4th International Conference on Advances in Sustainability of Materials and Environ

PROCEEDINGS OF
4th International Conference on Advances in Sustainability
of Materials and Environment
(lCASME'23)
EDITORS
Dr.J.Jerlin Regin
Dr.A.Suhasini
Dr.I.JessyMol
Dr.D.Judson
Ms.D.Smiline Shiny
Ms. A. Illanthalir
ORGANISED BY
Department of Civil engineering
Department of Chemistry
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
1-y
- The Institution of
- Engineering and Technology
PUBLISHED BY
, , ST.XAVIER'S
/;/., � � CATHOLIC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution).
•-------------•
� - - ..... - � CHUNKANKADAI, NAGERCOIL. KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT, TAMILNADU-629003.
ACCREDITED WITH 'A' GRADE B
Y NAAC
ALL U
G PROGRAMS ACCREDITED B
Y NBA.

ISBN 978-93-5811-584-0 Proceedings ofICASME‘23
St.Xavier‘s Catholic College of Engineering, Chunkankadai 1
PREFACE
The International Conference on Advances in Sustainability of Materials and
Environment (ICASME‘23) was held at St. Xavier‘s Catholic College of Engineering (SXCCE),
Chunkankadai, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India on 25th
and 26th
May 2023 through hybrid
mode.
The main target of ICASME‘23 is to focus on the interaction between the theoretical
and practical applications in the given area. Also, it will lead to collaborative R&D works and new
project proposals, with end results of sharing knowledge among research scholars, industrialists,
faculty and students.
The organizers of the conference are grateful to all the authors who have chosen
ICASME‘23 as a platform for presentation, and the reviewers for their timely evaluation of the
submitted papers.

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
Patrons
Rev. Fr. Dr. M. Maria William, Correspondent, SXCCE
Rev .Fr. M. Francis Xavier, Bursar, SXCCE
Organizing Chairman
Dr.J.Maheswaran, Principal, SXCCE
Organizing Secretary
Dr.J.Jerlin Regin, Associate Professor/Civil, SXCCE
Dr. A. Suhasini, Assistant Professor/ Chemistry, SXCCE
Organizing Joint Secretary
Dr. S. Edwin Gladson, HOD/Physics, SXCCE
Mrs. S. Shiela Balanta, Assistant Professor/Civil/SXCCE
Conveners
Dr. I. Jessy Mol, HOD/Civil, SXCCE
Dr. D. Judson, Coordinator/H&Sc, SXCCE
Publication Chairs
Ms. D. Smiline Shiny, Assistant Professor/Civil, SXCCE
Ms. A.Ilanthalir, Research Scholar/Civil, SXCCE

Organizing Committee
Dr. P. Antony Vimal, Assistant Professor/Civil, SXCCE
Mr. M. Galesh, Assistant Professor/Civil, SXCCE
Dr.S. Frank Stephen, Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Mr.J.Jeya Suren Raj, Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Mr. F. John Paul, Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Ms. L. Porcia,Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Ms. D. Smiline Shiny, Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Ms. C.M. Flora Dani, Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Ms. R. Sumithra Jaya, Assistant Professor/Civil,SXCCE
Dr. D. Mary Mettalin, Associate Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. N. Sheen Kumar, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. M. Felix Nes Mabel, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. M. Maenu, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. T. Berjin Magizha, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. S. Asha Alice,Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. A. Maria Sheela,Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. P. Adin Shiny, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mr. L. Lucase, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. S. Sophia, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. M. Alexlin Sahaya Ithal,Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. A. M. Alice Margret, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. Ludvin Felcy, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Mrs. S. A. Anuja, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. J. P. Vidhya, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE
Dr. L. Mary Jenitha, Assistant Professor/H&Sc, SXCCE

Editorial Committee
Ms. D. Smiline Shiny, Assistant Professor/Civil, SXCCE
Ms. A.Ilanthalir, Research Scholar/Civil, SXCCE
Mr. M. Bratheep, Research Scholar/Civil, SXCCE
Ms. S. Jebisha, PG Student/Civil, SXCCE
Ms. S.Divya Darshini, PG Student/Civil, SXCCE
Mr. V. Ram Prasath, PG Student/Civil, SXCCE
Mr. G. Ginu Agas, PG Student/Civil, SXCCE
Mr. G.Jebin, PG Student/Civil, SXCCE
Mr. Ron Samuel, UG Student/Civil, SXCCE

Advisory Technical Committee
Dr. Md. Safiuddin, MACI,FIEB-Toranto
Dr. J. Leon Raj, CSIR-NEIST Jorhat-Assam
Dr.C.Ganapathy Chettiar, IIT Madras
Dr.S.Nagan, Thiyagarajar College of Engineering-Madurai
Dr. S. Thirugnanasambandam,Annamalai University Chidambaram
Dr. G. Rexin Thusnavis, PKSC-Nagercoil
Dr. P. Maria Pushpam, PKSC-Nagercoil
Dr. N. Anand, Karunya University
Dr. M. Berlin, NIT-Arunachal Pradesh
Dr. AB. Danie Roy, Thappar University-Punjab
Dr. P. Vincent, Mepco Schienk Engg College-Virudhunagar
Dr. S. K. Sekar, VIT-Vellore
Dr. M. John Robert Prince, St.Thomas College of Engineering Chengannur
Dr. R. Appa Rao, IIT-Chennai
Dr.P.Siva Kumar, SERC-Chennai
Dr.A.Gladwin Alex, Ethiopian Technical University
Dr.Christober Newton Benny,Newtons Sollutions LLC-New Jersey
Dr. M. Muthu Krishnan, CSIR-Pune
Dr.KP.Vinod Kumar, UCEN Nagercoil
Dr.VA. Nagarajan, UCEN-Nagercoil
Dr. S. Vasu Devan, CSIR-Karaikudi

Steering Committee
Dr. S. M. R. Joseph Ramesh, Associate Professor/Physics, SXCCE
Dr. J. Mary Vanaja, HOD/English,SXCCE
Dr.V. Vijimon Moni, HOD/Maths,SXCCE
Mr. M. Inigo Valan, Assistant professor/Civil, SXCCE

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN SUSTAINABILITY OF
MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENT (ICASME’23)
Copyright @2023 by SXCCE
All rights reserved. Authorized reprint of the edition published by SXCCE. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 978-93-5811-584-0
St. Xavier‘s Catholic College of Engineering,
Chunkankadai, Nagercoil - 629 003
Kanyakumari District
Tamil Nadu, India.
Email :info@sxcce.edu.in
Website: www.sxcce.edu.in.

College Vision
To be an institution of eminence of optimal human development, excellent engineering education
and pioneering research towards developing a technically-empowered humane society.
College Mission
To transform the (rural) youth into top class professionals and technocrats willing to serve local and
global society with ethical integrity, by providing vibrant academic experience of learning, research
and innovation and stimulating opportunities to develop personal maturity and professional skills,
with inspiring and high caliber faculty in a quality and serene infrastructural environment.
Department Vision (Civil Engineering)
To be a department of eminence in producing Civil engineers that serve people with technical
expertise, groundbreaking innovations and productive entrepreneurial initiatives with high
ethical standards and commitment in green and sustainable development.
Department Mission (Civil Engineering)
M1. To provide quality teaching in order to transform students into civil engineers with
academic excellence and technical expertise with outstanding faculty and excellent infrastructure.
M2. To develop leadership qualities and managerial skills of the students to become
productiveentrepreneurs.
M3. To create awareness on recent technologies through innovative research and industry–
institute collaboration.
M4. To inculcate human values within the students and inspire them to create a sustainable
ecofriendly society.
Program Educational Objectives
1. To prepare students for successful careers in Civil Engineering field that meets the needs of
national and multinational companies.
2.To develop the confidence and ability among students to synthesize data and technical concepts
and there by applying it in real world problems.
3.To develop students to use modern techniques, skill and mathematical engineering tools for
solving problems in Civil Engineering.
4.To inspire the professionals with creative thinking and innovative research.
5.To follow the engineering qualities with the social and ethical values.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)
PSO 1-Demonstrate knowledge in core areas of civil engineering such as planning, designing,
estimating and carrying out construction.
PSO 2-Apply the concept of sustainable development in the context of environment, economic and
social requirements.
PSO 3-Develop research activities, consultancy services with critical thinking, professional
development and lifelong learning.
Program Outcomes (PO)
PO 1-Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO 2-Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO 3-Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO 4-Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5-Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6-The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO 7-Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO 8-Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9-Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10-Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO 11-Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‘s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12-Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Department Vision (Humanities & Sciences)
To serve as a forum for enriching the knowledge of the students in humanities and sciences arena,
to excel in engineering education that would bridge technology and society.
Department Mission (Humanities & Sciences)
The Department of Humanities and Sciences seeks to lay a strong foundation in basic sciences and
basic engineering, besides developing competency in English language skills and also to mould the
freshers into wholesome personalities through enriching and motivational programmes and thereby
assisting them realize their inner potential and the commitment to society.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN SUSTAINABILITY OF
MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENT (ICASME’23)
The conference aimed at bringing together the leading academic scientists, researchers and
research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of
Sustainability of Materials and Environment.
Dr. S.T. Ramesh, M.E., Ph.D., Professor, Head of Civil Engineering Department, National
Institute of Technology, Trichy, presented a keynote address on ―Advances in the sustainability of
materials and the environment‖. Dr.Md.AbdulMannan, Professor, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak,
Malaysia, gave a plenary talk on ―Agriculture and Industrial wastes as Renewable Resources for
Medium Strength Self Compacting Concrete‖. Dr. P. Arumugam, M.Sc., Ph.D., Founder and CEO,
Mark IP Services, Indian Patent Agent, Chennai, delivered a talk on ―Intellectual Property Rights
and its Role in Technology Developments‖. Dr. T.P.D. Rajan, M.Sc, Senior Principal Scientist,
CSIR NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvanathapurm, gave a plenary talk on ―Circular Economy and
Sustainability of Metallic Materials‖.
89delegates presented their papers on various research areas. The outcome of the conference was
the sharing of knowledge on research and development activities among the participants of the
conference through interdisciplinary discussion and solutions to the emerging hurdles in
Sustainability of Materials and Environment.

CONTENTS
S.No Title / Author
Page
No.
1. Lithium Ion Battery Operated Thermal Boot for Indian Army with Smart Sensor
MohanishMurari Mishra, Maneesh Kumar Gupta Prince Pandey, Rahul Singh,Puneet Bhatia
17-23
2. Effective utilization of Bio and Industry Wastes to Produce Thermal Insulation Concrete:
A Novel Solution for Energy Saving Building
Maria Rajesh Antony, Raya Said Mohammed Al-Zaabiya, May Darwish Ali Al Balushi, Hamdah Ali
Ahmed Al Shehhi, NooralsnaaAbdallah Mohammed Al-Farsi, AthariKhalifaHandi Al-Saadi
24
3. Review of Various Types of Optimization Techniques Used in Reservoir Operations
AsthaYadav, Vijay K. Minocha, Rakesh Kumar
25
4. A Review on the Impact of El Niño
ReemaKasera, Vijay K Minocha
25
5. Adsorption of Chromium (VI) from Wastewater: A Review
AditiBobade, Mamta D Sardare
26-34
6. Experimental Investigation of MIG Welding ProcessParameterforMildSteelIS 2062
AnkitTripathi, Rahul Srivastva, VedPrakashPandey
35
7. Proposal of Landfill site for Bangalore City using GIS Integrated with Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
Devendra R, Ramakrishnaiah C R
35-36
8. Experimental Study on Strength and Durability Properties of Terinary Blended Geo-
Polymer Concrete
Praveenchandra Bodupally, Sandeep Kumar P
36
9. Energy efficiency assessment of an Institutional building
Archit Jain, Atul Sharma
37
10. Experimental Study of High Performance Self-Curing Concrete and its Mechanical
Properties using LECA and Silica Fume
RinuIsah R J, Vijaya Bhaskar Raju K, Venkata Krishnaiah R
37-38
11. Solvent Free Green Synthesis of Schiff Base – A Review
Dhanalekshmi A M, Amaliya N K
39-45
12. Electric andPedalOperatedForklift
AnkitTripathi,AbhishekGupta,AbhishekYadav
46
13. Preparing a fly ash-based cement mortar with sugarcane bagasse ash and recycled glass
powder (RGP) to replace some percentage of cement
AditiGiri, Shashi Kant, HeleenaSengupta
46-47
14. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Structures in Nepal
Rupendra Thakur, BalwinderLallotra
47-48
15. Water Quality Assessment of Thamirabarani River Using Water Quality Index (WQI)
and Multivariate Stastistical Techniques
Anuja S A, Kavitha P
49-59
16. GIS-based Spatial Analysis of Rainfall in the Kuzhithuraiyar Sub-basin of Kanyakumari
District, India
Belfin Raj S, Srinivasan K, JessyMol I, Poongothai S
60
17. A comparison of newly created fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with old geopolymer
concrete for practical applications
Pritha Das, Anup Kumar Mondal
61
18. Investigation on Gelatin Based Encapsulation for Probiotics 61-62

Sunija A J, Surya M
19. Design and Fabrication of Solar Distillation
Mohd. Faizan, UditDubey, UtkarshPandey, Sonu Singh
62
20. An Experimental Study on High Strength Ternary Blended Concrete
SathoorHarika, Sandeep
63
21. Green Hospital - New Aspect of Health Care Industry
NandiniKundu Mukherjee, AyanMajumder, SuchetaGhosh
63-64
22. A Review on Monitoring of Structures Using Low Cast Variants of EMI Techniques
Indrajeet Singh, Nirendrav Dev, Shilpa Pal
64
23. Ground Water Pollution Due to Trace Metals In VillukuriPanchayat, Kanyakumari
District, Tamil Nadu, India
HemletJothi C, Kavitha P
65-73
24. Identification of Soil Erosion‑ Susceptible Areas Using AHP Model: A Case Study of
Lower Vellar Watershed, Tamil Nadu, India
ArunShourie R, Ezhisaivallabi K, Sridhar N
74
25. An Experimental Study on the Effects of Nano-Silica and Metakaolin on Properties of
Recycled coarse aggregate concrete
MirasdharHemanth Kumar, Meena M
75
26, Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Surface Water
Quality: A Case Study on Narmada River India
ShubhamShivhare, Atul Sharma
75-76
27. Influence of pH
on the Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Carbon Steel withMg2+
Angel J B Ponmalar, S SudhaKumari, R K Seenivasan
76
28. Qualitative Evaluation of Hindon River at Station Atali, Muzaffarnagar, From 2021 to
2022
BhanuPratap Singh, Piyush Gupta
77
29. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Its
Characteristic Studies
Sheeba Devi P, Sheeja K R
77-78
30. Estimation of Undrained Cohesion of Cohesive Sub-Soil in Kolkata Regionusing
Pressuremeter Test
Saptarshi Nandi, Rishav Singh, Kaushik Bandyopadhyay
78
31. Acrylic Emulsion Based Antimicrobial Coating
Awanish Singh, Radha Sachan
79
32. Residential Building and Implementation of Energy Efficient Concepts
Pooja D Prasad
79
33. A Review Article on Crack Healing Capabilities of Bactera and their Significance for
Environmentally Friendly Structure
PriyaSopanNikam, Nemade P D
80
34. Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping Using GIS and Potential Risk Region Using the
AHP Model: A Case Study of Narudaiyar, Watershed, TamilNadu, India
Anbudhasan D, EzhisaivallabiK, ArunShourie R
81
35. A Study on Heavy Metal Concentration in the Most Polluted Soil of Villages in
KalkulamTaluk, Kanykumari District, Its Causes and Removal by Phytoremediation
Helen D, Cini Roach A C
82
36. AdvanceIOTbasedSolar andMotorOperatedElectromotive MaglevTrain Model
NaveenKumarSingh, MohanKumarGupta, MohdArmanKhan, SandeepNishad, PuneetBhatia
83

37. Self - Sensing Performance of Graphene Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete
Priya Rachel P, Radhika R
84
38. Study on Spatial Variations of Surface Water Quality Vulnerable Zones in Mahanadi
River Basin, Odisha
Abhijeet Das
85
39. Domination Uniform Subdivision Number of
Angel Jebitha M K, BerjinMagizha T
86-90
40. Egg Shell Powder as a Construction Material in Bricks – A Review
Monisha, Praveena S, Sneha M, Vinotha Jenifer J
91
41. MathematicalAnalysisontheEffectofHospitalizationin Dengue Fever
AnjaliSrivastava,RamKeval
92
42. Enhancing Nonlinear Optical Properties of L-Valine Semi-Organic Crystals by Cadmium
Chloride Admixtures
Sheen Kumar, Joseph Ramesh S M R
93-
100
43. Experimental Investigation of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
Ashlin Bright S A, Deebika S, S. GiftlinHeavency S, Flora Dani C M
101-
108
44. Experimental Investigation on Light Weight Self- Compacting Concrete Using Coconut
Shell and Limestone Powder
Ferrin Antony, Rohith M C, Anith S T, Belsin J S, Smiline Shiny
109-
115
45. Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with
Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash
Joel S S, Alen Boss M, Abishek J, Axfro A P, InigoValan M
116-
122
46. Experimental Investigation of Strength Property of Concrete by Partial Replacement of
Cement by Marble Powder
Rishi K, Sherwin S Kumar, Renoj C R, Lenin P, Suren Raj J J
123-
128
47. Experimental Investigation of Properties of Aerated Concrete with Coconut Shell
Charcoal
Abika R S, Alisha V Dinah, Rasitha D ,Porcia L
129-
137
48. Experimental Study on the Behaviour of Cement Concrete Using Pineapple Leaf Fibers
Abin S, Joe Ebin S, Jesso K, Derik Anto Joseph J, ShielaBalanta S
138-
145
49. Loan Eligibility Prediction
Barona R, AswinSudeer S, AlsakeParmena S
146-
157
50. Flexural Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Pet Bottle Flakes
Alen Roy A R, Blesso L, Gaison A, Ricky L , John Paul F
158-
164
51. Application for Loan Prediction in Banking Sector Using Machine Learning
SheelaShiney T S, Abina R, AntaninGinista D, Ashika P
165-
169
52. Review on Properties of Aerated Concrete
Porcia L, Blessy C R
170-
180
53. Review on Banana Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Flora Dani.C.M, Diya C.S
181-
189
54. Review on Flexural and Shear Strengthening of RC Members Using Textile
Reinforcements
JerlinReginJ, Suhasini.A, DivyaDarshini.S, Jebisha S
190-
209
55. Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate, Cement Using
Foundry Sand and Glass Powder
Joseph Shelton J, DabinDaycodsA, DelphinFranko D, JessyMol
210-
221
56. Wild Animal Detection System Using Deep Learning 222-

Krishna DharshanR,Sherlin S M Manoj, Robert Brucer, Merbin Jose P J 238
57. A Machine Learning-Based Classification and Prediction Technique for DDoS
Attacks
Soniya S L, Jeswin J A, RelinJijo R, Sanjay B
239
58. A Review on Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Composites and their Analytical Models
ShielaBalanta S, Sushma S F
240-
251
59. Online Auction System for Farmers
Simimole J S, Thavithuraja P, Nekamiya T
252
60. Screening Application for Possible Mental Health Issues in Adolescents and PWDs using
GPT-4 Fine-Tuning with Flutter and Dart Integration
AshmiAafrin M, Anto Kumar R P
253-
263
61. Total quality management in construction projects
John Paul F, Blessing R
264
62. Safety management strategies for dam break analysis: A comprehensive approach to
mitigate potential disaster
JeyaSuren Raj J, Athira Raj R
264
63. Design of Water Distribution System from Borehole
SelestianAugustino
265
64. Sentiment Analysis Using Deep Learning in Twitter Dataset
Johncy G, ShahinaRizvana S M, ShamithaSheffrin S, Sreeja J
266-
275
65. Primary Treatment of coconut retting waste water using coagulants
Jerlin Regin J, Suhasini A, Udhayan A, Dinesh Thiraviam T,Rishikar T, Varun A
276-
289
66. The Restrained Opengeodetic Number of a Graph
Vijimon Moni V
290-
296
67. Reuse of High Density Polyethylene Wastes into Multipurpose Tile
Sahaya Shyju M, Great Antony Aaship G, Shiva Mahaa Darsh S, Frank Stephen
297-
310
68. Maximize Profit of a Construction Project within Limited Budget by Using Linear
Programming Methods
Jessy Mol I, Beautlin Femi K S
311-
320
69. Response Analysis of the Golden Gate Bridge subjectedto multiple support excitation
Keerthi Puvana P, Antony Vimal P
321-
329
70. A Review on Experimental and Analytical Investigation on Pineapple Leaf Mortar
Ishwarya I, Shiela Balanta S
330-
347
71. Influence of Natural and Artificial Lightweight Aggregates on the Properties of Concrete
- A Review
Ginu Agas G, Smiline Shiny
348
72. Certificate Generation and Validation Using Block Chain
Johncy G, Allen Matthew, Darwin J, Esmond Tony S
349-
356
73. Evolution of Construction Productivity Studies: A Systematic Literature Review
Kiruthiga K, Vijaya Bhaskar Raju K, Venkatakrishnaiah K
357
74. Lightweight Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns: A Review on Its Bond and Axial
Compressive Behaviour
Ilanthalir A, Jerlin Regin J, Baby Lisa
358
75. Experimental study of soil stabilization using Bitumen Emulsion
Abisha Ringle U, Jashni Christina Castro S V, Jesmitha J S, Sumithra Jaya R
359-
365
76. Review on Cost Estimation of Residential Project by Comparing Primavera and MS
Project Software
Beni BeslinB S, InigoValan M
366-
374

77. Pine Flat Dam: Seismic Performance Analysis and Influential Factors
Ram prasath V, Frank Stephen S
375-
385
78. Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Aerated Concrete with Coconut
Shell Charcoal
Ajujose A, Akshaya A T, Godvincy Mol V J, Jerlin Regin J
385
79. Patrol Robot to Improve Safety in Blind Spots
Annrose J, Lijish Wilson S, Ashish A L, Ajith B, Shan Pieo Wesley A
386-
387
80. Review on Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete
Smiline Shiny D, AncySmitha R G
387
81. ExperimentalStudyonImprovementofSubgradeSoilUsingGGBSandSilica Fume
Ebinesh Paul, AnalinBrittoFJ, ShielaBalantaS
388-
394
82. Experimental study on the partial replacement of cement with Oyster-sea shell powder in
concrete
Kaphungpeace W, Jagdish Chand
395
83. Effect of Interfacial Resistance of Superconducting-stabilizer Layer on the Normal Zone
Propagation Velocity for 2G HTS tapes
Gladya Anusha A, Ajin Sundar S
395-
396
84. Performance of Lightweight Foamed Concrete Using Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate
Jerlin Regin J, Porcia L, Smiline Shiny D
396
86. Phytochemical based inhibition of Diabetic Cardiomypathy by targeting TGF-β: An in-
silico study
Swati Yadav, Yasha Hasija
397
87. An Experimental Study on Geopolymer Concrete By Using Fibre And Recycled
Aggregates
Afeef Muhammad P, Naswel Exphethith M, Adlin Jerish, Anton R J Subin,Galesh M
398
88. A Comprehensive Investigation on Intrusion Detection Using Data Mining
Margret Beaula S
399-
418
89. Self Compacting Coconut Shell Concrete Using Mineral Admixtures
Jerlin ReginJ, Smiline Shiny D, Porcia L
419
90. Seismic Performance of the Reinforced Cement Concrete Chimney
Ron Samuel, Subin Jerish S, Lani L, Antony Vimal P
420
91. Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Partial
Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash
Ibid Vidhin V R, Inigo Valan M
421
92. Seismic Performance Of The Reinforced Cement Concrete Chimney Subjected To Near
Field And Far Field
Jebin G, P Antony Vimal
421-
422

Lithium Ion Battery Operated Thermal Boot for Indian Army with Smart
Sensor
Mohanish Murari Mishra1,a
, Maneesh Kumar Gupta1
, Prince Pandey1
, Rahul Singh1
Puneet Bhatia2
1
Student, 2
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department, Buddha Institute of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh,
India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: mohanishmmishra@gmail.com
Abstract
Indian soldiers often guard the border areas located at high elevation in the mountains with
extremely cold climatic conditions. Protecting feet from life-threatening injuries from the cold is
a primary goal as well as a matter of national security, so they need a shoe that provides both
protection and warmth from cold weather. As a solution we tried to fabricate a new cold-
condition thermal boot design based on ergonomic principle. The designed equipment may be
more effective than the existing imported boot as the equipment used generates heat and provide
comfort from cold atmosphere which may increase the efficiency of the soldiers; they might
prefer the fabric texture and appreciate the smart technology used to turn on and off the heating
with the help of Smart phone. We tried to make the boot more comfortable by adding IOT
technology and portable to wear and also shock resistant by using insulated wires for current
flow.
Keywords: Thermal boot, IOT, Carbon fiber heating material, ergonomic principle, thermal
comfort
1. Introduction
India shares border areas with neighboring countries at very high elevation (6000 m) on both
eastern and western sides of the Himalaya [6]. While patrolling the border areas on those high
altitudes, army soldier covers their body with protective gears and warm clothes but the feet are
constantly stuck in snow. ―It is neither easy to work nor to cook and consume food at Siachen
glacier, because of the extremely chilly winds hitting the mountains the temperature goes around
-40 to -70 " a soldier said in an interview conducted by India Today [7], as we can realize by the
above statement that soldiers have to experience constant life threatening physical conditions
such as wind-chill, hypoxia which causes the interrupted blood flow and, in some conditions,
there is blood clotting in the veins due to which there are problems of organ failure [8]. To
prevent these unfortunate events from happening we have tried to design a thermal shoe which
would keep the foot warm.
The clothing is used to provide insulation to the body to minimize the amount of heat loss
to the environment, in the same way footwear also has a role to insulate the feet by decreasing

the amount of heat lost to the environment. This thermal protection equipment is the most
essential gear, one could have in those extreme cold climatic conditions where the body is losing
large amount of heat rapidly, as if there is an excessive heat loss from the body it could
unbalances the body‘s homeostasis, causing thermal discomfort.
2.Literature References
"Evaluation of thermal insulation properties of boot insoles for cold conditions," by T. Kuklane
et. al., this study evaluated the thermal insulation properties of boot insoles for use in cold
atmospheric conditions, specifically in relation to the foot's thermal comfort and overall
performance [1]. "Development of an intelligent heating system for cold weather footwear," by
Y. Zhang et. al., this study focused on developing an intelligent heating system for cold weather
footwear that utilizes wearable technology to provide heat to the feet during extreme cold
conditions [2]. "An experimental study on the effect of insole materials on the thermal insulation
performance of cold weather boots," by M. Shirzadi et. al., this study examined the effect of
different insole materials on the thermal insulation performance of cold weather boots, with a
focus on identifying the most effective materials for cold weather conditions [3]. "Design of cold
weather footwear for winter sports activities using 3D printing technology," by E. J. Lee et. al.,
this study focused on designing cold weather footwear for winter sports activities using 3D
printing technology, with an emphasis on improving performance and reducing the risk of injury
during cold weather conditions [4]. "Development of a novel heat storage system for cold
weather footwear," by H. Gao et. al., this study focused on developing a novel heat storage
system for cold weather footwear, with the goal of improving the thermal insulation properties of
cold weather boots while reducing energy consumption [5].
For this project we studied various research papers related to footwear designing and temperature
required for human body to work under better conditions in extremely cold atmosphere. Most of
the publications in this area were centered around the insulated fabrics, protective gears, and
slipping measures in footwear in extreme coldwith reference to military and outdoor workers, we
found a few of those research papers about using a heating system to maintain and increase
temperature in the jackets and sleeping bags, so we tried to merge all these technology to the
previous works on the footwears and design a technology which can provide thermal comfort to
the user in extreme cold climatic conditions.
3.Methodology
To provide heat in the footwear at first, we thought of using nichrome wire as the heating
element, everything was well and good but there were two problems, the first was, it started to
drain the battery at a very fast rate which causes recharging the battery over and over again that
may reduce battery's life and it can't be used in long term, and our second concern was the brittle
nature shown by nichrome due to which the wire might break from the regular load applied and
movements in footwear during a walk, this might affect the consistency of heating, therefore it
was not suitable to be used in footwear.

So, we switched the heating element to carbon fiber heating material, it converts electrical
energy of the battery to produce thermal energy. The carbon fiber heating material uses electrical
energy as input and the required input voltage is 5 Volt and the power required is 6 to 8 Watt
(depending on temperature requirement) and produces the output in form of thermal energy of
about 80 ℃ which could be easily monitored and controlled by the sensor and module present
inside the footwear. We also have provided a physical switch on the footwear to manage power
supply in case of any network issue.
For future work we have planned to add auto power cut system with help of IOT technology and
thermostat to be place the battery embedded in the sole of the footwear which could be detached
and could be replaced by the new one while the other one is charging, it would benefit the
soldiers or the outdoor workers living in extremely cold climate to only focus on their patrolling
duty or work on the fields.
4. Components
i.DHT-11: This device is the temperature sensor which senses the temperature and humidity, and
sends signals when there is a fluctuation in temperature to the relay module.
Fig 1:DHT-11
ii.Relay Module: This is the device which receives signal from temperature sensor, converts the
received analog signal to digital signal and transmits it to Node-MCU.
Fig1: Single Relay Module
iii.Node MCU: This device is the major connecting link between all the components because it
responsible to determine connection using Wi-Fi, it also helps in displaying the digital signal on
the screen.

Fig2:Node MCU
iv.Heating Pad: This device is the main component of our project which converts electrical
energy from the battery source to thermal energy to provide heat, we have used Carbon Fiber
Heating Material as the main heat source. It requires an input voltage of 5 Volt and the power
required is 6 to 8 Watt it produces the output thermal energy of about 80 ℃and have an electrical
resistivity of 2-20Ω.
Fig4: Heating Pad
v.Battery: This is a device which is used to provide power supply. In this project we used
Lithium-ion battery.
Fig 5:Lithium Ion Battery
For power supply, we have used six 3.7 Volt lithium-ion battery and joined them together in a
series connection they are rechargeable and have comparatively longer life than the other battery
sources, it provides output energy of about 22 Volt which would have about 52 Watt hour of
energy capacity.

Fig3:Image of our project Thermal Boot
5. Thermal Analysis
Heat generated by electric heating pad (Q) = I2
Rt {or}
Qin = V2
/R t – {1}
where, V- voltage of battery
R- resistance of Heating Pad
t- time
Qcv = Qin - Qloss
Qcv = V2
/R t - Qloss {from equation 1}
Fig4:Circuit Diagram to explain the heat generated by heating pad
6. Result analysis
i. This project provides thermal comfort to the user in extremely cold climatic conditions.
ii. The equipment's technology can be used in any and every kind of boot or shoes that have
an insulative protection over its surface otherwise the heat generated by the heating
element would be radiated in the atmosphere resulting failure in providing thermal
comfort.
iii. The footwear also needs waterproofing abilities to counter the short-circuit that may be
generated due to melting of snow.
iv. The power supply provided by the battery will last for about 6 hours if the battery is
continuously used.
v. The formula used to calculate the power generation is as below

Power [Wh] = Voltage [Volt] x Current[Amp]
Table 1:Calculation of powergeneration by the change in number of batteries
No. of batteries 1 4 6 9
Voltage 3.7 14.8 22.2 33.3
mA 2350 2350 2350 2350
Wh 8.7 34.78 52.17 78.26
vi. The formula used to calculate the batteries span per charging is as below
Battery span per charge [hr] = Power provided by the Battery [Wh] / Power required by
using Heating Pad [Watt]
Table 2:Calculation of battery span per charge of the battery drained by the heating pad
Heating Pad [Watt] 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
BatteryTh [Wh] 8.7 34.78 52.17 78.26
BatteryTh span per
charge [hr]
1.16 4.64 6.96 10.43
BatteryPr [Wh] eff.-
80%
6.96 27.82 41.74 62.61
BatteryPr span per
charge [hr] eff.-80%
0.93 3.71 5.6 8.35
Th- Theoretical Calculation; Pr- Practical Calculation
7. Conclusion
The military soldiers or the people living and working at a high elevated region have to suffer
wind-chill, hypoxia which causes interrupted blood flow, blood clotting and organ failure. To
prevent these unfortunate events, we designed the thermal boot which provides heat flow by
using heating element i.e. carbon fiber heating material with electrical energy provided by the
lithium-ion battery. This equipment might be able to provide the thermal comfort required for the
user‘s body in extremely cold climatic conditions in order to work more efficiently, as the
heating element is able to generate the thermal energy which is then monitored and controlled by
sensor and modules to maintain the temperature so it shall not exceed the thermal comfort limit
of the user‘s body.Based on the application of the proposed battery-powered thermal footwear, it
might be possible to demonstrate that the perception of thermal comfort appears to be much
more related to increased foot temperature than to moisture retention.
References
[1] E. Mäkinen, T. Kuklane, and G. Holmér. "Evaluation of thermal insulation properties of
boot insoles for cold conditions." Published in 2021 in the International Journal of
Industrial Ergonomics.

[2] Y. Zhang, W. Wu, and H. Gao. "Development of an intelligent heating system for cold
weather footwear." Published in 2021 in the Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and
Structures.
[3] M. Shirzadi, H. Abbasian, and A. Moslehi. "An experimental study on the effect of insole
materials on the thermal insulation performance of cold weather boots." Published in
2020 in the Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.
[4] E. J. Lee, H. J. Kim, and H. J. Jeong. "Design of cold weather footwear for winter sports
activities using 3D printing technology." Published in 2020 in the International Journal of
Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology.
[5] H. Gao, W. Wu, and Y. Zhang. "Development of a novel heat storage system for cold
weather footwear." Published in 2019 in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable
Energy.
[6] "Geography of India" an article posted by Wikipedia on
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_India explains the geographical
positioning of India.
[7] India Today Web Desk have posted an
articleonhttps://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/watch-how-jawans-posted-in-siachen-
battle-minus-70-degree-cold-demonstrate-struggle-with-food-1545288-2019-06-09 June
9, 2019 ―Watch: How jawans in Siachen battle -70 ℃cold, struggle with food‖.
[8] "Stay Safe in Extreme Cold" an article posted by Duluth, MN Weather Forecast Office
on https://www.weather.gov/dlh/extremecold explaining the problems and consequences
of staying in extreme cold weather.

St.Xavier‘s Catholic College of Engineering, Chunkankadai24
Effective utilization of Bio and Industry Wastes to Produce Thermal
Insulation Concrete: A Novel Solution for Energy Saving Building
Maria Rajesh Antony1,a
, Raya Said Mohammed Al-Zaabiya2,b
, May Darwish Ali Al Balushi2
,
Hamdah Ali Ahmed Al Shehhi2
, Nooralsnaa Abdallah Mohammed Al-Farsi2
, Athari Khalifa
Handi Al-Saadi2
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering section, 2
Bachelor Students
Engineering Department, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Shinas, Sultanate
of Oman
a
Corresponding author e-mail :Rajesh.Amaladhas@shct.edu.com
Abstract
The research addressed the effective and sustainable ways to enhance the thermal insulation
properties of concrete without compromising its structural integrity. Traditional methods of
enhancing thermal insulation in buildings, such as using thick layers of insulation materials,
can be costly and may not always be practical in certain settings. Additionally, the disposal of
waste materials such as date palm fiber, shopping plastic bags, and thermocol beads presents
an environmental challenge. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential use of
these waste materials as additives in concrete to improve its thermal insulation properties,
while also providing a sustainable solution for waste disposal. Date palm fibre is a natural
material that is widely available in the Gulf region, and Plastic bags are a huge waste from
the shops every day and from the packing materials this thermocol is a huge waste product, it
is our duty to recycle it very efficiently to protect the environment.Three types of special
materials such as thermocol beads (30%), Date palm fiber (3%) & shopping plastic bag fiber
(3%) were tested in this research. Thermocol beads when used reduces its strength and
increases thermal resistance of concrete while date palm fiber and shopping bag waste fiber
when used its increase the strength of concrete and also increase thermal resistance of
concrete, so it is an excellent reinforcing material and thermal barrier for shopping plastic
bags fiber and date palm fiber. Based on this research result when thermocol beads is used it
prevents heat by 42 percent while when added with date palm fiber and plastic fiber it also
blocks heat by average 30% percent thus all three ingredients are considered as an excellent
thermal insulation material. The reduction in thermal conductivity was attributed to the
formation of air voids and the low thermal conductivity of the waste materials. The density of
the concrete decreased with the addition of the waste materials. The study suggests that the
incorporation of date palm fiber, shopping bag waste fiber, and thermocol beads can be an
effective way to enhance the thermal insulation properties of concrete, while also providing
an environmentally sustainable solution for waste disposal. It will boost green energy
technology in construction industry.
Keywords:Thermal insulation concrete, Energy saving building, Sustainable materials,
Recycling of waste materials

Review of Various Types of Optimization Techniques Used in Reservoir
Operations
Astha Yadav1,a
, Vijay K. Minocha2
, Rakesh Kumar3
1
Ph.D.Scholar, 2,3
Professor
Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Delhi
Technological University, 110042, Delhi, India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: asthayadav_2k21phdce09@dtu.ac.in
Abstract
This paper deals with multi-objective single-reservoir operations using optimization
techniques. Managing a multi-objective process for a single reservoir is challenging because
of conflicting objectives. The application of multi-purpose use of single reservoir operation is
discussed and investigated.This review article examines optimization techniques and
methodologies and outlines their applications. The details of traditional methods,
metaheuristic algorithms, and advanced algorithmic optimization techniques used in multi-
objective studies of single reservoir operations are reviewed. Based on the results of this
survey, conclusions, and relevant remarks are presented that may be useful for future research
and for system managers in deciding on the best methodology for their system application.
Keywords: Multi-purpose operations,Single Reservoir, OptimizationTechniques
A Review on the Impact of El Niño
Reema Kasera1,a
, Vijay K Minocha2
1
Ph.D. Scholar, 2
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi,110042, India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: reemakasera_2k20phdce501@dtu.ac.in
Abstract
El Niñoevents are a global climatic phenomenon.In the equatorial Pacific Ocean,the rising of
sea surface temperature marks the El Niño developed phase which occurs every 2 to 7 years
equatorial Pacific Ocean.The effect of El Niño is all over the world andit has many
consequences on local weather. El Niñois connected to large scale climatic circulation, and
has substantial effects on the energy, economy, health, and agriculture sectors.Although the
effect of ElNiñois severe in tropics, It significantly influences the global climate.The
increased greenhouse gas emissions have altered the conventional situation in the equatorial
Pacific ocean, which has altered the behavior of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Since
ENSO is a natural phenomenon, will continue to persist and influence global climatic
conditions in the future. Hencethe scientists, researchers and the general
populationcontinuously monitoring, understanding, and predicting ENSO events. In this
study the cause of occurrence of El Niño and the associated impact have beendiscussedand
researched.
Keywords: ENSO, Southern Oscillation, Trade Winds

Adsorption of Chromium(VI) from Wastewater: A Review
Aditi Bobade1
, Mamta D Sardare2,a
2
Assistant Professor
School of Chemical Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune, Maharashtra,
India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: mdsardare@mitaoe.ac.in
Abstract
The presence of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) in industrial wastewater is a major
environmental concern due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Various methods have been
developed for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater, including chemical precipitation,
membrane filtration, and adsorption. Adsorption is a widely studied and effective method for
Cr(VI) removal, and this review summarizes recent advancements in this area. The paper
discusses the factors that affect the adsorption process, such as pH, temperature, contact time,
and adsorbent dosage. It also covers different types of adsorbents, including natural,
synthetic, and modified materials, and their respective mechanisms of Cr(VI) adsorption. The
review compares the advantages and limitations of different types of adsorbents and
emerging technologies that can enhance the efficiency of the adsorption process. Finally, the
paper identifies the key areas for future research in the field of Cr(VI) removal from
wastewater.
Keywords: Cr(VI), wastewater, adsorption, adsorbent, mechanism, emerging technologies
1. Introduction
Toxic heavy metals like chromium can be found in waste streams such as industrial waste,
electronic waste, and contaminated water. Chromium is a strong, steel-gray metal that can be
polished to a high shine and has a high melting point. It is a significant industrial metal
utilized in a variety of goods and processes (chromate, for instance, is an anticorrosive and
antibiofouling agent). Most of the remaining chromium production is used to make furnace
bricks and other refractory materials, with the remaining 20% going to chemical uses like
electroplating. It can exist in different forms, including hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and
trivalent chromium (Cr(III)). Cr(III) is a necessary nutrient and is less toxic than Cr(VI) and
is almost insoluble at pH neutral [33]. Cr(VI) is highly toxic and carcinogenic, and exposure
to high levels of Cr(VI) can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, Liver damage and
cancer. It can easily pass through the cell wall and exert its harmful influence within the cell
[31]. The World Health Organization (WHO 2006) has set a maximum permissible limit of
0.05 mg/L for total Cr in drinking water [32].The release of Cr(VI) into the environment has
become a major environmental and health concern due to its potential toxicity to aquatic
organisms and human beings [1]. The removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater is essential to
protect the environment and human health. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) can also be a way
to make it less toxic. Removing chromium from waste streams can be challenging due to its
toxicity and chemical properties. Conventional treatment methods, such as sedimentation,

filtration, and chemical precipitation, may not be effective in removing chromium from waste
streams as it can persist in solution and resist precipitation. Additionally, conventional
methods may generate secondary waste that requires proper disposal.Various methods have
been developed for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater, including adsorption, ion-
exchange, membrane separation, coagulation, chemical precipitation, extraction, dialysis, and
electrochemical separation. Among these methos, adsorption is widely studied because it is
the most efficient, financially reasonable, environmentally friendly, feasible and
technologically promising approach [3, 34, 35]. The main goal of this paper is to review,
summarize, and offer recent information on the most widely utilized techniques for removing
Cr(VI). This review summarizes recent advancements in the field of Cr(VI) removal from
wastewater using adsorption. The paper discusses the factors that affect the adsorption
process, the different types of adsorbents, and their respective mechanisms of Cr(VI)
adsorption. It also covers the recent advancements in emerging technologies, such as
nanotechnology, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration, that can enhance the efficiency of
the adsorption process.
2. Adsorption
Adsorption is a process by which molecules or particles adhere to the surface of a solid or
liquid, forming a thin film or layer. It involves the attraction of adsorbate molecules or
particles to the surface of an adsorbent material, which can be a solid (such as activated
carbon, silica gel, or zeolites) or a liquid (such as a solvent or an ion-exchange resin).
Adsorption can occur through various mechanisms, including van der Waals forces, hydrogen
bonding, electrostatic interactions, and chemical bonding.The adsorption process involves the
attachment of an adsorbate, in this case, Cr(VI), to a surface, called an adsorbent. The
adsorption process is influenced by several factors, including pH, temperature, contact time,
and adsorbent dosage [4,5].
Over the past few decades, various adsorbents have been developed for Cr(VI) removal
from wastewater. These adsorbents can be broadly classified into three categories: natural,
synthetic, and modified materials [6,7]. Natural materials include agricultural wastes, such as
rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust, and other naturally occurring materials, such as
zeolite and bentonite [8-11]. Synthetic materials include activated carbon, which is widely
used for Cr(VI) removal [12,13]. Modified materials are those that have been chemically or
physically modified to enhance their adsorption capacity and selectivity [14-16]. Various
modification techniques have been used, such as surface functionalization, impregnation, and
crosslinking.
2.1. Activated carbon
Activated carbon has been widely used for the treatment of chromium containing wastewaters
due to its exceptionally high surface areas and well-developed internal microporosity
structure [36]. Additionally, the surface of activated carbon has a variety of functional
groups, such as carboxylic groups, that can successfully interact with the chromium ions.
These functional groups improve the adsorbent's affinity for chromium and increase the
effectiveness with which the metal ion is removed.

The research conducted by Natale et al. (2007) [37] showed that the pH and salinity of the
solution have an impact on the ability of activated carbon to adsorb chromium(VI). In order
to specifically extract chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions, the study used activated carbon
made by Sutcliffe Carbon from bituminous coal. At neutral pH and low salinity levels, the
results indicated that the highest adsorption capacity was roughly 7 mg/g. Because it affects
both the ionisation state of the chromium(VI) species in solution and the surface charge of the
activated carbon, the pH of the solution is a significant factor in the adsorption of
chromium(VI) onto activated carbon. The activated carbon's surface charge is optimized for
the adsorption of chromium(VI) ions at neutral pH, increasing the adsorption capacity. The
study also discovered that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon for chromium(VI) can
be decreased by the presence of high salt concentrations in the solution. This is because the
chromium(VI) ions and the salt ions may compete for adsorption sites on the surface of the
activated carbon, decreasing the overall effectiveness of the adsorption process.
Selomulya et al. (1999) [38] examined the removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic
wastewater using several forms of activated carbons made from wood, coconut shell, and
dust coal. The research discovered that the various activated carbons had varying optimal pHs
for removing total chromium. In contrast, the H-type carbons (activated carbons with
protonated hydroxyl groups on the surface, such as those found in coconut shell and coal
dust) had the maximum removal effectiveness at a little higher pH of roughly 3–4. The
differences in their surface properties and ability to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) can be used to
explain why different activated carbons have varied optimal pH ranges. At a pH of 2, the
wood-based activated carbon had the greatest removal efficiency for total chromium. This is
probably because the activated carbon made of wood has hydroxyl groups that have been
ionised. These groups have the ability to draw in and bind the positively charged Cr(VI) ions.
In a study [39], Cr(VI) was removed from aqueous solutions using high surface area (HSA)-
activated carbons that were synthesised in the lab. In comparison to commercial carbons, the
study discovered that these HSA-activated carbons showed greater Cr(VI) sorption
capabilities. For Cr(VI) adsorption, a pH of about 3.0 was determined to be ideal. The study
also discovered that the activated carbons' mesopores and micropores were crucial for the
adsorption of Cr(VI), but that mesoporosity was more crucial for the desorption process. This
shows that high mesoporosity activated carbons are simpler to renew. The study did not,
however, go into detail about how the activated carbons adsorb Cr(VI).
A study where Cr(VI) was removed from aqueous solution using activated carbon made
from hazelnut shells [39]. The research discovered that Cr(VI) adsorption was pH-dependent,
with an ideal beginning pH of 1.0 for a solution with a concentration of 1,000 mg/L. The
Langmuir isotherm was used to determine the adsorption capacity, which was determined to
be 170 mg/g under these circumstances. Cr(VI) was adsorbed onto hazelnut shell-activated
carbon using an endothermic process and in a monolayer. These results imply that hazelnut
shell-activated carbon may be a useful adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous
solutions.

Table 1. Various Natural Adsorbent
Adsorbents Initial
Concentration
Adsorbent Dose pH Contact
Time
Efficiency Reference
Coconut Shell 50 gm/l 15 mg/l 1.5 10 hrs 83% [40]
Saw Dust 100-400 mg/l 4-24 gm/l 1 17.5 hrs 89% [41]
Agricultural
waste
1.5 mg/l 2-9 gm/l 8 1.5 hr 96.72% [42]
Neem Leaves 10 mg/l 2/100-10/100
gm/ml
2 2 hrs 98.3% [43]
Banana Peels 3.5 gm/10 gm 1-5 gm/l 3 2 hrs 96% [44]
Bamboo
Waste
100 mg/l 0.1-0.3 gm 2 20 min 98.28% [45]
Green Tea
Leaves
10 mg/l 0.8 gm/l 2 3 hrs 92% [46]
Grape leaves
activated
carbon
25 mg/l 0.2-3 gm 1.5 1.5 hr 89.5% [47]
Groundnut
hull
8.3 mg/l 5-40 mg 2 30 min 96% [48]
2.2 Biosorbents
The removal of chromium from aqueous solutions by biosorption is efficient and
environment friendly. It involves the use of diverse biomasses, including those derived from
bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, as well as their byproducts. Chromium ions from
wastewater streams can be effectively removed and recovered using adsorbent materials
made from cost-effective agricultural wastes [49]. Chromium is absorbed by biomass through
several methods, including ion exchange, complexation, electrostatic interactions, and surface
adsorption. Numerous variables, including pH, temperature, contact time, biomass dosage,
and initial chromium content, might affect the binding of chromium to the biomass.
Numerous bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and
Bacillus subtilis, have been found to have a high capacity for chromium biosorption because
of their surface functional groups. The high cellulose and lignin content of several algae and
plant materials, like Chlorella vulgaris and Lemna minor, allows them to absorb large
amounts of chromium.
Biosorption is an efficient and cost-effective treatment method for the removal of heavy
metals from contaminated water and wastewater. It is sustainable and eco-friendly, using
natural materials as biosorbents and not generating toxic byproducts. It can be engineered to
be selective for specific heavy metals, and biosorbents can be regenerated and reused,
reducing waste and cost [50]. Numerous biosorbents from various sources, including sawdust
[51], lemon peel powder, Macadamia nutshells [52], Cannabinuskenaf, pinecone biomass
[53], Masau stones, grape peelings, almond green hulls, coir pith, and fungal biomass [54]
have been used successfully for the adsorption of Cr(VI) due to their wide availability,
biodegradability, and low cost.

Pant et al. (2022) [55] examined the usage of modified arecanut leaf sheath as a biosorbent to
remove hexavalent chromium from water. They discovered that the biosorbent was quite
efficient, removing the pollutant with an efficiency of over 90% even at low beginning
concentrations. The optimal pH range for the biosorption process was determined to be 3-5,
while the ideal biosorbent dose and contact time were discovered to be 2 g/L and 60 minutes,
respectively. According to these findings, modified arecanut leaf sheath might be a practical
and affordable way to remove hexavalent chromium from water sources.
Rezaei (2016) [56] investigated Spirulina sp. as a potential biosorbent for the removal
of chromium from water. The research discovered that Spirulina sp. had a maximum
biosorption capacity of 37.9 mg/g and was very efficient in removing chromium. The
biosorption procedure was shown to work best with a pH range of 3-5 and a contact time of
60 minutes. A higher starting concentration of chromium led to a poorer biosorption
capability, and the biosorption process was likewise concentration dependent.
Fernández-López et al. (2014) examined Opuntia biomass as a biosorbent for
eliminating hexavalent chromium from water. According to the study, the biosorbent had a
removal effectiveness of up to 100% at pH 3.0 and an initial concentration of 50 mg/L
chromium. It was discovered that 2.5 g/L was the ideal dose of biosorbent, and that the
biosorption procedure followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. According to the
findings, the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous, and the presence of other
ions did not have much impact on the Opuntia biomass's biosorption capacity.
Table 2. Various Biosorbent
Biosorbent
Efficiency for
Cr(VI) Removal
Optimal pH Optimal Time
Biosorbent
Dose
Reference
Arecanut leaf sheath 90.7% 5 60 min 0.5 g [55]
Spirulina sp. 82.67% 5 120 min 0.1 g [56]
Opuntia biomass 79.2% 2 60 min 1.0 g [57]
Dormant spores of
Aspergillus niger
92.4% 4 120 min - [58]
Zoogloearamigera 48.6% 5 30 min 5 g/L
[59]
Rhizopusarrhizus 99.6% 2 60 min 5 g/L
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
89.4% 5
60 min
5 g/L
Chlorella vulgaris 63.2% 4
60 min
5 g/L
Cladophoracrispata 56.4% 4
60 min
5 g/L
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile
for chromium. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Atlanta, GA, USA, 2012.
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th
ed.
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Experimental Investigation of MIG Welding
ProcessParameterforMildSteelIS 2062
Ankit Tripathi1
, Rahul Srivastva2
, Ved Prakash Pandey3
1,2,3
AssistantProfessor,BuddhaInstituteofTechnology,Gorakhpur,India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: ankit.tripathi1042@gmail.com
Abstract
MIG welding is one of the most widely used joining methods of arc welding process. It is a
versatilewelding process as it can be used to weld for all positions. The joint strength and
its geometry mainlydepend upon process parameter and this experimental investigation is
mainly concentrated on the MIGwelding process parameter of mild steelIS2062 such as
welding speed, welding current and weldingvoltage on tensile strengthand hardnessand
keepinggasflow rate constantfor theenhancementofweld joint. The welded specimen gone
through tensile and hardness test on Universal Tensile
MachineandRockwellHardnessTestingMachine respectively.
Theresultsobtainedarefurtheroptimizedthrough Taguchi method and ANOVA test have
been performed for confirmation. In Taguchi methodL9 orthogonal array hasbeen used.
The results showsthat welding speed has maximum effect ontensile strength and hardness
of mild steel IS2062 and the optimal process parameter were found to be200 A current,
20V voltage and 3.5 mm/min welding speed for tensile strength and 250 A current,
24Vvoltageand3mm/min welding speed forhardness test.
Keywords:MIGWelding,ANOVA, Taguchimethod
Proposal of Landfill site for Bangalore City using GIS Integrated with
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
Devendra R1,a
, Ramakrishnaiah C Rb
1
Student, 2
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, B.M.S college of Engineering, Bangalore, 560019, India.
a
Corresponding author e-mail:devendrar.cee21@bmsce.ac.in
Abstract
Solid waste management has become a serious problem in metropolitan cities of India
because most of the wastes are not managed properly. Currently Bangalore city is going
through the same issue and it also has problems associated with waste dumping in illegal sites
in and around the city. The main objective of this study was to propose the healthy and
environmental friendly landfill sites for Northeast (NE), Northwest (NW), Southeast (SE) and
Southwest (SW) regions of Bangalore. The present study has integrated environmental and
socio economic criteria like proximity to built-up areas, surface water bodies, existing road
network, river network, airways, slope, agricultural croplands and park covers to select the

most suitable landfill sites within our study area. A 35km radius buffer around the city centre
is considered to be our study area and all the geo-processing activities are done within this
boundary. ESRI ArcMap10.8 software was used for performing cartographic analysis. The
relative importance / weightage to be given for each of the involved criteria is given by AHP
(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. The results from overlay analysis revealed that nearly
13 potential candidate landfill sites having site area greater than 0.5km2
can be selected for
landfill siting studies. But among them, only those sites having size of 1.58 Km2
, 0.67Km2
,
0.8Km2
& 4.5Km2
were finally proposed for North East, North West, South West &South
East regions of Bangalore city respectively after conducting ground truth verification with the
help of base maps. The final decision for landfill construction depends upon more detailed
field studies conducted on proposed sites.
Keywords: Remote sensing, Geographic Information System, Analytic Hierarchy Process,
Criteria weightage, waste management, Multiple Criteria Evaluation
Experimental Study on Strength and Durability Properties of Terinary
Blended Geo-Polymer Concrete
Praveenchandra Bodupally1,a
, Sandeep Kumar P2
1
PG Scholar,2
Faculty
Department of Civil Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad, India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: praveenchandra966@gmail.com
Abstract
Research for complete OPC free concrete is still evolving and there is a need for developing
alternative binding agents which are environmentally friendly. One such alternative is
identified to be geopolymer which often consists of fly ash, sodium silicate, and sodium or
potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH). Since, many coal based power plants in India have
been retiring due to thrust towards cleaner energy production and this may lead to scarcity of
fly ash in future. The emission of CO2 increases during the production of cement and at the
same time the availability of river sand is also becoming costlier and scarcity due to illegal
dredging of river sand. The two Pozzolanic material metakaolin and fly ash in geopolymer
concrete along with these binary materials the GGBS is used to increase strength with various
proportions like 0%, 5%, 10%,15% and 20%.
Key words: OPC, geopolymer, fly ash,metakaolin, strength, durability, concrete

Energy efficiency assessment of an Institutional building
Archit Jain1,a
, Atul Sharma2
1
Research scholar, 2
Assistant Professor
Civil Department,Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur, India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: archit.jaincivil@gmail.com
Abstract
In the present analysis, a case study has been performed usingcivil engineering building in
Jabalpur Engineering College with the requirement to find out the road map by which the
existing institutional building can be transformed in to Green Building, so that it will cause
less harm to the surrounding environment. The case study on energy efficiency assessment of
civil engineering buildings in Jabalpur Engineering Collegewas performed based on both the
GRIHA rating system and the open studio energy assessment tool. The complete college
campus is observed and data is collected for energy-consuming equipment, water
consumption, renewable energy production, etc. and providea rating of the college campus
within (1 to 100) scale and suggesting possible solutions to increase its rating. Assessing the
existing sustainability of the institutional building and important recommendations to enhance
such rating has been carried out using the GRIHA rating system. Building energy analysis has
also been carried out using an open studio and energy plus software toolfor supporting energy
consumption analysis.
Keywords:Green Building, GRIHA, Energy-efficient Buildings, Open Studio, Energy plus
Experimental Study of High Performance Self-Curing Concrete and its
Mechanical Properties using LECA and Silica Fume
Rinu Isah R J1, a
, Vijaya Bhaskar Raju K2
, Venkata Krishnaiah R3
1
Research Scholar, 2
,3
Professor
Civil Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
a
Corresponding author e-mail:rinuisah@gmail.com
Abstract
The material that is used the most frequently on earth is concrete. The curing process
determines the concrete‘s strength and durability. Since water shortage is mounting day by
day, so concrete should be needed without water for curing. One sort of contemporary
concrete that cures itself by holding onto water is called self-curing concrete.The present
research aims to explore the mechanical properties of high-performance Self-Curing Concrete
(SCC) by incorporating Polyethylene Glycol(PEG)-400 as a self-curing agent. The use of a
self-curing agent helps reduce water evaporation during the hydration process, thus aiding in
water conservation in concrete. In this study, M30 grade concrete was used, and different
percentages (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) of PEG 400, based on the mass of cement, were

incorporated into the concrete mix. The objective is to evaluate how these varying
percentages of PEG 400 affect the mechanical properties of the high-performance SCC.And
also replaced coarse aggregate with 10% of light weight LECA (Light weight expanded clay
aggregates), replacement of cement with 10% silica fume.Slump test and mechanical
properties were conducted on each mix and compared with the conventional concrete. As a
result, indicates use of self-curing agent in concrete has boost the performance of concrete.
Keywords : Self Curing Concrete, PEG 400, LECA, Silica fume, Strength of concrete

Solvent Free Green Synthesis of Schiff Base – A Review
Dhanalekshmi A M1,a
, Amaliya N K2
1
Research scholar, 2
Asistant Professor
Department of Chemistry, Women‘s Christian college, Nagercoil-629001, Tamilnadu,India
a
Corresponding author e-mail: dhanalekshmi809@gmail.com
Abstract
Green chemistry approaches have large number of applications in various fields of chemical
science. It reduces the reaction time, chemical waste and give pure products with higher
yield. The aim of these review explore the various green methodology used for the
preparation of Schiff base via solvent free approaches.The organic solvents used for various
chemical reaction has adverse effect on environment but green solvents are biodegradable
and obtained from natural products. Green synthetic technic involve a green reaction
medium, green solvent, green catalyst. It is the best alternative approach for hazardous
organic solvents, catalyst used for the various organic reaction.Recently fruit juices are used
as biocatalyst for various organic reaction.
INDRODUCTION
There are several methods used for the preparation organic compounds takes place in solvent
medium.Solvents used in these reaction are organic chemicals and majority are toxic to
human health and environment. Some solvents were expensive and their by product are also
polluted the environment [1]. To avoid and minimize the disadvantages of conventional
method new green approaches can be adopted. These methods are environment friendly and
take place in solvent free medium and fruit juices are used as a biocatalyst[2].
Schiff base compounds were produced by the reaction between primary amine and carbonyl
compounds.This compounds has a characteristic of imine bonds(C=N).It was introduced by
HUGO SCHIFF in 1864[3]. Schiff base ligands are significantly important in coordination
chemistry because it form stable complexes with various transition metal ions.Metal
complexes find interesting application in the fields such as biology, analytical,industrial and
medicine[4].Conventional methods of synthesis need higher reaction time , and use acid or
base catalyst in solvent medium which give minimum amount of yield .Green synthetic
methods (microwave assisted, grindstone method ,ultrasonic method) carried out in the
Prescence of fruit juice medium produce higher yield in short reaction time.
Grindstone Assisted Solvent Free Green Synthesis
Grindstone method involves a type of frictional force which produce the necessary heat
energy for carrying out reaction.Forthese process mechanical energy is converted into heat
energy[5]. Heat energy increase the activation of reactant molecules so that collision process
occur and produce the product.For the preparation of Schiff base acid catalyst played a role in
the process of protonation during the elimination of water.[6]. Some of the natural acid
catalyst used in the grindstone method are described below
Garlic ( ALLIUM SATIVUM) as a catalyst:

Garlic being biodegradable,nontoxic and mild acidic in nature pH(5.61).So it has been used
as the green biocatalyst for the preparation of Schiff base.A mixture of p- toluidine and
various substituted benzaldehyde and a piece of garlic were grinded together in amortar with
pestle for specific time duration.The mixture turn pasty after few minutes. Completion of the
reaction monitor by TLC. Solid product obtained was recrystallized from absolute ethyl
alcohol to give pure Schiff base.The reaction have taken 5-12 minutes time duration
forcompletion( Bedi et al 2019).
BelimbingWuluh( AVERRHOABLIMBI) as a catalyst :
Schiff base compounds were synthesized from vanillin and aniline with a mol ratio1:1were
mixed with natural acid catalyst Belimbingwuluh juice and grinded using mortar and pestle
for 10 minutes.Volume variation of acid catalyst 0,0.25,0.5 and 1 ml used for the preparation
of Schiff base.The synthesized product characterized by UV,IR and GC-MS
technic.Corrosion inhibition efficiency on metal was checked.Inhibition efficiency of these
compounds was 39.38 to 77.40% (Abdurrafi et al 2019).
Mango(MANGIFERA INDICA) water as a catalyst:
The green mango fruit is sour in taste.The acid nature of mango is due to the Prescence of
malic acid12.66% and tartaric acid 7.04%. The aqueous extract of green mango fruit( pH-3)
used as a acid catalyst for the preparation of Schiff base.Rammohanpal(2019) reported the
mixture of 1,2 diamino benzene and aromatic aldehyde (1:1 ratio) in the Prescence of mango
water (2ml) under grinding using mortar and pestle give amino Schiff base in excellent
yield(85-95%).The reaction is green and economically viable.
Kaffir lime(Citrus Hystrix) as a catalyst:
Schiff base synthesized from salicylaldehyde and p-toluidine with the addition 1ml kaffir
lime extract(Subathra 2019) .The mixture kept aside for 5 to 10 minutes. Stirred for 10
minutes with room temperature, pale yellow solid as acrude product. The product was
washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol. The sample was characterized by UV,IR
and NMR techniques.Schiff base shows excellent antimicrobial activity.
Egg white as a catalyst:
Eco friendly synthesis of Schiff base by employing egg white as a catalyst. The egg white
enriched with protein and has several properties such as gelling, heat setting,binding
adhesion. The egg white pH(6.5) is an alkaline solution and act as a base catalyst for the
synthesis of Schiff base. Kannaiyan et al (2021 ) synthesized phenothiazinium Schiff base
ligand, nano silver and it‘s silver complex using egg white as a catalyst. The synthesized
compounds were tested for their invitro antimicrobial activity using broth dilution method
against staphylococcus aureus( gram positive) and E.coli ( gram negative) bacteria.
Kinnow peel powder as a catalyst:
Kinnow peel powder act as aeco-friendly catalyst and gave better yield for the preparation of
Schiff base ligand due to it‘s cheap and easy availability.N -Benzylideneaniline Schiff base is
formed the reaction between benzaldehyde and aniline with kinnow peel powder. 85% of

yield of obtained in 3minutes.Kinnow peel powder was characterized by
IR,TEM,SEM,XRD,EDXand TGA which provide details about functional
groups,morphology and thermal stability( Renu Verma et al 2022).
MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF SCHIFF BASE COMPLEXES
For the view of green chemistry new developed and best alternative method for the
preparation of Schiff base was microwave assisted synthesis. It become a new non-
conventional method used in various organic and inorganic synthesis.It reduces the reaction
time and give good yield with solvent free or less solvent condition[7].The usage of
microwave oven for the synthesis of organic compounds has proved to efficient ,safe
method[8].
MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS USING SOLVENT FREE MEDIUM:
1.schiff base ligand derived from alpha naphthyl amine with different benzaldehyde under
microwave irradiation.The ligand and dysprosium metal salts were mixed in 1:2 ratio in a
grinder and then irradiated by the microwave oven by taking 3-5ml of acetic acid. The
reaction was completed with short time 7-10 min with higher yield. The synthesized
complexes shows higher antibacterial activity(Vijaykumar et al 2022).
2.Hanadi.M.Jaraiiah (2017)synthesized a series of Schiff base by the reaction of
cinnamaldehyde with some substituted amines namely o-toluidine, m-toluidine, p-toluidine,
p-chloroaniline and p-aminophenol by microwave irradiation method. The compounds were
prepared by mixing 2mmole of cinnamaldehyde and 2mmole of substituted amines in a
beaker.It is subjected to microwave irradiation for about 2-5 minutes. The product was
washed with hexane and recrystallized from ethanol.
3.A series of Schiff base compounds derived from various aromatic aldehyde and 2-
phenylglycine methyl ester hydrochloride in a suitable ratio by both conventional and
microwave irradiation protocol. Based on the results microwave method give higher yield
96% with short reaction time 5-8mins . DPPH radical scavenging effect were performed to
examine the antioxidant activities of the new compounds(Yorur-Goreci et al 2016).
4. Omprakash G.Bhusnure et al (2015) Schiff base have been synthesized by condensation
of substituted aromatic benzaldehyde with 3-amino -6-bromo indo-2-phenylquinazoline-
4(3H) one by two different method as by conventional method and microwave accelerated
synthesis by using wetting reagent ethoxyethanol. The reaction time for conventional and
microwave method in the range of 4-7hr and 3-5 min and the percentage of yield in the range
56-77% and 77-90% respectively.
MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS USING FRUIT JUICE MEDIUM
A novel Schiff base as ON donor was prepared by condensation of 2-hydroxyacetophenone
with furfuryl amine via microwave assisted reaction in fruit juice medium. Lemon, Orange
,Amla were used as the catalyst for the preparation of Schiff base. Equimolar amount of 2-
hydroxy acetophenone with furfuryl amine 1ml of natural acid catalyst were taken in a beaker
microwaved for 4-6min for completion of reaction. The reaction progress was monitored by
TLC.Lemon juice mediated give higher amount of yield (87%)(M.Sravanthi et al 2019).

LEMON JUICE MEDIUM
0.01mole of p-toluidine and 0.01mole of required aromatic aldehyde ,2-10ml of lemon juice
was added in a reaction mixture. It is irradiated with microwave for suitable time. After
completion of the reaction the reaction mixture was poured in ice cold water. The crude
product was filtered and dried properly. The synthesized compounds characterized by
UV,IR,NMR spectral techniques (Bedi pooja et al. 2018).
TAMARIND EXTRACT MEDIUM
The synthesis of benzylidene derivatives of 4-amino -1,2,4-triazole by reacting it with various
substituted aldehydes using different catalytic amount of tamarind extract as a catalyst by
conventional and microwave method. Firsttamarind extract was prepared in the reported
manner [9].The equimolar amount of aldehyde and triazole were mixed and irradiated in the
microwave (900W) for different amount of catalyst(0.5ml,0.75ml,1 ml) respectively.
Microwave irradiation give higher amount of yield(Verma et al 2020).
ULTRASOUND ASSISTED SYNTHESSIS OF SCHIFF BASE COMPLEXES
Green chemistry techniques include ultrasound-mediated organic synthesis has become
attractive one . Ultrasound irradiation is a powerful techniques in chemical processes and the
synthesis of Schiff base metal complexes because it produce good results . Ultrasonication
can bring various benefits such as power saving,environment friendliness, cost efficiency,
solvent free [10]. Sono chemical synthesis is the safest and greener method for the
preparation of Schiff base in the shortest time with higher yield as compared with traditional
method[11].
A new series Schiff base prepared by the reaction of 2-aminopyridine derivatives with 3-
ethoxysalicylaldehyde under ultrasonic irradiation method. A UP 400 S ultrasonic processor
equipped with a 3mm wide and 140mm long probe which was immersed directly into the
reaction mixture was used for sonication. It give 92-97%of yields(HadiKargar et al 2021).
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SYNTHESISED SCHIFF BASES
1. Kapadnis et al (2016) reported a Schiff base [(E)-N-(4-Chlorobenzylidene) benzene-
1,3-diamine] are synthesized by microwave irradiation, Reflux, Stirring, and Grinding
methods. Schiff base prepared from p-chlorobenzaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine.
Metal complexes of Schiff base were prepared from chloride salts of Ni(II) in
ethanol. Compared to all methods microwave irradiation give higher yields.
2. Manisha S hukula et al( 2017) described synthesis of Schiff base via two different
methods conventional and microwave irradiation methods .4-fluoro-2-methyl aniline
and substituted aldehyde were taken as a reactant.The time required for completion of
the reaction for conventional and microwave method are 1-2hr and 2-3mins
respectively.
3. The reaction of primary aromatic amines (4-Morpholinoaniline) with O-vanillin is
found to be catalyzed by Lemon juice,Grapes juice,pomegranate juice as natural acid
under solvent free condition for the preparation of Schiff base. Compare the results
with traditional method. Schiff base prepared via Grapes juice give good

results(97%).Compared with conventional methods this new method is cleaner, safer
and more eco friendly(Sreeramulu.J et al (2017).
4. N-benzylidineaniline Schiff base was prepared by the reaction between benzaldehyde
and aniline using various natural acid catalyst (Lemon, Grapes ,Aqueous extract of
mango).The reaction was carried out by variable amount of acid catalyst.The results
reveal increasing amount of acid catalyst product yield were decreases. Yield
percentage of grapes,lemon, mango catalyst are 93%,88%,91% respectively (Yadav et
al2013).
SYNTHESIS OF SCHIFF BASE FROM AQUEOUS MEDIUM
A new ecofriendly procedure for the preparation of Schiff base and it‘s metal complexes via
aqueous medium was reported.Condensation of salicylaldehyde with various aromatic and
aliphatic amines form Schiff bases ligands. It were complexed with a transition metal Ni
and alkaline earth metal Mg.This approach was compared with conventional method found
to have good advantages(Shamly P et al 2018).
Koteswara Rao et al( 2010) reports various Schiff bases by stirring 1,2-
diaminobenzene with various aromatic aldehydes in water as a solvent.Using these
methodology these reaction were completed in shorter reaction time(5-22mins) with
excellent yields(94-98%).
Harshita et al (2014) reported green chemical one-pot multicomponent condensation
reaction of substituted 1H-indole-2-3-dione with various amino acid and thiosemicarbazone
was found to be catalyzed by lemon juice as natural acid using water as agreen solvent give
the corresponding Schiff base in a good to excellent yield.The product was purified by simple
filtration followed by washing with water and drying process.
CONCLUSION
The present review explains the new modern green techniques used for the preparation
ofSchiff base complexes.Solvent free synthesis of Schiff base via microwave irradiation
technic give higher yield with short reaction time.Fruit juices are non
toxic,biodegradable,cheap, inexpensive catalyst used for the preparation of Schiff base.
Lemon, Orange ,Amla,Pomegranate,Grapes,Kaffir lime,Star fruit etc. are used as a catalyst in
various organic reactions. Grapes juice mediated Schiff base formation give excellent
yield.Fruit juices as agreen catalyst makes this methodology an alternative platform to
organic solvent conventional synthesis under the umbrella of environmental concern.
REFERENCE
1.Aneela Whab, Syed Sajjd Haider, Iffat Mahmood,2014,‘Synthesis of Schiff bases from
natural products and their remarkable antimicrobial and antioxidant activity‘,Fuuast j.
Biol.,4(1):27-32.
2.Merajuddin, GulrezNizami,Mohd,2014,‘Synthesis ,Characterization and Antimicrobial
studies of some Schiff base synthesized by an ecofriendly method‘.
3.Abdurrafi, FFH, Hanapi,A and Ningsih,2019,‘Synthesis of Schiff base compounds from
vanilline and aniline with volume variation of acid catalyst from belimbingwuluh using
grindstone method‘,IOP Conference series:Earth and Environmental science 456.

4th International Conference on Advances in Sustainability of Materials and Environ

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