1.Consider two genes that are independent, the A gene and the B gene.pdf

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1.Consider two genes that are independent, the A gene and the B gene. Each gene has two alleles (A gene: A1 and A2, B gene: B1 and B2). The frequency of A1 allele at the A gene is 0.85, and the frequency of the B2 allele at the B gene is 0.24. What is the probability of an individual in a randomly mating population of having A1B2|A2B1 as their genotype? 2.I am studying a bed of mussels on coast of California. There are five species and the abundance of each is: 100, 500, 998, 12, and 1548. If I randomly sample the mussel bed, what is the probability I will pick the third species? 0.316 Solution 2.Probability of picking the third spicies is: (998)/(100+500+998+12+1548) =0.316.

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An envolope contains three cards: A black card that is black on both sides, a white card that is white on both sides and a mixed card that is black on one side and white on the other. You select one card on random and note that the card facing up is black. What is the probability that the other side is black? Solution P(first side is black) = (1/3)*(1) + (1/3)*(1/2) + (1/3)*(0) P(first side is black) = 1/2 = 0.5 P(other side is black|first side is black) = P(both sides black)/P(first side is black) = (1/3)*1/(0.5) = 2/3 = 0.67.

An envolope contains three cards A black card that is black on both.pdf

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There was a mass extinction of plants and animals at the end of the Permian period 250 million years ago. Which of the following would be a reasonable prediction for the fungal fossil record? A. There should be a massive increase in saprophytic fossils during the extinction, and then a massive decline shortly after the extinction was complete. B. There should be a massive increase in mycorrhizal fossils during the extinction and few afterward. C. There should be a massive decrease in all fungal fossils just prior to the time that plant and animal species started to decline, and the number of these fossils should remain low throughout the extinction period. D. There should be a slow increase in all fungal fossils during the time that plant and animal species declined, with their numbers staying relatively high after ward since there was little competition from other species. Solution correct answer:-(A)There should be a massive increase in saprophytic fossils during the extiction,and then a massive decline shortly after the extiction was complete. Because when the saprophytic plants died,they must have definitely become a large amount of fossil.Moreover fungal fossils are very difficult to identify,only except some fungi.When the extinction was complete it was shortly decline..

There was a mass extinction of plants and animals at the end of the P.pdf

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The size P of a certain insect population at time t (in days) obeys t.pdf

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The fundamental theory of electromagnetic field is based on Maxwell\'s equations. These equations govern the electromagnetic fields, E, D, H, and there relations to the source, f and p_v. In a source-free region, list the Maxwell\'s equations for time-harmonic fields: Given the Phaser from of the electric field E? For the above given electric field, is B varying with time? Why? Solution Maxwell’s equations simplify considerably in the case of harmonic time dependence. Through the inverse Fourier transform, general solutions of Maxwell’s equation can be built as linear combinations of single-frequency solutions:† E(r, t)= E(r, )ejt d2 (1) Thus, we assume that all fields have a time dependence ejt: E(r, t)= E(r)ejt, H(r, t)= H(r)ejt where the phasor amplitudes E(r), H(r) are complex-valued. Replacing time derivatives by t j, we may rewrite Eq. in the form: × E = jB × H = J + jD · D = · B = 0 (Maxwell’s equations) (2) In this book, we will consider the solutions of Eqs. (.2) in three different contexts: (a) uniform plane waves propagating in dielectrics, conductors, and birefringent media, (b) guided waves propagating in hollow waveguides, transmission lines, and optical fibers, and (c) propagating waves generated by antennas and apertures Next, we review some conventions regarding phasors and time averages. A realvalued sinusoid has the complex phasor representation: A(t)= |A| cos(t + ) A(t)= Aejt (3) where A = |A|ej. Thus, we have A(t)= Re A(t) = Re Aejt . The time averages of the quantities A(t) and A(t) over one period T = 2/ are zero. The time average of the product of two harmonic quantities A(t)= Re Aejt and B(t)= Re Bejt with phasors A, B is given by A(t)B(t) = 1T T0 A(t)B(t) dt = 12 Re AB] (4) In particular, the mean-square value is given by: A2(t) = 1T T0 A2(t) dt = 12 Re AA]= 12|A|2 (5) Some interesting time averages in electromagnetic wave problems are the time averages of the energy density, the Poynting vector (energy flux), and the ohmic power losses per unit volume. Using the definition) and the result (.4), we have for these time averages: w = 1 2 Re 12E · E + 12H · H (energy density) P = 1/ 2 Re E × H (Poynting vector) dPloss dV = 1/ 2 Re Jtot · E (ohmic losses) (6) where Jtot = J + jD is the total current in the right-hand side of Amp`ere’s law and accounts for both conducting and dielectric losses. The time-averaged version of Poynting’s theorem is discussed in Problem 1.5. The expression (1.9.6) for the energy density w was derived under the assumption that both and were constants independent of frequency. In a dispersive medium, , become functions of frequency. In frequency bands where (), () are essentially real-valued, that is, where the medium is lossless,that the timeaveraged energy density generalizes to: w = 1/ 2 Re 1/2 d() d E · E + 1/2 d() d H · H (lossless case) (.7) The derivation of (.7) is as follows. Starting with Maxwell’s equations (1.1.1) and without assuming any particular constitutive relations, we obtain:.

The fundamental theory of electromagnetic field is based on Maxwell.pdf

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Part I – Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome Amelia and her family had just returned from a family vacation in Mexico. While there they had enjoyed an abundance of fresh fruit and vegetables from the local street vendors outside of their hotel. Amelia’s mother normally would have avoided these fruit stands because her doctor had warned her to be cautious of raw produce while travelling in less developed countries. But she recently had read a New York Times article illustrating the benefits of various microbes on the immune system and decided to embrace the local agriculture in Mexico as a result. However, by the end of their trip, they all had begun to suffer from nausea and diarrhea. Their family doctor diagnosed 16 year-old Amelia and her family with food poisoning and promptly placed them all on antibiotics. While her brother and parents started feeling better relatively quickly, Amelia continued to suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) distress. She found that she couldn’t leave her home because she was constantly running to the bathroom (10–12 times per day). While the rest of her family seemed well rested and recovered, Amelia felt tired, had severe abdominal cramping, and had lost her appetite. After visiting a gastroenterologist, Amelia was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD). CD is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, where the immune cells in the intestine become overly sensitive to the bacteria residing in the intestines causing pathologic inflammation in the lining of the GI tract. It typically presents in the small intestine but can occur anywhere along the GI tract from the mouth down to the anus. Determined to shed some light on her diagnosis, Amelia began to search the Internet for information. As she read many personal stories of other Crohn’s patients, she noticed many of them also had the first onset of their disease following a course of antibiotics. She was astonished to find that her intestines were the home for billions of bacteria collectively called the gut microbiota. In fact, she read that there were more than 10 times the number of bacterial cells in her body than human cells; best estimates suggested there are 1013 bacterial cells in a single human body. She was also surprised to discover that some scientists estimate as many as 10,000 different microbial species reside in or on the average healthy human body (Proctor, 2012). She found an article in Wired (http://www. wired.com/2011/09/mf_microbiome/) that described the impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota. Amelia was particularly struck by the figure that illustrated the lasting impact that antibiotics have on microbial diversity in the intestines. She began to wonder about the impact her recent course of antibiotics had had on her intestines and what it meant for her health. Questions 1.Look at the figure that Amelia found in Wired pertaining to antibiotics and the microbiota. What conclusions can you draw from this figure? 2. Given the fact that Amelia fou.

Part I – Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome Amelia and her family .pdf

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Recall the Squeeze Theorem: Suppose that for all n, xn yn zn. If (xn) and (zn) both converge to L R, then (yn) also converges to L. Louis Reasoner gives the following proof: Using limit comparison theorems, since xn yn, for all n, then lim xn lim yn, and so L lim yn. Similarly, since yn zn, for all n, then lim yn lim zn, so lim yn L. Putting the 2 inequalities together, lim yn = L, Q.E.D. What’s wrong with this proof? Solution Nothing is wrong. It is correct..

Recall the Squeeze TheoremSuppose that for all n, xn yn zn. If .pdf

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Since somathesthetic sensation from each side of the body projects to the contralateral postcentral gyrus _______ must have occurred at some point along the pathway. Solution Answer: Since somathesthetic sensation from each side of the body projects to the contralateral postcentral gyrus _ decussation_ must have occurred at some point along the pathway. Reason: Somatosensory system- decussation: Proprioceptors (receptors of self -sensation & decussation) are present in the joints and skeletal (striated) muscles. These receptors sense the relative position of other body parts and balance the posture. Somathesthetic sensation from each side of the body projects to the contralateral postcentral gyrus to parietal lobe, so that initially decussations must have occurred at some point along the pathway representing a muscular activity. The overall body posture and movement is balanced by the integration of information received from the vestibular system and proprioceptors by the brain. For example, the central information in playing piano is due to severe and increased stimulation of accompanying motor areas such as premotor cortex with proper planning with proprioception for decussation. But the activation of cerebellum is a bit less compared to the propriocetion. Spinocerebellar tracts are more widely projected via dorsal column and to the cerebellum and finally the information is considerably utilized for rhythmic movements. This is pathway mainly involved in the sensory ascending pathways to process sensation & perception through a 3 neuron system finally enable “sensory information” to the central nervous system through sensory receptor to the cortex. This pathway is mainly involved in mediating discriminative touch sensation through adequate proprioception & vibration. This pathway has two white matter tracts profoundly possess a first neuron mainly through fasciculus gracilis in the medial column from lower limb (T6 and lower) & sensory information is obtained through fasciculus cuneatus: of lateral column in upper limb (T5) Features of spinothalamic pathway: This is the sensory pathway mainly involved in processing sensory information of “poorly localized touch, pressure & temperature”. This pathway is going to involve cross of sensory information to the spinal cord prior to ascending via the anterior or spinothalamic & lateral spinothalamic tracts. Interaction of these two pathways: The interaction of these two pathways are mainly through axons & spinaothalamic tracts arising into an ascending pathway to transport to the sensory information processing center in the brain. Mainly spinothalamic neurons are going to use first order neurons, second order neurons, third order neurons to enter spinal cord and synapse through posterior gray horns & these neurons are going to carry sensory information of pain, sensation etc in ventral nucleus group of the thalamus. This information is going to reach through from the Lemniscal pathway finally relaye.

Since somathesthetic sensation from each side of the body projects t.pdf

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Say whether each of the following statements is true (“T”) or false (“F”). __ When modifying existing software, changes should follow the style of the original code. __ In software testing, “path coverage” is another name for “statement coverage”. __ The file command can be used to assess the type of a file. __ The “o” in a pattern o+rx that can be given as as argument to chmod(1) stands for “owner”. __ A downside to operating systems like LINUX and UNIX is that they still use the concept of processes. Other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, have done away with processes. __ To send a signal to a process we use the >>> construct in the shell. For example, to send a SIGKILL to a process with PID 7476, we would give the command __ A characteristic of TDD (test-driven development) is the extensive use of prototypes. __ Most UNIX/LINUX (shell) commands are actually the names of programs. __ A characteristic of iterative software development is that one breaks a problem into a small problem plus a series of increments. __ In a C/C++ program that includes the file , a data type of uint32_t is always 4 bytes in size. B. (1 mark each, 6 marks total) In each of the statements below, fill in the blank with the word or phrase which best fits the overall statement. In the context of output from ps(1), the acronym PPID stands for _______________________________ . The name of the environment variable which defines the list of paths searched by bash for commands is _________________________ . Every complete C/C++ program has a function called __________________ . It is the standard entry point to the program. UNIX/LINUX tools (commands) typically follow the convention of writing their output to ____________________________ and reading their input from __________________________ . In UNIX/LINUX, a(n) _______________ is a named sequence of nonvolatile bytes. A(n) _______________ is a a pair of streams, one for writing and one for reading, such that everything written on the output stream can be read from the input stream in order and with full fidelity. C. (26 marks) For each of the following multiple-choice1 questions, indicate the answer that is the best response to the question. Circle the label (e.g. “(a)”) of your intended response in each case. 1. Which of the following sentences describing “testing” and “debugging” is true? (a) Testing finds bugs, debugging locates error messages. (b) Testing finds coding faults, debugging locates execution failures. (c) Testing finds execution failures, debugging locates coding faults. (d) Testing generates error messages, debugging locates bugs. (e) None of the above. 1. or, as Peppermint Patty from the Peanuts comic strip would say, “mystical guess” page 2 Cmpt 214 Midterm Examination October 21, 2014 Which of the following statements regarding good programming style is true? (a) A user should preferentially use the layout rather than (b) A user should preferentially use the layout if (condition) { } r.

Say whether each of the following statements is true (“T”) or false .pdf

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Research and identify three IT-related Risk Management Plans and list your references to the three plans you found. Then identify 10 important components of an IT Risk Management Plan and define these components as well as their importance in an organization. The submitted document should not exceed two pages in length. Solution The three IT related risk management plans are as follows: Following are the components of an IT related risk management plan: System characterization: System characterization comprises of identification and listing of the characteristics of a system. This helps the analysts to identify any bug easily in case of malfunctioning. The various characteristics of a system can be its need, functional requirement, mission, goal, network, security controls etc. Threat identification: This refers to identification of the types of threats a system can face in an organization. The system is designed in such a way that it is able to identify the threats that might be harmful for the system that is being used. Hacking, viruses, data compromise are some of the threats that are faced by systems in an organization. Vulnerability identification: This involves identification of those areas that are vulnerable for a system. The vulnerable areas are required to be monitored closely. Control analysis: This involves controlling various functions that are related with a system and controlling them so that the system works in the way as required by a company. Likelihood determination: Likelihood determination relates with determining the likeliness that a threat may be damaging for the system. There might be likelihood that the threat might be high, medium or low as far as the likelihood of the threat from a bug is concerned. Impact analysis: This component analyzes the impact of potential threat from vulnerability. The impact analysis requires taking into account the importance of the system. In case of critical system the impact from vulnerability would be high. Risk determination: This involves determining the amount of risk involved in a system. This allows the system analysts to formulate the plans accordingly. Control recommendation: The component requires that there should be recommendations in place that would require controlling of the system so that the system works optimally and gives the desired results. Results documentation: There should be a document that should contain all the details that are related with the results that are to be provided by the system..

Research and identify three IT-related Risk Management Plans and lis.pdf

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please help me with two partI Bold it out as wrong part which in t.pdf

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Matching. Choose the most appropriate answer from the right. 1. Null Modem 2. FDM 3. Fourier Transform c. Interleave blocks of bits 4. _Photodiode 5. Repeater 6. TDM 7. Twisted Pair 8. Manchester a. RJ-45 d. Extend Range e. Connect two DTEs directly f. detect fiber transmission h. RJ-11 Fixed Frequency j. Trafic Division k. Digital/Digital used in LAN I. Duplicate data on two machines m. Core n. Creates light pulses Solution >null modem = Connect 2 DTE dirctly >FDM = Many frequencies on same medium >Fourier transform = composite signal to component parts >Photodiode = detect fiber transmission >Repeater = Extend range >TDM = interleave block of bits >Twisted pair = RJ-45.

Matching. Choose the most appropriate answer from the right. 1. Null .pdf

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Numerous diseases are caused by viruses and bacteria (etc. Hepatitis, West Nile Virus, Pertussis, Avian Flu, Ebola, Cholera, Typhoid). On a Global scale, viral and bacterial diseases result in hundreds of thousands of deaths every year (sometimes millions in the case of epidemics or pandemics). However, for many of these viral and bacterial pathogens there are effective vaccines available. So, do you think the government, or your employer, or your school has the right to require vaccinations. What if your job requires you to come in contact with hundreds of people a day (nurse, bus driver, etc.). Solution The immunity against these pathogenic diseases has to develop in the children so small kids must be ensured for complete vaccination at proper ages. Vaccines for diseases like Hepatitis and Ebola are given at the early age to develop immunity for such diseases. However, those children who could not get them, should be attended by their schools through government initiatives to make sure every child get them. The jobs like nurse and drivers who happen to meet hundreds of people daily are at the greater risk of developing the diseases so their employers must take care of them..

Numerous diseases are caused by viruses and bacteria (etc. Hepatitis.pdf

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Network peering is a method to save ISP’s network bandwidth and resources. Write a brief document describing the following: What is meant by “Network Peering” What is meant by “Internet Exchange” and How is it related to “Network Peering”. How can “Network Peering” save network resources How can “Network Peering” be implemented Solution Network Peering: Relationship between two Internet Service Providers is called Peering. In this they mutually agreed to exchange prefixes and allow flow of traffic. The typical connection to the internet is called transit. Network peering is when one internet network connects to another directly, enabling a faster throughput and exchange of information. Peering is of four types. Public peering Private peering Partial Peering Paid Peering For peering need to have connection exchange point. Internet Exchange in the context of Network Peering: To establish a peering between any two networks they must exchange the connection points. Using an Internet exchange, a network can peer with many other networks through a single connection. It is negotiable through the peer. An Internet exchange is a point of a physical infrastructure that allows different Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to exchange Internet traffic between their networks (autonomous systems) by means of mutual peering agreements, which allow traffic to be exchanged without cost. The main purpose of the internet exchange is to allow networks to interconnect directly, via the exchange, or by using other network or third party network. In establishing PEER in the network they are mutually exchanging the points to each other at that time an unlimited number of parties agree to exchange traffic on common terms, using a single agreement that they all accede to, and using a route server or route reflector. The first is a connection to an exchange point. Peering is the direct exchange of customer routing information and traffic between to isp’s..

Network peering is a method to save ISP’s network bandwidth and reso.pdf

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Most alleles of the Drosophila cut (ct) gene are stable. For example, all progeny from crossing ct1 to ct2 to yield ct1 /ct2 heterozygotes have \"cut\" wings. ct1 is a strong allele with severe cutting of the wings. ct2 and another allele, ctMR2, are weaker with only moderate cutting of the wings. When ctMR2 homozygotes are crossed to ct1 homozygotes, three kinds of progeny are produced, 95% have a moderate cutting of the wings (as expected for ctMR2 / ct1 ), 2.5% have wild-type wings and 2.5% have more severe cut wings like ct1 homozygotes. a) How do you explain the high frequency of reversion to wild-type? b) How do you explain the high frequency of progeny with the more severe cut phenotype? Solution B) high frequency of phenotype for the more severe cut progeny can be explained by a dominant epistasis. Epistasis, is a type of GENE interaction but not allele interaction. Here one gene either masks or modifies the expression of the other gene . The gene that masks the expression is called EPISTATIC and the gene that is getting masked or modified is called the HYPOSTATIC gene. Epistasis is a gene interaction and not an allele interaction, in this way it is different from dominance. In epistasis, the ratio turns out to be less than 4 , as in an usual Di hybrid cross. A) the occurrence of the wild type wing is also due to the epistatic nature of the ct1 gene, which expresses itself , regardless of the second gene. In case where there are no Dominant alleles of the ct1 gene and also, none of the ctMR2 gene, the reversion to the wild type gene could be seen as none of the other alleles would express themselves..

Most alleles of the Drosophila cut (ct) gene are stable. For example.pdf

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Know what make groups make up the Eukarya and describe some of the unique characteristics of eukaryotes. Know what make groups make up the Eukarya and describe some of the unique characteristics of eukaryotes. Solution Answer:- Eukarya Kingdom are as follows, 1- Kingdom Protista 2-Kingdom Fungi 3-Plantae 4- Animalia Kingdom protista consist of single celled organisms e.g- paramecia & Amoeba and algae which is multicellular organism. Kingdom Fungi having a cellwalls called a chitin, this type of organis absorb a nutrients form other organisms. Some Unique Characteristic of Eukaryotes:- 1- The reproduction of eukaryotes happens asexually by mitosis and sexually by meiosis and gamete fusion. mitosis is the process in which cell divides to produce a two identicle cell in genetic form. meiosis is the process in which DNA replication is happens two round of cells division to produce four daughter cell. 2- Eukaryotic DNA is fitted in a bundles of chromosomes which is consist of DNA molecule coiled on histones which makes the DNA in compact form. 3- Eukaryotes found in a diverse shape. form and function. These having a plasma cell membrane, a nucleous. 4- Eukarotic cells contain various types of oraganelles, mitochondira, chloroplast & endoplasmic reticulum..

Know what make groups make up the Eukarya and describe some of th.pdf

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I need help understanding epistatic gene Gene D Gene C Epistasis analysis, Feeding experiment 6. (1 point) If you analyze the feeding behavior of the met Cand met D auxotrophs, 4/7 will not grow when fed cystathionine and 3/7 will, as shown in the table below. Table II Genotype Grow on minimal? Grows with Cystathionine? 9 C. D no supplement needed. 3 cc D 1 ccdd Which mutant is epistatic in terms of feeding behavior? Met D Met C 123 Solution There is that one gene or allele masking the phenotypic expression of the other genes or alles in the interaction.That gene or allele masking the effect is called epistatic.Epistasis may be dominant or recessive. Dominant epistasis is when the dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of either allele of the other gene. In recessive epistasis the recessive allele of one gene masks the effect of either allele of the other gene..

I need help understanding epistatic gene Gene D Gene C Epistasis ana.pdf

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I have to revise my exam. I have to explain why my answers where wro.pdf

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Human blood cells, early embryous of the african clawed frog, sea urchin embryo, early zebrafish embryo, amoeba proteus stained wirh ph dependent dye, mouse embryotic steam cells, human red blood cells, eodea cell, human cheek cells staines with methylene blue 1. which display cells that are differentiated that is specialized for particular function? How many of their functions can you name? Would you argue that the amoeba is a differentiated cell or not? 2. Which display cells that are not differentiated? as they continued to divide, will some of their descendants become differiated? what kinds of diferretianted cells will they be? Solution Answer: 1. The human red cells, the human cheek cells, the Elodea cells, and human blood cells are specialized cells. Red cells are specialized in transport of oxygen in blood. Cheek epithelial cells form the basal mucosa of the cheek, they supply enough moisture in the mouth for the enzymes to thrive. Elodea cells contain chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis converting sunlight into biochemical energy and stored as carbohydrates. Amoeba proteus is not a differentiated cell. Differentiated cells often do not divide under normal conditions and can be thought of being in the G0 phase. Amoeba can differentiate into spore cell and stalk cell. 2. Early embryos of the african clawed frog, sea urchin embryo, early zebrafish embryo, mouse embryonic stem cells and amoeba (discussed in answer 1) are not differentiated cells. The different embryos undergoes differentiation and embryonic development to form specialized tissues and organs for performing specific functions, such as pharynx, oesophagus, lungs, liver, etc. Embryonic stem cells undergo differentiation to form specialized cells to perform specific functions. They can be totipotent (can give rise to the whole organism) or pluripotent..

Human blood cells, early embryous of the african clawed frog, sea ur.pdf

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How does frequency hopping affect security precautions, if it all.? How does frequency hopping affect security precautions, if it all.? Solution Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) transmission is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission to reduce interference and avoid interception. It is useful to counter eavesdropping, or to obstruct jamming of telecommunications. And it can minimize the effects of unintentional interference. In FHSS, the transmitter hops between available narrowband frequencies within a specified broad channel in a pseudo-random sequence known to both sender and receiver. A short burst of data is transmitted on the current narrowband channel, then transmitter and receiver tune to the next frequency in the sequence for the next burst of data. In most systems, the transmitter will hop to a new frequency more than twice per second. Because no channel is used for long, and the odds of any other transmitter being on the same channel at the same time are low, FHSS is often used as a method to allow multiple transmitter and receiver pairs to operate in the same space on the same broad channel at the same time. Frequency hopping serves three major purpose in GSM 1) FREQUECY RESUSE AND TO AVOID CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE 2) INCREASES THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF LIMITED GSM CHANNELS 3) DECREASES MULTIPATH INTERFERENCE OF RADIO SIGNAL..

How does frequency hopping affect security precautions, if it all..pdf

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Given that the random variable X has the following cumulative distrib.pdf

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