CONTEMPORY WORLD

1. THE
CONTEMPORY
WORLD
JOHN KRISTOFFER V.
TIBOR
Instructor
Social Sciences Department
Manuel S. Enverga University
Foundation

2. TOPICS:
What is Globalization?
History of Globalization
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3. Have you ever wondered how the world would look like today without transportation
and communication?
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Can you imagine yourself living in a country that does not
in any way have a relationship with other countries?
Did you find any interest learning about how international
organizations work?

4. GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven
by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on
culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world.
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5. GLOBALIZATION
According to Jagdish Bhagwati (2006), Globalization
constitutes integration of National economies into the
International economy through trade, direct foreign
investment (by corporations and multinationals),
short-term capital flows, international flows of workers
and humanity generally, and flows of technology.

6. GLOBALIZATION
Bruce Mazlish defined the concept of
Globalization as a reality that now affects every
part of the globe and every person on it, even
though in widely differing local contexts.

7. GLOBALIZATION
As proposed by Christopher Bailey, Globalization is
a progressive increase in the scale of social
processes from a local or regional to a world level.

8. GLOBALIZATION IS NOT NEW
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Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—
have been buyingfrom and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through
the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle
Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other
countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those
prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

9. GLOBALIZATION IS NOT NEW
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But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in
cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world
has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example,
the volume of world trade has increased by 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of
foreign investment nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current
wave of globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today
globalization is “farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.”

10. GLOBALIZATION IS NOT NEW
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This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies
domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially
during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic
systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new
opportunities for international trade and investment.
Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have
established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment.
Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign
factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A
defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business
structure.

11. GLOBALIZATION IS NOT NEW
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Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information
technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information
technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors—consumers, investors,
businesses—valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including
faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of
assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners.

12. GLOBALIZATION IS NOT NEW
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Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows
poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living,
while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free
market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local
enterprises, local cultures, and common people.
Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental
level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas
that constitute the current wave of globalization.

13. A BRIEF HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
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14. PRE-1500
In the book of Andre Gunder Frank entitled Re-
Orient (1998), he argued that globalization was
there well before 1500. Frank cited several
manifestations to support his claim such as the
trade through the silk roads which had its centrality
in China. It was also in this era that European trade
in Asia began.
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15. 16TH CENTURY
In the 16th Century - Dennis Flynn and Arturo
Giraldez claim that globalization begun in 1571
when the Spaniards settled down in Manila in the
Philippines and opened up trade from Manila to
Acapulco. This era was also characterized by the
importance of silver and other valuable minerals as
a medium of exchange of commodities.
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16. 19TH CENTURY
In the 19th Century – Christopher Bailey claims that
globalization started with the collapse of 18th century
regimes such as those headed by European
countries. He characterized this era as the modern
globalization and sees it as a process based on
colonialism and imperialism and the concept of free
trade.
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17. 1820-1913
1.1820-1913 – Williamson and O’Rourke considered
this era as the Great Phase of Globalization. They
explained that the period from 1820-1870 was the
age of free trade and liberalization of economic
policies of the states which resulted to the increase
of commodity trade. While in the period after 1870,
mass migration has been the trend following
numerous infrastructure developments in the
different parts of the world such as railroads and
ports.
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18. 1914-1945
1914-1945 – This period was considered as the De-
Globalization or the downfall of globalization. This
was also considered the interwar period as the First
and Second World War occurred between those
years. The effects of the wars as well as other world
crises were suffered greatly by the world economy.
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19. 1914-1945
1945-2013 – This period was considered to be the
Contemporary Globalization as manifested by the
actions of institutions and governments toward world
economic development after the interwar period.
Liberal economic policies have been adopted by
different countries that fostered the growth of world
trade and financial institutions. Advances in
information technology had provided easier access
to information and performance of services
remotely.
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20. POST-2014
Post 2014 – Some authors consider the possibility
that this period as another phase of de-globalization.
They supported such claim by citing the problems
that have been suffered by the world such as the
effects of the 2008 financial crisis, rivalry between
powerful countries, revolutionary terrorism, and a
global pandemic.
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21. ASSESSMENT:
DEFINE
GLOBALIZATION
IMPORTANCE OF
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
TODAY
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22. THANK YOU
See you next week!
- Sir JK
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