3. Rapid Increases in Obesity Among U.S. Youth
NHANES 1963-2008
National Health Examination Surveys II (ages 6-11) and III (ages 12-17).
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I, II, III and 1999-2008.
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_07_08/obesity_child_07_08.htm.
4. Shifts in Dietary patterns in the United States
Relative prices of more
healthful foods have
increased faster than prices
for less healthful foods.
Increased portion size
Increased consumption of
processed foods typically
higher in sodium
Increased schools vending
and a la carte foods
5. Active Transportation by Youth has Decreased
Mode for Trips to School – National Personal Transportation Survey
McDonald NC. Am J Prev Med 2007;32:509.
6. Increased TV Viewing Increases Childhood
Obesity Prevalence
$1.6 billion/year spent on
marketing of foods and
beverages to youth
• $745 million on television
Television viewing associated
with consumption of foods
advertised on television
70% children 8-18 years and
30% children <3 year old
have TVs in their rooms
NHES: National Household Education Surveys.
NLSY: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.
7. Costs of Adult Obesity Are Increasing
1998 2006
(in 2008 dollars) (in 2008 dollars)
Total Costs $75 billion/yr $147 billion/yr
% of U.S.
6.5% 9.1%
Medical Costs
Increased prevalence, not increased per capita
costs, was the main driver of the increase in costs.
Finkelstein et al. Health Affairs 2009; 28:w822.
8. Reductions in Salt Intake Can Reduce
High Blood Pressure
Increased sodium in the diet = increased blood
pressure = increased risk for heart attack and
stroke
• Generally, lower consumption of salt means lower
blood pressure
• Within the span of a few weeks, most people
experience a reduction in blood pressure when salt
intake is reduced
Even people with blood pressure in the normal
range benefit from sodium reduction; there
appears to be no threshold
9. Reductions in Salt Intake Can Reduce
High Blood Pressure (continued)
Sodium intake affects
• Blood pressure levels – a meta-analysis1 of trials
indicates that a median reduction of urinary sodium
to ≈1800 mg would
Reduce systolic/diastolic blood pressure by 5.0-2.7 mmHg
in persons with hypertension
Reduce systolic/diastolic blood pressure by 2.0-1.0 mmHg
in non-hypertensives
• Incremental rise in blood pressure with age
• Prevalence of hypertension across populations
Reducing salt intake could save tens of
thousands of lives annually2
1. J Hum Hypertens. 2002; 16: 761-770.
2. PloS Med. 2009;6(4):e1000058., N Engl J Med. 2010;362:590-599.; Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:481-487
10. Estimated Effects of Sodium Reduction on
Hypertension Prevalence and Related Costs
Reducing average population intake to 2300 mg per
day (current recommended maximum) may…
• Reduce cases of hypertension by 11 million
• Save $18 billion in health care costs
• Gain 312,000 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)
Reducing average population intake even lower – to
1500 mg per day (recommended maximum level for
“specific populations” described in the Dietary
Guidelines for Americans) – may…
• Reduce cases of hypertension by 16 million
• Save $26 billion in health care costs
• Gain 459,000 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)
American Journal of Health Promotion. 2009;24:49-57.
11. Principal Winnable Battle Initiatives
Improve dietary quality
• Increase fruit and vegetable intake
• Decrease intake of high-energy, low-nutrient foods
• Reduce consumption of sugar sweetened drinks
• Reduce sodium in the food supply
• Eliminate industrially produced trans fat from the
food supply
Increase breastfeeding
Increase physical activity
Prevent micronutrient malnutrition
Enhance state and community capacity to
improve population-level health
12. Priority Strategies to Address
Select Winnable Battle Initiatives
Energy density
• Apply nutrition standards in child care and schools
• Increase number of healthy food retail outlets in
underserved areas and improve access
Fruits and vegetables
• Increase access through retail stores
• Support Farm to Institution policies
• Leverage food policy councils
Sugared drinks
• Ensure access to safe and good-tasting water
• Reduce accessibility of sugared drinks in child care
and schools
13. Priority Strategies to Address
Select Winnable Battle Initiatives
Breastfeeding
• Policy and environmental supports in maternity
care facilities
• Policy and environmental supports in worksites
• State and national coalitions to support
breastfeeding
Physical activity
• Joint use agreements for after-hours access to
school facilities
• Increase access to parks and recreational facilities
• Increase opportunities for physical activity in
youth-serving settings
14. Priority Strategies to Address
Select Winnable Battle Initiatives
Sodium reduction
• Establish sodium reduction standards in
government facilities and educational institutions
• Promote innovative restaurant initiatives to
reduce sodium content of restaurant meals
• Increase availability of lower-sodium processed
and restaurant food products
15. “Obesity continues to be a major public health
problem. We need intensive, comprehensive and
ongoing efforts to address obesity. If we don't,
more people will get sick and die from obesity-
related conditions, such as heart disease, stroke,
type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer –
some of the leading causes of death.”
– Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH
Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Administrator,
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
16. www.cdc.gov/winnablebattles
For more information please contact Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone, 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)/TTY: 1-888-232-6348
E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov Web: www.cdc.gov
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official
position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Editor's Notes
Chart description: Maps showing the United States and how obesity has increased in the adult population since 1990. In 1990, there were no states with 15-19% of adults being obese. In 1999, there were more than 20 states with 15-19% of adults being obese and 18 states with 20-24% of adults being obese. In 2009, there were 10 states with more than 30% of adults being obese.
Chart description: The graph shows the tremendous increase in childhood obesity from 1963 (approximately 4% of 6-11 year-olds were considered obese) to 1988-94 (approximately 7% of 2-5 year-olds were obese, 10% of 12-19 year-olds and 12% of 6-11 year-olds) to 2008 (approximately 10% of 2-5 year-olds, 18% of 12-19 year-olds and 20% of 6-11 year-olds).
Chart description: The graph shows the percent of trips to school made by various forms of transportation from 1969-2001. In 1969, approximately 2% of trips were by public transit, 18% by car, 38% by bus and 41% by walking/biking. By 1990, approximately 5% were by public transit, 18% by walking/biking, 37% by bus and 40% by car. In 2001, 1% by public transit, 13% by walking/biking, 30% by bus and 55% by car.
Chart description: A bar chart showing how increased TV viewing increases obesity prevalence. In the National Household Education Surveys (NHES)of 1967-70, the percent of obesity prevalence for children who viewed 0-1 hour of TV per day was 11%. In 1990, according to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, it was 18%. For 1-2 TV hours in the NHES, obesity prevalence was 13% and for NLSY, it was 22%. For 2-3 hours in the NHES, obesity prevalence was 14% and in the NLSY, it was 24%. For 3-4 hours per day in the NHES, it was 18% and in the NLSY, it was 26%. For 4-5 hours, in the NHES, it was 17% and in the NLSY, it was 30%. For morethan 5 hours in the NHES, it was 20% and in the NLSY, it was 36%.