes of muscle cramps.
• Numerous medicines can cause muscle cramps.
• Most muscle cramps can be stopped if the muscle can be stretched.

4. • Must cramps can often be prevented by measures such as adequate nutrition and
hydration, attention to safety when exercising, and attention to ergonomic factors.
Types of Muscle Cramps
• Smooth muscle cramps – Smooth muscle contractions may be symtomantic of
endometriosis or other health problems. Menstrual cramps may aslo occur both before and
during a menstual cycle.
• Skeletal muscle cramps - Skeletal muscles can be voluntarily controlled, under normal
circumstances. Skeletal muscle that cramp the most often are the claves, thighs, and
arches of the foot, and are sometimes calles a “charley horse” or a “corkie”. Such cramping
is associated with strenuous physical activity and can be intensely painful; however, they
can even occur while inactive/relaxed. Around 40% of people who experience skeletal
cramps are likely to endure extreme muscle pain, and may be unable to use the entire limb
that contains the “locked-up” muscle group. It may take up to seven days for the muscle to
return to a pain-free state.
• Noctural leg cramps - Noctural leg cramps are involuntary muscle contractions that occur
in the calves, soles of the feet, or other muscles in the body during the night or (less
commonly) while resting.
The duration of noctural leg cramps is variable with cramps lasting anywhere from few
seconds to several minutes. Muscle soreness may remain after the cramp itself ends.
These cramps are common in older people. They happen quite frequently in teenagers and
in some people while exercising at night. The precise cause of these cramps is unclear.
Potential contributing factors include dehydration, low levels of certain minerals
(magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sodium), and reduced bloodflow through muscle
attendant in prolonged sitting or lying down. Nocturnal leg cramps (almost exclusively calf
cramps) are considered normal during the late stages of pregnancy. They can, however,
vary in intensity fromn mild toi extremely painful.
Treatment
• Stretching, massage and drinking plenty of fluid, such as water, may be helpful in treatting
simple muscle cramps.
• With exertional heat cramps due to electrolytr abnormalities (primarily sodium loss and not
calcium, magnesium, and potassium) appropriate fluids and sufficient salt improves
symptoms.
• Quinine is likely to be effective, however, due ro side effects its use should only be
considered if other treatments have failed.
Prevention
• Adequate conditioning, stretching, mental preparation, and adequate fluid/electrolyte
balance are likely helpful in preventing muscle cramps.