2. INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF TOWERS
THE TOWER OF BABEL, BABYLON
PHAROS, THE LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA
TOWERS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROMES
ISLAMIC TOWERS
TOWERS OF HINDUISM
NINTEENTH AND TWEMTIETH CENTURY TOWERS
THE EIFFEL TOWER
3. THE FIRST CONCRETE TOWERS
CN TOWER
SKYSCRAPERS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
4. INTRODUCTION
Towers have bean built in all most all cultures from time
immemorial.
What motivates people to built them?
A Philosopher once spoke of a “Drive towards height”.
In those days, the drive towards height promoted architects
to build even higher and increase their technical ability,
In this way there came into the being towers to honor a
deity.
5. THE TOWER OF BABEL, BABYLON
“Temple of the foundation of heaven and earth") was the
name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the city of
Babylon. It was famously rebuilt by the 6th century BC
Description of the tower of Babel come from Herodotus, who
visited Babylon in 460-450 B.C.
A Philosopher once spoke of a “Drive towards height”.
The already decayed Great Ziggurat of Babylon was finally
destroyed by Alexander the Great in an attempt to rebuild it.
He managed to move the tiles of the tower to another
location, but his death stopped the reconstruction. Since
then only the base remains, but it is visible from Google
Earth.
6. The site of what was once Babylon in yhe two-river country
on the Euphrates, south of present day Baghdad, has been
verified, as shown on the plan.
According to the excavation findings of 1962-82 , there are
reed and asphalt layers as “armament” between the layer of
brick.
It is seven story tower had at the base sides of 91.6 meters,
first step ,33.6 meters was followed after a 6 meters recess
by the second step which was 18.3 meters.
The next four steps each had a height of 10 meters and top
story height 15.25 meters. And were made of fired brick and
perpendicularly arranged.
7. PHAROS, THE LIGHTHOUSE OF
ALEXANDRIA
Within a few centuries , Alexandria became the most
important city in the Mediterranean region. Today it remains
a major part.
Since Alexander the great died during the second invasion of
Babylon, in 323 B.C.
With total height of 120 to 140 meters for more than one
and a half millennia the lighthouse was the tallest stone
tower in the world.
The three – part arrangement of the height – an octagonal
tower on a square, raised base, with a round peak and
concluding sculpture.
8. The tower was
covered with white
marble and
arranged not only
vertically but also
with recesses and
protrusions.
9. TOWERS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROMES
There is no evidence of tower link structures on palaces or
several centuries later, on rulers houses and villas or in cities.
The column of Trajan in Rome (A.D. 113) nid famous. It is
42.4 meters high and has the classical form of war and
triumphal columns.
And included a spiral staircase leading to the platform
supporting the statue of the emperor.
The square base was decorated with a bas- relief and above
it stood the tall column is covered by a spiral shaped frieze
slightly over height 1 meters.
10. ISLAMIC TOWERS
Minaret in Samarra(A.D.
836-852) by quasrel giss.
The mosque of Samarra was
and is the largest on all
mosques 240 X 156 meters
216 supports courtyard 440
X 376 meters.
The brick tower standing on
a base of approximately 30
meters has survived time
well.
The spiral shaped access in
the form of a ramped recalls
of the tower of Babel.
11. The Selim mosque in Edirne, built by Sinam from 1569-1574.
When Sinam is 18 years old, he was of the opinion that this
was his most mature work.
The four minarets 70 meters high stand freely besides the
mosque and with their exciting thinness, lend the entire
building a unique elegance.
12. The minaret of the kaliyan
mosque in Buchara was built by
Quarahan- iden Arsian between
1102 and 1129.
The early Persian are said to have
been square.
Those from the 11 century were
artfully decorated brick towers
which tapped upward.
13. The Taj Mahal in Agra was built 1631-48 during reign of
shah Jahan for his wife Arjuman Banu Begam. She was later
called Mumtaz Mahal.
The mausoleum, radiant in its luminous white marble,
contrasts with the red sandstone of the lower base and the
flanking structures.
It has become one of the most famous building of all times.
The poet Nizami mentions that in the course of the day the
tomb appears blue, yellow and white.
The marble reflects the color of the sky, depending upon the
time of day.
14.
15. HINDUISM TOWERS
The temple of the seven pagodas, an eighth century Hindu
monument in Mahabalipuram.
This double temple is executed in stone, with the main
shrine facing east, surrounded by a wall, and situated
directly on the ocean.
Step resembling stories rise from a square ground plan,
taper upward and are capped by a dome with an umbrella
shaped peak
This shorp temple of the seven pagodas, a pyramidal five
story structures, is 18 meters height and is built on a base
measuring 15 meters at the sides.
16.
17. The temple of
Jagannatha from the
eleventh century.
The typical parabolic
basic form is thinner
and extend higher than
elsewhere.
The horizontal
arrangement in the
super structure are
minimized, but the bas-
reliefs are more
consistently executed
than on Nacna.
18. Brihadvisvarasvamin Temple,
Thanjavur, in twelfth centuries in
Madras is one of the most famous and
important cola temples.
It is for the worship of Shiva.
This 63 meters towers stands on a
temple with a main shrine of 14 x 14
meters that is set on a base.
There is an abundance of various works
of arts at the entrance on the base and
above,
And it is richly adorned with depictions
of iron and crocodile, friezes with
imaginary animals and gods with their
women.
19. NINTEENTH AND TWEMTIETH CENTURY
TOWERS
The campanile of san Marco in
venice was erected on the site
of a wooden bell towers in
1392, the pper story was
redesign in 1512.
Following its collepse in 1902, it
was immediately rebuilt in its
earlier form, with reinforced
foundation, to a total height of
99 meters and provided with a
peak made of reinforced
concrete.
20. The Templo Della Sagrada
Familla a monumental church
in Barcelona, was begun 1822
by Antoni Guidi.
This structure, termed neo-
Catalonian Gothic was
intended to have twelve
towers 100 to 150 meters and
main dome with 27 meters
adjacent domes.
Only four tower east portal
was completed.
Gaudi died in 1926 without
being able to complete the
church.
21. THE EIFFEL TOWER
The Eiffel Tower is named after its designer, Alexendre-
Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel was a French civil engineer,
specializing in metal structures.
Eiffel won by unanimous vote with his tower design with a
latticework design. But all Parisians did not love the Eiffel
Tower. During the construction of the Eiffel Tower, a
petition was distributed demanding that it be dismantled.
Locals thought that the tower was an eyesore.
The tower stands 324 meters (1,063 ft) tall, about the
same height as an 81-storey building. It was the tallest
man-made structure in the world from its completion
22. The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs
7,300 tones while the entire structure, including non-
metal components, is approximately 10,000 tones.
As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300
tones of the metal structure were melted down it would
fill the 125 meter square base to a depth of only 6 cm
(2.36 in), assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8
tones per cubic meter.
Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the
tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7.1 in)
because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side
facing the sun.
23. THE FIRST CONCRETE TOWERS
At the beginning of the
twentieth century Le Raincy
was a small parish church for
suburbs whose population
was rapidly growing. In 1918
the abbot of Le Raincy, Felix
Nègre, proposed in 1918 to
build a church to
commemorate the French
victory in the Battle of the
Marne in 1914.
24. CN TOWER
Canadian National Tower is truly a wonder of modern
design, engineering and construction. At a height of 553.33m
(1,815 ft, 5 inches), it is the World's Tallest Building and Free-
Standing Structure, an important telecommunications hub,
and the centre of tourism in Toronto.
They removed 56,234 metric tones (62,000 tons) of earth
and shale before pouring a thick concrete and steel
foundation 6.71 m (22 ft) deep on a base of hand-and-
machine-smoothed shale.
Supporting the World's Tallest Building is a tall order and by
the time it was finished the y-shaped foundation contained
7,046 cubic meters (9,200 cubic yards) of concrete, 453.5
metric tones (500 tons) of reinforcing steel and 36.28 metric
tones (40 tons) of thick, tensioning cables.
25.
26. SKYSCRAPERS
Skyscrapers are lean towers on a rectangular or round
groung plan, with a height which reaches many times the
length of the sides or the diameter.
The Singer building 200
meters height with
thirty four story in New
York in 1908.
27. The Woolworth Building
planned by Cass Gilbert an
Ecole des Beaux-Arts
architect, was completed by
him in 1913 in New York.
It was at that time the tallest
Building in the word.
The vertical tendency was
Undoubtedly inspired by the
Gothic style, likewise the
water fountains and
buttresses.
28. The Lake Point Tower was
built in 1968 in Chicago.
The 70 story glass and
rounded shape resembles
design almost fifty years ago.
With the height of 196
meters , this building one of
the tallest in the world for
residence purpose , occupies
a privileged site in Chicago.
29. The north tower of the
world trade center in lower
manhattan was completed
in 1973.
With the height of 419
meters and 110 stories.
Critics maintain that tower
are regressive and simple
boxes with an enormous
plaza, masses with a lethal
effect.
30. Burj Dubai prior to its
inauguration, is
a skyscraper in Dubai
Construction began on 21
September 2004, with the
exterior of the structure
completed on 1 October
2009. The building officially
opened on 4 January 2010,
World's tallest building.
At over 828 metres (2,716.5
feet) and more than 160
stories.
31. it has also broken two other
impressive records tallest
structure, previously held by
Toronto’s CN Tower.
The superstructure is
supported by a large
reinforced concrete mat,
which is in turn supported by
bored reinforced concrete
piles.
The 1.5 meter diameter x 43
meter long piles represent the
largest and longest piles
conventionally available in the
region.
32. CONCLUSION
The height of the tower and certainly their thinness
depended upon the level of knowledge, experience,
available material, manufacturing companies and economic
constraint.
33. REFERENCES
Towers and Bridges by Billing ton
Towers – A historical survey by Erwin and Frits
Google
Wikipedia
