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Climate change and Energy crisis in Delhi
- 1. GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN TRANSPORT SECTOR EFFECTIVE ON CUTTING DOWN THE AIR POLLUTION IN DELHI: WITH RECOMMENDATION Submitted By, Fedrico Vivese Prakruti Patel Radhika Nair Submitted to, Prof. Birgit Eitel
- 2. The Team Federico Vivese Radhika Nair Prakriti Patel
- 3. Research Question Are the government policies in transport sector able to cut down the air pollution in Delhi and National Capital Region? Research Methodology The concept is relatively technical and subject to policy changes. We have attempted to collect information from various grey literature sources such as journal articles, blogs, websites and magazines. Research Gap The paper is only focusing on the air pollution caused by a single sector- Transportation. There are various other reasons for the severe air pollution in the Delhi and its NCR. Therefore, this paper is not showing a complete picture of source of the emission and cannot fully assess the effectiveness of the policies under discussion.
- 4. Air Pollution in Delhi Renewable Energy in Delhi and NCR Anti-Pollution Policy Measures Recommendations Content
- 5. Air Pollution in Delhi
- 6. Air pollution in India: An Overview Source: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9e2a9f4d-2911-429f-b5e9-27e4889cb598/AirQualityandClimatePolicyIntegrationinIndia-Frameworkstodeliverco-benefits.pdf
- 7. Air pollution in Delhi: Trends Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1222702/most-polluted-cities-in-the-world/ ● Fourth most-polluted city and first most- polluted capital in the world ● Average annual PM2.5 concentration in the amount of 98.6 micrograms ● Significative decline of the primary air pollutants during COVID-19 ● Return to pre-quarantine PM2.5 concentration in 2021.
- 8. Sources contributing to Delhi’s PM2.5 levels Source: https://www.ceew.in/publications/delhi-winter-pollution-2021-case-study-on-air-quality-management ● Neighboring states’ crop burning (Haryana and Punjab) ● Industrial pollution ● Large-scale construction activities ● Vehicular emissions Key Factors
- 12. Vehicular Emissions Source: diwali-traffic-vehicular-pollution-3nov.pdfhttps://www.cseindia.org › diwali-traffic-vehicular...
- 13. Renewable Energy
- 14. Transport in Delhi ● Rising income & inadequate public transport will lead to further increase in vehicle ownership.. ● Ownership of vehicle increases to 15folds ● Public transports catering of commuting requirements ● Private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport
- 15. Carbon Emission by Transport Sector
- 16. Current & Past Scenarios in Delhi’s Transport sector
- 17. EMERGENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT SECTOR ● Bijli Swaraj ● Shutting down of Badarapur coal fire plant ● Converting 100% of public transport and logistics to clean energy sources
- 18. Electricity for Public Transport Sector
- 19. Challenges in Transport Sector Challenges for Bus Service: 1) Competition between different bus operators 2) No coordinating authority 3) Opposition to the brts Environmental Challenges: 1. Industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust frequently created smog-covered skies over Delhi. 2. Subsidies on Diesel vehicles causes high air pollution. Other Challenges: 1) Urban Sprawl & Mobility needs 2) Traffic Congestion 3) Inadequate infrastructure for Pedestrians & Cyclist
- 21. National Clean Air Program five-year action plan to reduce air pollution; introduced by the government in January 2019 create an India-wide network for air quality monitoring, and raise public awareness city-specific action plans for 102 Indian cities that have air quality standards that are above the national standards. aims to reduce PM2.5 levels by 20-30 percent by 2024 Winter Action Plan by Delhi Government
- 23. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage I- ‘Poor Air Quality’ Stage II - ‘Very Poor’ Air Quality Stage III - ‘Severe’ Air Quality Stage IV - ‘Severe+’ Air Quality • Strict vigilance and enforcement of norms to ensure pollution under control in vehicles. Vehicles with visible emissions will be impounded and / or levied maximum penalty. • Spreading public awareness regarding social media and mobile applications for reporting air pollution incidents and for quick redressal of these complaints. • Enhancement in parking fees to discourage private transport and augmentation of public transport facilities. • increase in frequency of bus and metro services • Governments in Delhi NCR may impose restriction on BS III petrol and BS IV diesel four-wheeler light motor vehicles. •Four-wheeler diesel light motor vehicles will not be allowed in NCT of Delhi and districts in NCR bordering Delhi, except BS VI vehicles and vehicles used for essential / emergency services. • There will also be restrictions on movement of trucks, medium and heavy-goods vehicles. •entry of trucks into Delhi (except those carrying essential commodities) to be banned • odd-even scheme implementation
- 24. Evaluation of GRAP cohesive action from key stakeholders city first needs systemic reforms Stop Gap and seasonal measure are unsatisfactory Not achieved its target of decreasing air pollution of Delhi-NCR. steps taken are piecemeal and largely delayed
- 25. Odd-Even Scheme Transportation rationing mechanism Implemented during emergency situations or when there is severe air pollution. The program operated between the hours of 8 am and 8 pm. First implemented in 2016 2018, the odd-even scheme was not put into practice, even though the air quality declined
- 26. Evaluation of Odd Even scheme • Effective implementation • PM and NO2 was reduced by around 40% 1-15 January 2016 •Amount of air pollution decreased for the first 9 days; then began to increase •22% rise in PM2.5 and a 23% increase in PM10. 15–30 April 2016 • average PM2.5 was 218 g/m3 13–17 November 2017 • average AQI was 362 • Delhi's air quality was 8% worse on odd-numbered days compared to the previous years. 4-15 November 2019
- 27. DELHI ELECTRIC VEHICLES POLICY Primary goal bringing down emissions from the transport sector accelerate the pace of EV adoption across vehicle segments. rapid adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) so that they contribute to 25% of all new vehicle registrations by 2024 Foundation of the Delhi EV Policy Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for EV adoption Removing obstacles to rapid charging infrastructure deployment Establishing a Battery Recycling Ecosystem Creating the State EV Fund In next 5 years 0.5 million new EVs register in Delhi Rs 60 billion oil and liquid natural gas imports Carbon Dioxide Emission 4.8 million tonnes 0.1 million
- 28. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME): April 2015 National Electric Mobility Mission introduced the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) 2019 FAME three-year subsidy program. It aims to support the electrification of shared and public transportation, including the approximately 7,000 electric and hybrid buses, the 500,000 lakh electric three-wheelers, the 55,000 electric four- wheeler passenger cars, and the 1 million electric two-wheelers. Additionally, it funds infrastructure for charging.
- 29. Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Policy Sales of Electric Vehicles increased by 40% The major chunk of EV vehicles now being purchased are two-wheelers Affordability 2500 Electric Car Charging stations are installed in Delhi 9.37 percent of all registered vehicles in Delhi in 2022 were electric vehicles. Reliability
- 30. Recommendations ● Union government should work with state government to tackle the issue of pollution. ● Strengthen the finance and equipment requirements of the pollution control agencies ● Moving from city-centric design to an airshed approach ● Inter-state coordination mechanism ● Stop gap and seasonal measure are unsatisfactory ● Limit the number of cars per family. ● Improve transport facility to ensure last mile connectivity. ● Making public transport viable for all economy class. ● Initiatives to normalise Electric Vehicles.
Editor's Notes
- We find that about 64 per cent of Delhi’s winter pollution load comes from outside Delhi’s boundaries (Figure ES2(a). Biomass burning of agricultural waste during the stubble burning phase and burning for heating and cooking needs during peak winter are estimated to be the major sources of air pollution from outside the city according to UE (Figure ES2(b). Locally, transport (12 per cent), dust (7 per cent), and domestic biomass burning (6 per cent) contribute the most to the PM2.5 pollution load of the city. While transport and dust are perennial sources of pollution in the city, the residential space heating component is a seasonal source. However, this seasonal contribution is so significant that as the use of biomass as a heat source in and around Delhi starts going up as winter progresses, the residential sector becomes the single-largest contributor by 15 December (Figure ES2(b)). This indicates the need to ramp up programmes to encourage households to shift to cleaner fuels for cooking and space heating.
- Delhi is a rapidly growing megacity. Population and vehicle usage continue to increase, and vehicles are the main source of severe air pollution. Most of the owned vehicles are small vehicles or motorbikes which has increased to 15folds with increase in population Public transport in the metropolis includes the Delhi Metro, the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) and DIMTS (Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System) bus system, auto-rickshaws, cyclerickshaws, e-rickshaws, Grameen Seva and taxis Private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport, while the rest of the demand is met largely by auto-rickshaws, taxis, rapid transit system and railways
- Domestic air travel was also an energy-intensive mode, with a 2 percent share of passenger traffic Rail is the most energy-efficient mode of both passenger and freight transportation.
- Delhi's motorised passenger travel needs have been met primarily by road and rail transportation, and to a small extent by air transportation Delhi residents primarily use two- and four-wheelers as private vehicles to meet their mobility needs. As income levels have risen, the vehicle population in Delhi has grown significantly, primarily due to the rapid increase in the number of two-wheelers Total motorised passenger transport in Delhi increased from about 1,700 billion passenger kilometers2 (pkm) in 2005 to 3,833 billion pkm in 2020. Demand for non-motorised modes is far below its potential due to the lack of infrastructure.
- Delhi is the most polluted city due to its reliance on coal-fired power and fossil based transportation a holistic package of measures known as Bijli Swaraj, the city is switching to renewable resources to provide better access to energy and cleaner air. To combat this, Bijli Swaraj is introducing 1,000 electric buses and subsidising rickshaw drivers who switch to electric models to reduce tailpipe emissions To ensure that the city's electricity supply does not contribute to poor air quality, the city also shut down its dirtiest coal-fired power plant, Badarapur, in 2018 Delhi has made significant progress in improving access to green energy over the past decade and not only Delhi, The whole India has made significant improvement in coverting their public transport to clean energy sources
- Delhi is now making effort to large scale adoption of Electric Vehicles to further control the vehicular pollution. Delhi govt has decided to allot 4261 e-autos permits within this year itself. 1,033,000 E Rickshaws had been registered upto October 2021 for improving first & last mile connectivity in Delhi The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 is a national mission document that provides the vision and roadmap for accelerating electric vehicle adoption and manufacturing in the country. Under the NEMMP 2020, the Ministry of Heavy Industries launched the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India programme (FAME India) in 2015 to promote the manufacturing of electric and hybrid vehicles and ensure their sustainable growth. Currently, there are 102 electric buses running under DTC
- ·The share of four-wheeled vehicles in motorised passenger travel will increase from 9 percent in 2020 to a staggering 45 percent in 2050, largely due to the desire to own a four-wheeled vehicle as incomes rise and the growth of on-demand mobility services (such as Ola and Uber). · ·This huge increase in the share of four-wheeled vehicles from 2 percent in 2020 to 11 percent in 2050 comes at the expense of lower shares of other modes such as two-wheelers and public transportation. · ·The increasing number of four-wheelers and the declining share of mass transit will have a significant impact on the future of India's transportation sector from the standpoint of energy consumption and emissions, driving up traffic congestion and infrastructure needs.
- ·Our assessment is that with targeted efforts in the right direction, starting in the first decade to 2030 and increasing the pace over the next 20 years, we can achieve a high share of electric vehicles in all vehicle categories. · ·Our outlook shows that about one-third of four-wheeled vehicles and half of two-wheeled vehicles could be electric by 2030, and that this share could increase to 75 percent and 90 percent, respectively, by 2050. · ·To increase the penetration of electric buses, targeted policy efforts are needed to increase the share of buses in public transport, which could solve the problem of high initial costs.
- DMRC feeder buses and Delhi government buses often compete for passengers on overlapping routes. They drive recklessly and sometimes skip stops, causing inconvenience to passengers The transportation system in the city is highly fragmented. The presence of a multitude of bus operators, including many contractors who only care about their own routes and profitability, has left lower income areas underserved. The 5.8 km BRTS faced opposition from the car lobby from the beginning, as they felt it took away road space. The corridor carried more people per hour than all vehicles combined, but the efficiency of this network was not considered before it was decided to cancel it With an area of 34,000 square kilometres, the NCR is the largest planning region in the country with a population of 46 million. Delhi has expanded significantly geographically. Frequent traffic congestion throughout Delhi, due to the increasing number of private vehicles, further reduces the attractiveness of buses, as the time required increases due to the lack of bus corridors. Unsafe and inadequate bicycle-friendly infrastructure has led to many short trips being made by private vehicle. To maintain the share of private motorised transport, it is important to invest in bike lanes and pedestrian paths
- In 1996, the Supreme Court ordered the Delhi government to submit an action plan to reduce air pollution in the city following the publication of Slow Murder, a study on Delhi's air pollution by the Delhi-based nonprofit Center for Science and Environment. The city experienced a number of episodes of high air pollution, which were accompanied by emissions from cars that were clearly filthy and soot-filled. first action plan to the court in December 1996 to address air pollution. In January 1998, the MOEF established the NCR's Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA). to continuously track important pollutants throughout the year, the government launched the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP), a network of monitoring stations across the nation. This was paired with the Air Quality Standards for ambient air quality to offer a standardized metric for evaluating air quality at the national level. EPCA presented the Supreme Court with a report on monitoring and priority measures proposed by the authority for air pollution control in June 1998. two years action point implementation in July 1998 ; the government's plan called for the conversion of vehicles to run on compressed natural gas (CNG), including the entire city bus fleet and new vehicles powered by clean fuels to replace taxis and auto rickshaws from before 1990.
- The second wave of activity could be characterized as a time of inactivity. The various governments—both central and state—took few significant actions between 2010 and 2015–16. During this time, pollution sources continued to expand at an unprecedented rate both within Delhi (vehicles and municipal solid waste) and in the NCR (construction and industry). In Delhi and other metropolitan cities with large populations, the government implemented the BSIV standards for fuel and vehicle technology in 2010. BS-VI norms are stricter and more restrictive in terms of BS-IV norms allowing for cleaner air and also less pollution in the process.The National Ambient Air Quality Standards for 12 pollutants were updated in 2009 by MOEFCC, which also revised the earlier standards (which had different requirements for residential and industrial areas). The National Air Quality Index (NAQI) was developed by MOEFCC in 2014 with assistance from experts, civil society organizations, and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It served as a tool to make data on air quality more transparent and accessible. It would reduce complicated data on air pollutant concentrations to a simple index that would indicate the level of air quality in terms of an adjective — Good/Satisfactory/Moderate/Poor/Very Poor/Severe — as well as an associated color and health warning for people.
- A dedicated taskforce envisaged in each NCR state to continuously monitor and take steps regularly to ensure smooth traffic management, including developing an “Intelligent Traffic Management System”
- ). The NCAP emphasizes the necessity of close cooperation and cross-sectoral coordination among central ministries, state governments, and local organizations. The plan is consistent with current laws and initiatives, such as the National Action Plan on Climate Change, initiatives for electric cars, and the Smart Cities Mission. The NCAP also offers targeted interventions for important industries that are known to increase air pollution in many cities. Re-suspended road dust control, dust from construction and demolition, emissions from the industrial and power sectors, emissions from the transportation sector, emissions from unsustainable waste management practices, and agricultural emissions are a few of these. The Delhi government has created a "Winter Action Plan'' to combat air pollution in the national capital. The plan concentrates on several important issues, such as stubble burning, pollution hotspots, how the smog tower functions, and vehicle and dust pollution. Delhi received Rs 18.74 crore under NCAP in October 2021. Since the program's inception in 2019, this is the first time Delhi has alloted funding from it; because the Delhi had other funding sources, including a green- cess on diesel vehicles over 2,000 cc that is deposited with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and a pollution tax on commercial vehicles entering Delhi
- According to a Centre for Science and Environment investigation, there is "barely any difference" in the trends of particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) between the cities covered by the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) and those outside of its purview. created and certified by the Indian Supreme Court, served as a model for creating city-specific plans PM2.5 level in Ghaziabad was still roughly 2.5 times the 24-hour limit Delhi's air quality receives the most attention from the media and research Ghaziabad and Noida, two cities from Uttar Pradesh (included in the NCR region), as non-attainment cities in the airshed of Delhi.
- Source: https://www.orfonline.org/research/air-pollution-delhi-filling-policy-gaps/#_edn63
- As seen during the November 2017 smog episode, the timely communication of AQI and weather patterns from CPCB and the met department, and prompt deliberation by EPCA and other regulatory authorities, have ensured that measures under GRAP were effective to reduce pollution levels. During the 2017 smog episode, all municipal corporations of Delhi, under orders from EPCA, tried to increase parking fee as a vehicle-restraint measure. But the move did not work because the city did not have a parking policy and ill-placed parking facilities. Suggestions are now being made that the air pollution problem should be tackled throughout the year because even in the summer and rainy seasons pollution is in the ‘moderate’ category. The imperative is for innovative thinking so that the solutions that are created are more holistic, long-term, and sustainable. Although it helped to cut down the contribution of stubble burning of rice crop on air pollution, the other sources such as construction sites, industrial pollution and vehicular emissions have remained at its levels. This is because at first the GRAP was not applied wholly in NCR area, and when that was done the pollution levels were already too high.
- limiting the number of on-road private four-wheelers each day. Based on the last digit of license plate numbers, the cars were divided into odd and even categories according to the scheme. Even-numbered license plates are allowed for even dates, while odd-numbered plates are allowed for odd dates. The program operated between the hours of 8 am and 8 pm. nil when the government of Delhi declared a number of emergency measures. It was put into effect for the first 15 days of January 2016. The same year faced another iteration of odd even scheme in April 15- 30. November 2017 plan was shelved after the NGT raised concerns about the exemption of female drivers and two-wheelers. started in Beijing in 2008. Several other countries, including Paris, Mexico and Bogota too have used the scheme to curb pollution.
- odd-even Scheme was effective in reducing air pollution in Delhi during its initial phase (1 to 15 January 2016). Comparing that period to earlier significant smog events in the winter, Delhi's pollution maxima were the lowest. As the program was in operation, the PM and nitrogen oxide load from automobiles decreased by as much as 40%. Contrary to expectations, there were some strange tendencies in the second phase (15–30 April 2016): the amount of air pollution decreased for the first nine days, but then began to increase starting on April 22. Comparing the last two weeks, there was a 22% rise in PM2.5 and a 23% increase in PM10. Delhi's air quality did not improve on odd-even days that year however in 2018, there were no odd-even days, therefore the average AQI for the same time was 335. Odd-even scheme implemented only in Delhi (not entire NCR) and that too with many exemptions — for example, not enforced on about 70 lakh two-wheelers that account for two-thirds of the transport pollution produced. It neither successfully served as a tool for emergency action nor had a significant long-term impact. Nevertheless, it sparked a debate about air pollution's causes across the entire city. Other parties, such as the media and civil society, have jumped into the mainstreaming of air pollution and have talked about its causes and remedies. The odd-even strategy is only a stopgap measure for a city like Delhi with such a severe air pollution issue. Even in that case, achieving the goals is hampered by citizen compliance. More long-lasting structures with a solid institutional framework are needed in place of these short-term fixes.
- On 7th August 2020, Council of Ministers, Govt. of NCT of Delhi launched Delhi EV Policy 2020 Primary goals To improve the air quality by_ --- especially from 2 wheeler & 4 wheele ---- bring about a material improvement in Delhi's environment by bringing down emissions from the transport sector. NEXT % YEARS In the next 5 years, Delhi government is targeting to put 5 lakh new EVs register in Delhi due to this policy. Over their lifetime, these EVs are estimated to avoid approximately Rs 6,000 in oil crore and liquid natural gas imports and 4.8 million tonnes of CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, which is equivalent to avoiding CO2 emissions from nearly 1 lakh petrol cars over their lifetime. Foundation: offers demand incentives for buying electric two-wheelers, automobiles, auto-rickshaws, e-rickshaws.. The incentives, which include upfront purchase incentives, scrapping bonuses, and exemptions of loan interest. The policy makes a commitment to establishing favorable conditions for the installation of infrastructure for public and private charging/ swapping. Financial incentives are allowed by the policy to encourage slow charging (or at-home charging) to promote the reuse and recycling of EV batteries that have reached the end of their useful lives. The adoption of the desired number of EVs could produce a huge amount of batteries that would either need to be recycled or used for secondary purposes, like energy storage for sizable solar rooftop projects. The policy directs funding from sources like the environment compensation charge (ECC), road tax, congestion tax, and other sources to an all-encompassing State EV Fund that is non-lapsable
- under the leadership of Hon’ble Minister of Transport. The leadership will be responsible for reviewing the performance of various measures under the policy and taking additional measures as necessary for effective implementation. FAME II is a second phase that consists of a three-year subsidy program. It aims to support the electrification of shared and public transportation, including the approximately 7000 electric & hybrid buses 5 lakh electric 3 wheeler 55000 ele. 4 wheeler 1 million ele. 2 wheeler Also it also provided funds for installing 427 chargin
- _ being economical and pocket-friendly Indian buyers are significantly deterred by affordability. In New Delhi, the average price of an electric automobile is around $20,000, whereas the average entry-level fossil fuel car is less than $5,000. The per capita income is only $4,800. _ As compared to 5.83 percent CNG automobiles . purchase electric vehicles to supplement their existing fleet of fossil fuel vehicles. battery-powered cars need to be seen as just as reliable as gas-powered ones. The majority of local drivers continue to be skeptical.
- _ massive investment in public transport is required so that urban residents reduce their reliance on personal vehicles. Government should also encourage walking and cycling by constructing proper paths for pedestrians and cyclists. NCAP to compliment city's efforts with the regional efforts. facilitated by setting up regional airshed management authorities that enjoy cross-state jurisdiction. GRAP restricted to peak pollution only.