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Restrictions on articles
and activities injurious
to Environment
Preeti Kana Sikder
Assistant Professor
Department of Law & Justice
Jahangirnagar University
Exclusive factors of the BECA
īĩ Creation of a dedicated institution
īĩ Enabling powers of the Director General
īĩ Environmental Clearance Certificate
īĩ Restrictions on articles and activities injurious
to Environment
īĩ Imposing penalties
īĩ Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas
(ECAs)
S: 139: Fitting and using of prohibited
horns or other sound producing device
MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983
Whoever uses or being the owner or person in charge of
motor vehicle fits, causes or allows fitting of any horns
or any sound producing devices prohibited by any
competent authority having jurisdiction over the area or
prohibited under the provision of this Ordinance or any [
rules or regulations] made thereunder or uses horn or
any sound producing device where its use is prohibited
shall be punishable with fine which may extend to [ one
hundred] Taka.
S: 150 – Using of motor vehicle emitting
smokes
MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983
(1) Whoever drives or causes or allows or lets out a motor
vehicle for use in any public place, the smoke of which would
constitute a health hazard, shall be punishable with fine which
may extend to two hundred Taka.
(2) Any police officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector of
Police in uniform authorised in this behalf by the [ Authority or
any Inspector of Motor Vehicles or other persons authorised in
this behalf by the Authority] may seize and detain such vehicle
for such time as may be necessary to ascertain if the smokes
constitute a health hazard.
(3) No person shall be convicted of an offence punishable under
sub-section (1) solely on the evidence of a witness unless that
opinion is based on a test by the competent person.
Provisions for Smoke Controlling Apparatus
īĩ Section 6: A vehicle emitting
smoke or gas injurious to health
or environment shall not be
operated nor shall such vehicles
be switched on
īĩ Rule 4: For the purposes of S.6,
every motor vehicle using petrol,
diesel or gas as fuel shall be
fitted with catalytic converter or
oxidation catalyst or diesel
particulate filter, or with such
other instrument or device as
approved by the DG
Catalytic Converter
īĩ Pollutant gases are made of
harmful molecules, but those
molecules are made from
relatively harmless atoms.
īĩ So in order to split up the
molecules after they leave a
car's engine and before they get
pumped out into the air a
catalytic converter is used.
Penalty for violating these provisions
Section 15: Serial 3
Penalty for violating these provisions
When such penalty is imposed, the fact of such
imposition shall be recorded briefly in such document
or demonstrated on such conspicuous part of the
vehicle
The person importing or marketing, shall
obtain written approval from the DG by
demonstrating and proving its
effectiveness
Rule 7B: Restriction on importation and marketing
or environmentally harmful smoke controlling
apparatus
Pollution under Control Certificate
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules, 1998
Rule 7A: Procedure for issuance
Form 4: The Certificate
Pollution under
Control Certificate
īĩ Within two months after the
vehicle is fitted with the
apparatus specified in sub-rule
(1) of Rule 4 and registration
and fitness certificate is issued,
or as the case may be, the
owner of the vehicle shall
obtain the “Pollution under
Control Certificate” from the
Director General in accordance
with form-4
Some people believe catalytic converters make
climate change worse because they turn carbon
monoxide into carbon dioxide. In fact, the carbon
monoxide your car produces would eventually turn
into carbon dioxide in the atmosphere all by itself,
so a catalytic converter makes no difference on that
score: it simply reduces the carbon monoxide a car
pumps into the street as it drives along, improving
the local air quality.
Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html
Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html
īĩ Although these converters turn most nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and
oxygen, they also produce small amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the
process, a greenhouse gas that's over 300 times more potent than
carbon dioxide.
īĩ The trouble is that with so many vehicles on the road, even small
amounts of nitrous oxide add up to a major problem.
īĩ Back in 2000, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted:
"The introduction of catalytic converters as a pollution control
measure in the majority of industrialized countries is resulting in a
substantial increase in N2O emissions from gasoline vehicles.“
īĩ While catalytic converters have certainly helped us to tackle short-
term air pollution, there are concerns that, when it comes to long-term
climate change, they could be making matters worse.
Recent Measures?
āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨, ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž
( ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ ā§Ēā§­ āĻ¨āĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ )
īĩ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻ¨āĻšāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻļāĻ¯āĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻžāĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻ†āĻŦāĻļāĻ¯āĻ•
āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ°āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻ¸āĻ• āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•-āĻ¯āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻ• āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž ā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŋ
āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¨āĻļāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻžāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻ¤āĻĢ āĻ¨āĻ¨
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚ āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨ā§‚āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚
īĩ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋ-āĻŦāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨ āĻžāĻ¨āĻ• Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983
(Ordinance No. LV of 1983) āĻŋāĻ°āĻšāĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ° āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻž
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻ¤āĻĢ āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻĒā§‡ āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡ ā§‡ā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻžā§‡ā§€ āĻ¨ā§‚āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨
āĻ•āĻŋāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§€āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ;
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€, āĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻŖ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻĻ
āĻŽ āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŦāĻˇāĻŋ
īĩ ā§Ēā§ŦāĨ¤ (ā§§) āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŋāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ģ (ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ģ
āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ ā§§āĻ¨āĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨) āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ§ā§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§€āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āĻœāĻ¸āĻ¯ āĻŋāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ ā§‡ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻ¯āĻ§ā§āĻžā§‹āĻā§ŸāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž
āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤
(ā§¨) āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ ā§‡ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻ¯āĻ§ā§āĻžā§‹āĻā§ŸāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¯
āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ , āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻž āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻ¤āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻšāĻž āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
(ā§Š) āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ ā§‡ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨, āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻž
āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
(ā§Ē) āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻ¯, āĻā§ā§‹āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ°āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ āĻžāĻ°āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻ§ā§-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻˇāĻ§ā§ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒ āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻŦāĻž
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§œāĻ¨āĻ• āĻš āĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻžā§‡ā§€ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻ¯āĻžāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ - āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¯ āĻĒā§‚āĻŋāĻŖāĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡, ‘āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§œāĻ¨āĻ• āĻš āĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻžā§‡ā§€â€™ āĻ…āĻ°āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻĨāĻ¯
āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¨, āĻ­āĻĄ-āĻ­āĻ°āĻĄ, āĻ‡āĻ°āĻœ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•, āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻšā§āĻ‡ āĻžāĻŋ
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¯ āĻ•, āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ, āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ°āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻ§ā§-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻˇāĻ§ā§ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒ āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž
ā§‡āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€, āĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻŖ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻĻ āĻŽ āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨
āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŦāĻˇāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŋāĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻŋāĻžāĻ¨
āĻ˛āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ
īĩ ā§Žā§¯āĨ¤ (ā§§) ā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž (ā§¨) āĻ“ (ā§Š) āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāĻ¨
āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻœā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ•
ā§Š (āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§¨ā§Ģ (āĻĒā§‹āĻāĻ°āĻšāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻŋ ā§‡āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻ¯ā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ‰āĻ­ā§Ÿ
ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄ ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ…āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻžāĻˇāĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ
āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤
īĩ (ā§¨) ā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž (ā§Ē) āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž
āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻœā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§Š (āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋ
āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§¨ā§Ļ (āĻ°āĻŦāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻŋ ā§‡āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻ¯ā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ‰āĻ­ā§Ÿ ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄ ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ…āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻžāĻˇāĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ¨āĻƒ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ
īĩ ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ°āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯
ā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ , āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤
āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻš ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ
āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ—ā§āĻŖ ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ ā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‡āĻšāĻž āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻĒā§‚āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¯
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŋ ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
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Restrictions on Articles and Activities Injurious to Environment: Motor Vehicles

  • 1. Restrictions on articles and activities injurious to Environment Preeti Kana Sikder Assistant Professor Department of Law & Justice Jahangirnagar University
  • 2. Exclusive factors of the BECA īĩ Creation of a dedicated institution īĩ Enabling powers of the Director General īĩ Environmental Clearance Certificate īĩ Restrictions on articles and activities injurious to Environment īĩ Imposing penalties īĩ Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs)
  • 3.
  • 4. S: 139: Fitting and using of prohibited horns or other sound producing device MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983 Whoever uses or being the owner or person in charge of motor vehicle fits, causes or allows fitting of any horns or any sound producing devices prohibited by any competent authority having jurisdiction over the area or prohibited under the provision of this Ordinance or any [ rules or regulations] made thereunder or uses horn or any sound producing device where its use is prohibited shall be punishable with fine which may extend to [ one hundred] Taka.
  • 5. S: 150 – Using of motor vehicle emitting smokes MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983 (1) Whoever drives or causes or allows or lets out a motor vehicle for use in any public place, the smoke of which would constitute a health hazard, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred Taka. (2) Any police officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector of Police in uniform authorised in this behalf by the [ Authority or any Inspector of Motor Vehicles or other persons authorised in this behalf by the Authority] may seize and detain such vehicle for such time as may be necessary to ascertain if the smokes constitute a health hazard. (3) No person shall be convicted of an offence punishable under sub-section (1) solely on the evidence of a witness unless that opinion is based on a test by the competent person.
  • 6. Provisions for Smoke Controlling Apparatus īĩ Section 6: A vehicle emitting smoke or gas injurious to health or environment shall not be operated nor shall such vehicles be switched on īĩ Rule 4: For the purposes of S.6, every motor vehicle using petrol, diesel or gas as fuel shall be fitted with catalytic converter or oxidation catalyst or diesel particulate filter, or with such other instrument or device as approved by the DG
  • 7. Catalytic Converter īĩ Pollutant gases are made of harmful molecules, but those molecules are made from relatively harmless atoms. īĩ So in order to split up the molecules after they leave a car's engine and before they get pumped out into the air a catalytic converter is used.
  • 8. Penalty for violating these provisions Section 15: Serial 3
  • 9. Penalty for violating these provisions When such penalty is imposed, the fact of such imposition shall be recorded briefly in such document or demonstrated on such conspicuous part of the vehicle
  • 10. The person importing or marketing, shall obtain written approval from the DG by demonstrating and proving its effectiveness Rule 7B: Restriction on importation and marketing or environmentally harmful smoke controlling apparatus
  • 11. Pollution under Control Certificate Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules, 1998 Rule 7A: Procedure for issuance Form 4: The Certificate
  • 12. Pollution under Control Certificate īĩ Within two months after the vehicle is fitted with the apparatus specified in sub-rule (1) of Rule 4 and registration and fitness certificate is issued, or as the case may be, the owner of the vehicle shall obtain the “Pollution under Control Certificate” from the Director General in accordance with form-4
  • 13. Some people believe catalytic converters make climate change worse because they turn carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. In fact, the carbon monoxide your car produces would eventually turn into carbon dioxide in the atmosphere all by itself, so a catalytic converter makes no difference on that score: it simply reduces the carbon monoxide a car pumps into the street as it drives along, improving the local air quality. Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html
  • 14. Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html īĩ Although these converters turn most nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen, they also produce small amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the process, a greenhouse gas that's over 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. īĩ The trouble is that with so many vehicles on the road, even small amounts of nitrous oxide add up to a major problem. īĩ Back in 2000, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted: "The introduction of catalytic converters as a pollution control measure in the majority of industrialized countries is resulting in a substantial increase in N2O emissions from gasoline vehicles.“ īĩ While catalytic converters have certainly helped us to tackle short- term air pollution, there are concerns that, when it comes to long-term climate change, they could be making matters worse.
  • 16. āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨, ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž ( ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ ā§Ēā§­ āĻ¨āĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ ) īĩ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻ¨āĻšāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻļāĻ¯āĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻžāĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻ†āĻŦāĻļāĻ¯āĻ• āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ°āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻ¸āĻ• āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•-āĻ¯āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻ• āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž ā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¨āĻļāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻžāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻ¤āĻĢ āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚ āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨ā§‚āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ īĩ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋ-āĻŦāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨ āĻžāĻ¨āĻ• Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983 (Ordinance No. LV of 1983) āĻŋāĻ°āĻšāĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ° āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻ¤āĻĢ āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻĒā§‡ āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡ ā§‡ā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻžā§‡ā§€ āĻ¨ā§‚āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§€āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ;
  • 17. āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€, āĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻŖ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻĻ āĻŽ āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŦāĻˇāĻŋ īĩ ā§Ēā§ŦāĨ¤ (ā§§) āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŋāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ģ (ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ģ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ ā§§āĻ¨āĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨) āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ§ā§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§€āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āĻœāĻ¸āĻ¯ āĻŋāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ ā§‡ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻ¯āĻ§ā§āĻžā§‹āĻā§ŸāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤ (ā§¨) āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ ā§‡ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻ¯āĻ§ā§āĻžā§‹āĻā§ŸāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ , āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻž āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻ¤āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻšāĻž āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ (ā§Š) āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻļ ā§‡ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨, āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ (ā§Ē) āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻ¯, āĻā§ā§‹āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ°āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ āĻžāĻ°āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻ§ā§-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻˇāĻ§ā§ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒ āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§œāĻ¨āĻ• āĻš āĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻžā§‡ā§€ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻžāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ - āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¯ āĻĒā§‚āĻŋāĻŖāĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡, ‘āĻ¸ā§œāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§œāĻ¨āĻ• āĻš āĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻžā§‡ā§€â€™ āĻ…āĻ°āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻĨāĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¨, āĻ­āĻĄ-āĻ­āĻ°āĻĄ, āĻ‡āĻ°āĻœ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•, āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻšā§āĻ‡ āĻžāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¯ āĻ•, āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ, āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ°āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻ§ā§-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻˇāĻ§ā§ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒ āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤
  • 18. āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€, āĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻŖ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻĻ āĻŽ āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŦāĻˇāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŋāĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻŋāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ īĩ ā§Žā§¯āĨ¤ (ā§§) ā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž (ā§¨) āĻ“ (ā§Š) āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻœā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§Š (āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§¨ā§Ģ (āĻĒā§‹āĻāĻ°āĻšāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻŋ ā§‡āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻ¯ā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ‰āĻ­ā§Ÿ ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄ ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ…āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻžāĻˇāĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤ īĩ (ā§¨) ā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž (ā§Ē) āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻœā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§Š (āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§¨ā§Ļ (āĻ°āĻŦāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻŋ ā§‡āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻ¯ā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ‰āĻ­ā§Ÿ ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄ ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ…āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻžāĻˇāĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ¯ āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤
  • 19. āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ¨āĻƒ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ īĩ ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ°āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ ā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ , āĻ‰āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¨āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻš ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ—ā§āĻŖ ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ ā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ā§‡āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‡āĻšāĻž āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŽ āĻĒā§‚āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŋ ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤