C&D Waste.pdf

EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
[Educational Service: SNR Sons Charitable Trust]
[An Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[An ISO 9001-2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
Vattamalaipalayam, N.G.G.O Colony Post, Coimbatore – 641022
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION
AND DEMOLITION WASTE
8/6/2023 Mrs. Rajalakshmi. S / AP - CE / SREC

Waste
Waste, or rubbish, garbage, depending on the type of
material or the regional terminology, is an
unwanted or undesired material or substance. It
is a unavoidable by-product of most of the human
activity.

Waste Generation
• In the last decades, due to the modern lifestyle, the progresses in industry and
technology had led to an important increase in the amount and type of wastes.
• These industrial and agricultural wastes are by-products, slag, rice husk ash,
bagasse, fly ash, cement dust, brick dust, sludge, glass, tires, etc.
• The wastes represent a major problem for the environment because the air pollution
and leaching toxic chemicals when are dumped in landfills, quarries, rivers or
oceans.
• The capitalization of waste is difficult because of their variety, as well as their
unknown properties over time.

Composition of MSW

Waste Management Hierarchy

Need For Recycling Waste in Construction
• The environmental sustainability became an important problem
from the point of view of natural resources and that of wastes.
• The construction and the building materials sectors are involved
in both processes:
Building industry is the largest user of natural materials
A large amount of wastes results from the demolition of constructions.

• Concrete is obtained from natural aggregates, cement and water, compounds
which make it a cheap material and easy to produce anywhere.
• Usually, ordinary concrete contains about 12% cement, 8% water and 80%
aggregates by mass.
• Aggregates and water are from natural resources, only cement must be
produced in fabrics, processes which are polluting the environment (for
producing 1 m3 of concrete a quantity of 480 kg of CO2 is liberated in the
atmosphere).
• For reducing the aggregate and cement consumption, the replacing materials
obtained from wastes were studied.

Need for Reuse of Waste Materials in
Construction
• Because the cement industry is responsible for 5-7% of worldwide
emission of CO2, (which means 1.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere), in preparing concrete
• The cement dosage can be reduced by using mineral additions,
strategy that also can contribute to environment protection by
preserving the energy and consume the huge quantities of wastes.

Concrete with Mineral Additives
• Near cement concrete other building materials are obtained by
using wastes, such as: high strength concrete, which has in the
mix different additions (silica fume, fly ash, etc.), asphalt
concrete, bricks, pavements, roof tiles, prefabricated units,
claddings, etc.

Green Building Materials
• The use of different waste in the concrete mix or for obtaining new
types of concretes had as result the development of a new type of
construction materials: Green Materials.
• Some building materials are totally obtained from wastes, such as
“green” materials.
• The new concept of green buildings offers more energy-and
resource efficiency.
• The technologies of obtaining green materials are available, but
their use in construction industry is limited.

Green Materials for Construction
• The building material and construction industry is one of the
principal users of wastes in the processes for obtaining
materials or products, for constructing bridges or highways, in
soil stabilization, in hydraulic construction, etc.
• From environmental considerations, an extensive waste
utilization in construction is recommended, although particular
wastes may be too risky to use.

Waste Classification
In the building material industry there are used a lot of types of wastes, which
can be classified as follows:
• By-product waste
• Silica fume
• Slag
• Sludge
• Fly ash
• Organic wastes
• Mineral wastes
• Inert waste
• Agricultural wastes
• Construction demolition wastes
• Transportation industry wastes

Wastes from industry used in building
materials
• An important way to use the wastes is to introduce them as a
powder or filler in the composition of construction materials
(cement, concrete, asphalt, etc.) or to use as aggregates (concrete
or bricks from demolition can be used as an aggregate, steel slag
can be transformed into aggregates, etc.).
• Concrete is one type of building material that can incorporate
many types of waste such as silica fume, fly ash, cinder, husk,
tires, glass, etc.

WHAT IS
C & D WASTE?

Construction and Demolition Waste
“Construction and Demolition waste” means waste
comprising of building materials, debris and rubble resulting
from construction, remodelling/ renovation, repair and demolition
of any civil engineering structure
Waste building materials, dredging materials that are
produced in the process of constructions, remodeling, repair,
or demolition of residential buildings, commercial buildings
and other structure and pavements are also termed as C & D
Waste.

Reasons of Repair/renovation &
Demolition
• Due to expiry of useful life of structure (generation of
waste)
• Due to poor quality of original construction
• Due to unauthorised (poor quality) construction
and additions thereafter
• Due to redevelopment for additional FSI
• Due to frequent renovations and constructionby different
agencies due to poor co-ordination

Environmental Concern

Classification of Waste –
Based on Location of Formation
Waste
e
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Construction
and Demolition
Institutional
Municipal
Services
Agricultural

Construction & Demolition Waste Consist of
 Concrete
 Bricks
 Timber
 Sanitary ware
 Glasses
 Steel
 Plastic

65%
25%
Composition of Construction & Demolition Wastein India
Concrete
Bricks & Tiles
Wood
Metals
Others
Plastic
Ref:-Prof. S.K. Bhattacharyya, A.K. Minocha, Mridul Garg, Jaswinder Singh, Neeraj Jain, S. Maiti & S.K. Singh,
GAP0072 (DST Project), Demolition Wastes as Raw Materials for Sustainable Construction Products, CSIR-CBRI
News Letter,Vol-33 No-2 April-June 2013,pp.1-2
5% 2% 2% 1%

Type of Construction Waste &
Contribution
S. No Type of Work % Contribution
1 New Construction 10
2 Renovation 40
3 Demolition 50

Waste generated from construction industry
Inert material
e.g., rocks,concrete,
bricks, stone, earth.
Non inert material
e.g., plastic, packaging
waste, paint
On site waste sorting
• Sort and segregate inert and non-inert materials
• Sort and segregate materials such as paper, plastic, timber,
metals, masonry, concrete and excavated soil

C & D Waste Management
• For prevention of waste
• For minimisation of waste
• For reuse of waste
• For recycling of waste

Concrete
• Concrete is a mixture of
sand, cement, aggregate,
water, & admixtures
• Benefits of reducing of
Concrete waste
– Reduce cost of aggregates
– Reduce disposal cost
– Environmental degradation
prevented
– Reduce consumption of natural
resources
– Life span of landfill area will increase
• Disposal method at CHARUSAT campus
– Due to parallel projects simultaneously
going on so waste generated due to concrete
is generally used as a filling material and
sub base layer of pavement construction.
– Due to use of Ready mix concrete waste
generated due to concrete reduced
considerably

Stone/Marbles
• How the waste is generated?
The stone/marble which
came from the quarry was not
of a perfect size and shape
which is likely to be used in
work, so we have to cut the
stone/marble in desired shape
and size as per our
requirement.
After cutting the excess
portion has no further use
hence waste is generated .
• Reuse of the waste
– In most cases the stone waste is
used as filler material in road
construction part.
– The marble waste sometimes
used in terrazzo flooring.
If there is no reuse of stones/marbles
they are dumped/sell to other
agencies.

Timber
How the waste is generated?
•Timber is generally used as
framework for building concrete
structures, with passage of time it
become soft due to contact with
moisture of concrete.
•Shape & size of timber somewhat
change which is not proper to use
as framework, so it has no further
use hence waste is generated.
Reuse of the waste
– It is mostly crushed into chip &
used as fuel.
– It can be utilized to manufacture
wood-chip concrete by injecting
cement grout into voids of
compacted wood-chips in moulds.
– Wood-chip concrete can be used
as building material.

Sand
How the waste is generated?
1. The sand which came from the
quarry was not of a perfect size
which is likely to be used in
work, so we have to sieve as per
our requirement.
2. After sieving the remaining
sand has no further use hence
waste is generated.
Reuse of the waste
1. In most cases the sand waste is
used in road construction.
2. After the use of remaining sand
there is some amount of sand is
mixed with soil so that sand is
useful for garden decoration.

Steel
How steel waste generated ?
1. Most of steel waste is generated
during demolition around 70%
to 80% of all steel waste.
2. Remaining parts of steel rode
during construction stage
3. Due to corrosion
4. Waste in terms of bent Nail
5. Small Pieces of G.I. pipes
Reuse of steel waste
1. For making of stirrup
2. For hidden structure use waste
pieces
Suggestion
1. Collect and sell the same for
the scrap value of the building

• Steel is most commonly used metal in theworld.
• Steel reinforcement from demolished concrete is
usually separated from the rubble on site & sold
scrap to recycling plants.
• The world produces over 783 million tons of raw
steel. It currently recycles over 320 million tons of
iron & steel every year.
• Scrap metal can yield energy savings of upto 76%.
• In Europe steel is most recycled .

Brick
How waste generated?
• A brick is a block or a single unit
of a kneaded clay-bearing soil,
sand and lime, or concrete
material, fire hardened or air
dried, used in masonary
construction
• The Brick Waste is generated in
the form of Bats and Small Pieces
• While loading from the
manufacturing unit to the
unloading at the Site , there is
possibility where the Bricks get
broken and turn into bats and the
small pieces
Broken and discraded
Bricks can be used as
consturuction infill or as
aggregate for non-structural
concrete.
Crushed brick & roof
tiles are the bulk of
demolition waste which
were earlier being dumped
in landfills , now they can be
recycled into mortar plaster
& building blocks.

Glass
How waste generated?
• Glass Waste is generated in the form of
broken pieces.
• While demolition and restoration
work of any stucture the glass waste
is generated.
• There is less chance of Glass waste
while any work as care is taken to
remove and place the Glass , but
somehow due to improper holding
and the handling of the Glass, the
waste is generated.
• Generally in India the Glass
waste is dumped without taking
any care but the site we visited ,
at that place the authority takes
special care for the disposal of
the Glass which is being sold to
the Junkyard People for the
recycling the Broken , Damaged
Glass.

Plastic
How plastic waste Generated?
1. Cement bag
2. Cover material for flooring
3. Pieces of pipe
Ceramic
How it generated?
1. During transport
Reuse of plastic waste
1. Joint the plastic bags of cement & use as
curtain for protection of neighbour
property
Reuse of P.O.P. waste
1. It only use as filler
Reuse of it
1. For flooring of terrace as a china mosaic
P.O.P.
How POP waste generated?
1. During ceiling work

• There is an over abundance of waste
plastic.
• It is very difficult to dispose plastics.
• Waste plastics can be shredded & used
as filler in other materials such as
concrete & also in construction of roads
• House hold plastic waste can also be
recycled to obtain artificial light weight
aggregates for mortar.
• Plastics reduces the possibilities of
cracking.

Sanitary Ware
o Sanitary ware includes tiles also.
o There can be reused as it is, if they arenot
damaged.
oIf sanitary ware are chipped (or) cracked(or)
otherwise damaged are advised to crush and
use them as construction infill (or) as filler in
concrete.
o Pozzolanic value of such crushed & powdered
sanitary ware, is a desirable property in concrete
mixes.

The important initiatives sited are:
• Promoting separation of C&D waste at source
• Promoting recycling
• Band on land filling of C&D waste
• Developing market for recycled products
• Production of concrete bricks and paving blocks
• Guidelines for using C&D waste
• Developing designs which facilitate ‘deconstruction’ instead
of outright demolition

14.5 MT Out Of 48 MT of total solid waste generated
per annum
Ref:-Dr., Asokan Pappu and Dr., Mohini Saxena and Dr., Shyam R. Asolekar (2007) Solid wastes generation in India
and their recycling potential in building materials. Indian Journal Of Environmental Protection . pp. 2311-2321.
Present Indian Scenario of Construction and Demolition Waste

Reasons For Increase of Construction &
Demolition Waste
 Many old buildings, concrete pavements, bridges and
other structures have overcome their age and limit of
use due to structural deterioration beyond repairs and
need to be demolished
 New construction for better economic growth
 Structures are turned into debris resulting from natural
disasters like earthquake, cyclone and floods etc.

Hierarchy for C & D waste management

Reduction of Waste
 Ensuring materials are ordered on an “as needed” basis to
prevent over supply to site;
 Minimize the creation of excessive scrap waste on site;
 Ensuring correct storage and handling of construction
materials to minimize generation of damaged
materials/waste;
 Ensuring correct sequencing of operations and assigning
individual responsibility

“De-construction” means a planned selective demolition in which
salvage, re-use and recycling of the demolished structure is
maximized
Reuse

Recycling

Construction Waste Recycling
When considering a recyclable material, three
major areas need to be taken in to account are:
 Economy
 Compatibility with other materials
 Material properties

Disposal

Sorting Process of Construction &Demolition Waste
Chemical
Mineralogical
Appraisal
Mechanical
Sorting

Chemical-MineralogicalAppraisal
 Recognizes particular grain size
X-Ray Fluorescence - Invest chemical composition in
terms of major elements.
X-Ray Diffractometry - Recognizes the constitute
• mineralogical phases

Mechanical Sorting Process
 Bar Screening
 Magnetic Separation
 Air Classifier

Recycling and Reuse
 Reuse (at site) of bricks, stone slabs, timber, conduits,
piping railings etc. to the extent possible and depending
upon their condition;
 Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. can be used by
recycling industries;
 Rubble, brick bats, broken plaster/concrete pieces etc.
can be used for building activity, such as, leveling, under
coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute of
heavy moving loads;

 Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low-
lying areas;
 Fine material, such as, sand, dust etc. can be used as
cover material over sanitary landfill.
 Excavated soil can also be used creatively in the
landscaping of developments and for the construction of
embankments and screening/noise abatement berms in
civil engineering projects.

Recovery and Landfill
 Conversion of non-recyclable waste material into usable heat in
form of fuel or electricity.
 Industrial Waste Stabilizer- Material having no value in reuse,
although employed for beneficial use in stabilization.
 Reuse public fill at public filling areas forreclamation.
 Landfill is the least preferred option although if required it should
done after considering all the laws and regulation.

Main Issue for Construction & Demolition
Waste Management
 Absence of segregation of waste at source
 Lack of appropriately located recycling facilities
 Indifferent attitude of citizens toward waste
management due to lack of awareness.
 Illegal landfill practices done by contractor forsaving
money.

Key Requirement of Waste
Management Plan
 Types, quantities and qualities of wastes
 Measures for reducing waste generation
 On-site waste sorting
 On-site and off-site reuse
 Areas for waste storage
 Quantities of wastes requiring off-site disposal
 Monitoring and auditing program

Case Study 1: State Offices at
Butterfield Way,Sacramento, CA
 The site work construction phase for the California Franchise
Tax Board’s State Offices at Butterfield Way realized tremendous
financial benefits from recycling C&D debris. This led the
project team to an extremely high 99.6% (by weight) C&D
waste diversion rate for this phase. Sixty-nine percent of this
waste (over 15,000 tons) was recycled, stored and reutilized
on-site.

C & D Waste Management Rules
2 0 1 6
• C & D producing organisations
– C & D waste generators and
– C & D waste bulk generators.
– Waste generators who generate 20 tonnes or more in one day or 300
tonnes per project in a month are classified as “bulk C & D waste
generators”.
Therefore, greater responsibility is on bulk C & D waste generators.
Further they are required to segregate the waste into four categories
as concrete, soil, steel - wood - plastic, and bricks and mortar.

Bulk C & D Generators
• Under Rule 4 sub-rule (3) the segregation by bulk C & D
waste generators shall be done into four streams such as:
– Concrete
– Soil
– Steel, wood and plastics
– Bricks & mortar

2 0 1 6
• Apply to every waste resulting from construction, re-
modelling, repair and demolition of any civil structure
of individual or organization or authority who
generates C & D waste

Government Initiatives
• MoUD vide its circular dated 28th June, 2012 stated all states to set up
C & D Waste recycling / processing facilities in all cities with
population of over ONE million (10 lakh)
• Guidelines on recycling and reuse of C&D waste by CPWD March
2014
• Guidelines of utilisation of C & D waste in construction of dwelling
units and other infrastructure in housing schemes of government
(2016) by BMTPC
• C & D waste management rules 2016 of MoEF&CC notified on 29th
March, 2016
• Guidelines of environmental management of C & D waste CPCB
(2017)

2 0 1 6
• Construction of new buildings
• Renovation of existing buildings
• Demolition of existing, old dilapidated structures;
• Excavation/reconstruction of asphalt/ concrete roads;
• Construction of new fly over bridges under bridges/ sub-
ways etc.;
• Renovation/ Installation of new water/ telephone/
internet/ sewer pipe lines etc.

CPCB Guidelines 2 0 1 7
• The guidelines recommends
pollution mitigation measures
in operation of C & D dump
sites / waste processing
facilities.
• Mainly for bulk generators in
cities / towns

Duties of Local Authority
• Management of C & D waste generated including processing
facility and for using the recycled products in the best
possible manner
• Awareness and dissemination of knowledge
• Incentives for use of material made out of C D waste
including in non-structural concrete, paving blocks, lower
layers of road pavements, colony and rural roads’

• Rule (11) under Duties of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
and Indian Roads Congress (IRC) ‘The Bureau of Indian
Standards and Indian Roads Congress shall be responsible
for preparation of code of practices and standards for use of
recycled materials and products of construction and
demolition waste in respect of construction activities

IS 383: 2 0 1 6
• IS 383 : 2016 Indian Standard COARSE AND FINE
AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE – SPECIFICATION (Third
Revision) – Scope:
• This standard covers the requirements for aggregates,
crushed or uncrushed, derived from natural sources, such as
river terraces and riverbeds, glacial deposits, rocks, boulders
and gravels, and manufactured aggregates produced from
other than natural sources, for use in the production of
concrete for normal structural purposes including mass
concrete works.

• These manufactured aggregates are of two types namely:
– Recycled Aggregate (RA) ‒‒ It is made from C & D waste
which may comprise concrete, brick, tiles, stone, etc.
– Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) ‒ It is derived from
concrete after requisite processing.
IS: 383 was revised in January, 2016, permitting use of
recycled aggregates up to 25% in plain concrete, 20% in
reinforced concrete of M-25 or lower grade and up to 100% in
lean concretes of grade less than M-15.

Time Frame
Timeframe for Planning and Implementation
1.Formulation of policy by State Government: 12 months
2.Identification ofsites for collection & processing facility: 18
months
3.Commissioning and implementation of the facility: 18
months-36 months
4. Monitoring by SPCBs

CPWD Initiatives
• Central Public Works Department (CPWD) and
National Building Construction Company (NBCC) have
recommended use of recycled portions of C & D wastes in
their construction activities or if the same is available
within 100 km from construction site.

MoU between CPWD & Stiftelsen
Norway
• Stiftelsen SINTEF and CPWD signed MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) on
25.02.2016 for an institutional and technical assistance programme on “Treatment
and utilisation of construction and demolition waste in India” for institutional
cooperation on capacity building and technical support. The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (MFA) of Norway have entered into an agreement with SINTEF on
19.12.2016 allocating a grant to be used exclusively to finance the Programme
during 2017-21.
• The goal of the Programme is to increase the utilisation level of recovered C&D
waste in the building and construction sector in India by increasing the treatment
and recycling capacity.

Purpose
• To provide assistance to CPWD and ULBs in the implementation of
safe and sound treatment and utilisation of C&D waste in the
construction and civil engineering sector.
• Target groups are CPWD under the Ministry of Urban Development,
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and other relevant institutions and
academia on the one side, and industry and waste management
companies on the other side.
• To prepare guidelines and regulatory framework, and provide input
to BIS and IRC.
• Capacity building, training and information dissemination

Recycling capacity in India
• Recycling Plant at Burari, Delhi having capacity of 500 MTD capacity. The
company collects some 500 tonnes per day of C&D waste from three
designated zones in Delhi Karol Bagh, Sadar Paharganj and City.
• Second plant is established in East Delhi, near Shastri Park under East Delhi
Municipal Corporation.
• Three plants are proposed in Bangaluru each having recycling capacity of
750 tonnes per day.
• A plant has been set up in Ahmadabad.
• Gurgaon Municipal Corporation near Delhi is planning a C&D waste recycling
plant on five acres of land.
• Many more plants are planned in various cities and in near future, C & D
waste recycling plants may be operating in every major city.

Incentives
• As per the advisory of Delhi Government, all Delhi Government agencies
will be required to incorporate a clause in their tenders for mandatory
use of a minimum of 2 percent recycled products from C & D waste in all
future contracts for building works and 10 percent recycled products for
road works.
• Other incentives like availability of land for setting up the plant, charging
tipping fee and processing fee by the companies who install the plants
may also be agreed upon by the governments and ULBs.
• Other governments are also going to issue similar guidelines

In future, C & D waste isgoing to
betreated asa resource material

Conclusion
 It has been established that materials & components from
demolished buildings are being reused for new construction
works as well as renovation projects, especially by low-income
communities in developing countries.
 In developing countries most of the demolition rubble is
dumped, the developed world has now started to recycle it into
aggregate for non-structural concrete.

 It is hoped that recycling waste materials for use in the
building will cut down costs of producing new raw
materials thereby reducing consumption of natural
resources like energy & reduces usage of landfills.
 As sorting and recycling facilities become more wide
spread and better developed it will be easier to redirect
our waste from landfill.

Let us stop creating C & D waste to
save natural resources by
adopting “quality” concept in
construction and Maintenance

References:
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36363128/
• https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;page=374376;query=He;rec=14
• https://c.coek.info/pdf-reports-from-child-guidance-centres-.html
• https://cpcb.nic.in
• https://coursecontent.indusuni.ac.in/
• https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/
• https://1library.net/document/y9g55nlq-case-study-construction-demolition-waste-management-surat.html
• https://www.coursehero.com/file/128506838/waste-mgmtpptpptx/
• https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48142
• Dr. Pran Nath Dadhich, Manoj Bishnoi Prashant, Arya, Prabhat Saini, Monika Manda, 2016, Investigation of Construction
Waste- A Case Study of Jaipur City, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT)
NCACE – 2016 (Volume 4 – Issue 23)

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