1. A comparative analysis of stand development
and crop tending operations in Temperate and
Tropical forests
Presenter: Rajesh S Kumar
Supervising Faculty: Prof. Dr. Höfle

2. A comparison of stand development
operations between Temperate and Tropics
Commerci
al
Thinning
Pruning
Pre
commercial
Thinning
Regener
ation
Stand
Commercial
Thinning &
Climber cutting
Pruning
Pre Com
Thinning
Cleaning
Weeding
Regen
eratio
n
Stand
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3. stand Regeneration
Aspects Germany India
Area by silvicultural systems or the
legal compulsions
by silvicultural systems or the
legal compulsions
Planting material Wild lings/ poly pot seedlings poly pot and wild lings/ stumps
/ root trained seedlings
season Spring and early winter SW and NE Monsoons ,
Size and age of
stock
15-150 cm/ 2-.5-4.5 yrs 50-100cm / 1-2 yrs
The continuity of production is not possible without periodic
replacement of stands and the quality of stand regeneration
determines the future crop
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4. stand
Regeneration
Aspects Germany India
Method( Mechanical) Often Rare
Method( Manual) uses Hoe , spade uses Spade, pix axes ,
crowbars
Pit size As per species Standard sizes
Quality Assurance and
Quality and Control
standards in place and
strictly enforced
not strictly enforced
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5. stand Regeneration
Buchenbuuhl
Hohlspaten Auger Carry bag
Pit plantingIndian Spade
Container
seedlings
Planting Method
Indian pickaxe Plant trolley
Tools and methods
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Germany

6. Crop tending Operations
Aspects Germany India
Natural Regeneration
Areas
By canopy control By Canopy control
supplemented with shrub
cuttings
Artificial Regeneration
Areas
subject to cost
specifications
Weeding schedule for the
first three years
Methods of weeding mostly mechanical manual
Application of bio control
agents
Weeding
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7. Crop tending Operations
Aspects India
Objective
Reduce competition for light
and regulation of crop composition
Age of the stand before pole stage and the same age class
Types of Regeneration
Applied
Natural and Artificial Regeneration types
Species Dipterocarpus, Vateria, Hopea , Deodar, Sal, etc
Cleaning
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8. Crop tending Operations
Aspects Remark
stand Pure even aged crop or relatively even aged crop or even
aged groups of crops
Objectives Merchantable volume, wood quality, higher net out turn
form the stand
Philosophy Improvement of stand composition, regeneration and
protection and intermediate returns
Types Pre commercial and Commercial Thinning
Crop Thinning
A powerful management tool to improve growth and form
of trees in a stand
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9. THT = 6-9m THT = 9-12m THT = 12-16m THT > 16m THT > 30m
Removal of ‘wolf’
and damaged
trees
Selection of 200
frame tree
candidates/ ha
Selection of 80-
120 final frame
trees
Constant control
of the
performance of
the frame trees
Target diameter
harvesting
No tree number
reduction
Removal of frame
tree competitors
(dominant trees)
1st
and 2nd
thinning as heavy
selective crown
thinning
Improvement of
frame tree
crowns
Removal of
competing beech
trees
Steering of
natural
regeneration
through group
shelterwood cuts
~ Jänich, 2003
Management Guideline for Mixed
Stands of Sycamore, Ash and Beech
10
20
30
50 100
9 m
25 75
Age [yrs]
Top height [m]
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10. Crop tending Operations
Aspects Pre commercial Thinning Commercial Thinning
Objective Intermediate volume
production
Production of merchantable
volume
Skill level Less skill requirement High skill requirement
Models Row thinning/spacing
thinning
Ordinary thinning, crown
thinning
Common tools
used
Sickles, Bow saw, Brush
cutters, Light power saw,
Power saw
Crop Thinning
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11. Crop tending Operations
Aspects pruning Climber cutting
Skill level High skill requirement Average
Species Regular for high value
species and exceptional for
others
High value species
Types Natural and Artificial
Pruning
Artificial
Tools knifes, or pruning saws on
telescopic poles
Knives
Improvement of tree shape and
timber quality
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Fig. A
telescopic
pruner

12. An analysis of the stand development
operations in Germany and India
Operation Germany India
Regeneration multispecies stand Assisted Natural
Regeneration/supplemente
d Regeneration
Weeding Support the best tree
species and form
Reduce high competition
form less commercially
important species
Pruning Natural/ Artificial Natural/ Artificial
Thinning in favor of high
commercial species
1. Favor interested species
2. generate biomass / low
diameter stems to meet
requirements of the local
people
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13. Quality Assurance and Quality Control, efficiency
and welfare aspects
Aspects Germany India
Training and
Certification
Pre professional training
, refresher trainings
Pre professional training ,
On the Job Trg, refresher
trainings
Safety
Regulations
documented, enforced tends to display causal
approach
Emergency
and Rescue
Arrangement
s
comprehended and
planned
not meticulously
implemented
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14. Quality Assurance and Quality Control, efficiency
and welfare aspects
Aspects Germany India
Ergonomics Comprehended , applied
and monitored
not adequately applied
Labor Laws
and Insurance
Well defined and
implemented
fraught with non efficient
implementation issues
Camp
facilities
excellent Inadequate and bare
minimum
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15. Summary
• A comparison of the prevailing practices of
forestry between Germany and India
highlights the requirements of more
investment in infrastructure, research,
technology and capacity building in India to
scale up the operations to meet the criteria
of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
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16. • Dwivedi, A.P. 1992. Principles and Practices of Indian
Silviculture. Surya Publications, Dhera Dun, pp.469
• Evans, J. 1992. Plantation Forestry in the Tropics.
Oxford University Press, Oxford pp.403
• Höfle, H.2011. Lecutre Notes on Forest District of
Reinhusen. Georg August University, Germany,pp.43
• Smith, D.M. 1962. The Practice of Silviculture. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,pp.578
• http://www.google.co.uk/imgres accessed on
23/06/11
References
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17. Development of Forest Stand under CNFM in Germany
THANKS !
(picture: Estoque,
2010)6/24/2011 17Forest Stand Development