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Chemistry grade 10
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Piseth Sok
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គីមីវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១០
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Chemistry grade 10
1.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 1 - rMlwk -FatuKImI CarUbFatuEdlminGacbMEbk)anCaGgÁFatugayBIr b¤eRcIntamviFIKImI. FatuKImIRtUv)an tageday nimitþsBaØaKImI .FatuKImImYymanma:sGatUmrbs;vamYy tagedayxñat x>G{xñatma:sGatUm} ]TahrN_³ Edk tagedaynimitþsBaØa {Fe{ manma:sGatUm 56 x>G. -mU:elKul ekIteLIgBIkarpSMénFatuKImIcab;BI BIreLIgeTA. mUelKulénGgÁFatumYyRtUv)antageday rUbmnþKImI . ]TahrN_³ C6H12O6 CarUbmnþénKøúykUs. KøúykUsekItBIkarpSMénFatu C = 6GatUm ; H = 12 GatUm nig O = 6 GatUm. -viFIKNnama:smU:elKul³ RtUvbUkbBa©ÚlKñanUvma:sGatUmFatunImYy² EdlbgáCam:UelKulenaH. ]TahrN_³ CaCO3 manma:sm:Ul = ma:sGatUm Ca + ma:sGatUm C + 3(ma:sGatUm O) = 40 + 12 + 3(16) = 52 + 48 =100g/mol b¤100x>G CaTUeTAma:sGatUm b¤ma:smU:lénFatuRtUv)anR)ab;kñúgRbFanlMhat;. 2kartak;EtgrUbmnþ b¤karbegáItrUbmnþKImI³ kalNaFatuBIrcUlpSMKña b¤karcUlpSMrvagFatu nigra:DIkal;. Fatu b¤ ra:DIkal;TaMgenaHRtUvbþÚr va:Lg;KñaedIm,I[va:Lg;srubénFatub¤ra:DIkal;nImYy²esµIKña. EtebIva:Lg;enaHesµIKñaehIyRtUvlubecal. ]TahrN_³ - Al manva:Lg; 3 nig O manva:Lg; 2 kalNaFatuTaMgBIrcUlpSMKña eyIg)an ³ - Zn manva:Lg; 2 nig O manva:Lg; 2 kalNaFatuTaMgBIrcUlpSMKña eyIg)an ³ - Mg manva:Lg 2 nigra:DIkal;GIuRduksIut OH manva:Lg;1 kalNaFatuTaMgBIrcUlpSMKña eyIg)an ³ - Na manva:Lg 1 nigra:DIkal;GIuRduksIut OH manva:Lg;1 kalNaFatuTaMgBIrcUlpSMKña eyIg)an ³ cMNaM³kalNaFatuKImIcUlpSMCamYyra:DIkal;Edlbgácab;BIGatUmBIreLIgeTARtUvdak;ra:DIkal;enaHkñúgrgVg;Rkck ehIydak;elxsnÞsSn_ebIvamantémøcab;BI2eLIgeTA(eKminsresreTcMeBaHelxsnÞsSn_EdlmantémøesµI1). &G'
2.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 2 - esckþIepþIm 1-GVIeTACaKImI? KImIKWCakarsikSaBIrUbFatu nigkarbMEbøgrbs;va EdlmanenACMuvijeyIg. FnFanFmµCatisMxan;² EdlTak;TgnigKImIman Er: fµ FüÚgfµ eRbgkat nig ]sµ½n. edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarrbs;mnusSCamYy nwgkMeNInRbCaCnelIBiPBelak GñkKImImankatBVkic©plitCI fñaMsmøab;stVl¥itcéRgedIm,IbegáInplitPaB ksikmµ. müa:geTotkarplit»sf nigsmÖareRbIR)as;k¾CatYnaTIrbs;GñkKImIEdr. 2-EpñkepSg²énKImI -KImIEr: sikSaGMBIRbtikmµKImI niglkçN³rbs;Fatu nigsmasFaturbs;va elIkElgEtsmas FatukabUnecj. ]TahrN_ eyIgsikSaBIlkçN³KImIrbs;elah³eFVI[eyIgdwgfa Zn manRbtikmµCamYy GasIutkørIRDic HCl cMENkÉ Cu KµanRbtikmµCamYy HCl eT. -KImIsrIragÁ sikSaBIsmasFatukabUn. ]TahrN_ tamry³karsikSaeyIgGacdwgfa]sµ½nemtan CH4 Ca]sµ½nEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CaFatueqHkñúgpÞH)ay. -KImIGnuvtþ sikSaBIKImI]sSahkmµ KImIksikmµ nigKImI»sf. ]TahrN_ CIGamU:jÚ:mnIRtatCaCI GasUtEdlmansar³sMxan;CageKEdlekItBIRbtikmµrvagGamU:ja:k; NH3 nigGasIutnIRTic HNO3. -KImIviPaK sikSaBIkarviPaKbrimaN edIm,IkMNt;rkRbePTénFatu b¤sarFatuKImI EdlmankñúgPaK sMNakEdleKsikSa nigviPaKKuNPaBedIm,IkMNt;rksmamaRténFatupSM. tamviFIkñúgKImIviPaKeKGacdwg fabrimaNvItamIn C b¤ GasIutGasárb‘íc EdlmanenAkñúgEpøRkUcføúg maneRcInCagvItamIn C kñúgEpøRkUc eBaF×sat;kñúgbrimaNdUcKñaénTwkdmTwkRkUcCa]TahrN_. -KImICIv³ sikSaBIFatubgáénPavrs; nigRbtikmµKImIEdlbegáIt)anCabNþÚrrUbFatuEdlCamUldæan RKwHénCIvit. karsMeyaKRbUetGIunkñúgsarBagÁkaymnusSCa]TahrN_. -KImIrUb sikSaBIlkçN³énkarbMEbøgrUbFatu nigTMnak;TMngvaeTAnwgTRmg;. cMehHénemtaNul (CH3OH) 1kg pþl;famBlkemþA 19937 kj Ca]TahrN_. 3-ehtuGVIRtUvsikSaKImI? rUbFatuKImIEdleyIgkMBugeRbIR)as;rYmman xül;EdleyIgdkdegðIm TwkEdleyIgpwk gUt daMsø nig rUbFatuepSg²eTot. plitplEdl)anBIFatuKImIman esovePA tu eRKÓgC½r rfynþ nigrbs;rbreRbI R)as;epSg²eTot. dUecñHkardwgBIKImI GacCYyeyIgkñúgkarbegáItrUbFatuTaMgLayedIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkar rbs;mnusSenAelIBiPBelak. 4-bMNinrbs;GñkKImI
3.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 3 - bMNinRtUvkarcaM)ac;man bMNinelIkarsegát nig bMNinelIkarkt;Rta. bMNinEdleKeRbIkñúgkar seRmccitþelIBt’man b¤Tinñn½yTTYl)anKW bMNinelIkarvaytémø nig bMNinelIkarviPaKBt’man (etIBit? b¤ minBit?). edIm,Iyl;[kan;Etc,as;BIbMNinEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelIeyIgRtUvsikSaBIviFIviTüasa®sþ. eKalkarN_énviFIviTüasa®sþ 1-cMeNaTbBaða (dUcemþc?ehtuGVI?) 2-karbegáItsmµtikmµ (RBagTukcemøIy) 3-kareFVIEtssmµtikmµ (kareFVIBiesaF) 4-karvas;Evg nig kt;RtalT§pl 5-karsniñdæan RbsinebIsmµtikmµepÞogpÞat;eTAeXIjfaRtwmRtUvtamRKb;kal³eTs³TaMgGs; EtGacmankrNI elIkElgtictYc ehAfaRTwsþI EtebIsmµtikmµminBit ¬minRtUv)anKaMRTedaykarBiesaFn_¦ eKRtUvbþÚr b¤e)aH bg;ecal edayriHrksmµtikmµfµI. ]TahrN_³ 1- ehtuGIV)anCaePøIgeToneqH? etIGuksIuEsn O2 CaFatuRTRTg;cMehHEdrb¤ eT? 2- GuksIuEsn O2 CaFatuRTRTg;cMehH. 3-BiesaFn¾ ³ eyIgmaneTonBIredIm eTonTI1dutTuk[RtUvxül; nigTI2dutrYcRKbEkvBIelI. 4-tamry³karsegát ³ eTonTI1 eqHrhUt ehIyeTonTI2 eqHmYyEPøtk¾rlt;. 5-snñidæan ³ eTonTI2rlt;eRBaHGs;GuksIuEsn O2 kñúgEkv. dUecñHeyIg)anRTwsþImYyKW {GuksIuEsnO2 CaFatuRTRTg;cMehH}. &G' eTonTI1
4.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 4 - CMBUk1 GatUm emeronTI1 RTwsþIGatUm -RbEhl400qñaMmunK>s elakedm:URKIt)anGHGagfaRKb;vtßúTaMgGs;bgáedayPaKl¥ittUc²bMput EdlminGacbMEbk)anehAfaGatUm. -GarIsþÚt (384-270)munK>s ³ vtßúTaMgGs;pSMeLIgedayFatu4 KW ePøIg Twk xül; dI Edllay bBa¢ÚlKñatambrimaNxus²Kña (Kat;minmanCMenOelIGatUmeT). bu:EnþKMnitrbs;GñkTaMgBIrmin)anKaMRTedaykarBiesaFn¾eT. 1-mUldæanRKwHénRTwsþIGatUm 1-c,ab;rkSama:s ³ kñúgRbtikmµKImI ma:sénGgÁFatuRbtikr esµInwgma:sénGgÁFatukekIt )ann½y faRKb;bMlas;bþÚrrUb b¤KImIBMumanERbRbYlma:sénrUbFatueT. ]TahrN_³ eKdut Zn kñúgGuksIuEsn O2 eKTTYl)ans½gásIGuksIut ZnO tamsmIkar 2Zn + O2 2ZnO tamc,ab;rkSama:s ZnOOZn mmm 2 b¤ ZnOOZn MMM 22 2 bB¢aak;³m ma:ssarFatunig M ma:smU:lénsarFatu ebIeKdut Zn = 6.5g CamYy O2 = 1.6g etIeKTTYl)an ZnO bu:nµanRkam? cM>8.1g 2-c,ab;smamaRtkMNt; ³ GgÁFatusuT§nImYy²manPaKpSM (FatuKImI) sßitkñúgsmamaRtCama:s kMNt;ehIyefrCanic©. tamTMnak;TMng³ B yM A xMM BABA yx %%100 Edl %A + %B = 100% ]TahrN_ ³ Twk H2O CaGgÁFatusuT§mYyEdlpSMeLIgedayFatuGIuRdUEsn H nig GuksIuEsn O mansmamaRtCama:skMNt;Canic©KW H = 11.11% nig O = 88.89% eTaHCaenAkEnøgNak¾eday. bMNkRsay ³ tamTMnak;TMng O M H MM OHOH %% 2 100 2 b¤ OH % 16 % 12 100 1621 eyIg)an %11.11 18 200 1621 12100 % H %89.88 18 1600 1621 16100 % O 3-c,ab;BhusmamaRt ³ enAeBlEdlFatuKImIBIrcUlpSMKña begáIt)anCasmasFatuBIr b¤eRcIn enaHpleFobma:srvagFatuTI2 EdlpSMnigma:smYydUcKñaénFatuTI1 CacMnYnKt;tUc. ]TahrN_ ³ kabUn nig GuksIuEsn cUlpSMKñaGacbegáIt)anCasmasFatuBIrKWkabUnmU:NUGuksIut CO nig kabUnDIGuksIut CO2. edIm,IbBa¢ak;faTinñn½yEdleK[ KaMRTc,ab;BhusmamaRt eKRtUveFVI[ FatuTI1 KWkabUn C manma:sesµIKña 1g.
5.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 5 - Fatu smasFatu kabUn GuksIuEsn kabUnmU:NUGuksIut CO g1 12 12 g33.1 12 16 kabUnDIGuksIut CO2 g1 12 12 g66.2 12 216 ma:sFatukñúgCO2/ma:sFatukñúgCO 1 1 1 g g 2 33.1 66.2 g g eyIg)ansmamaRt 1:2 dUcenHTinñn½yxagelIKaMRTc,ab;BhusmamaRt. 2-RTwsþIGatUmrbs;dal;tun 1-RKb;FatuTaMgGs;pSMedayPaKl¥ittUc²ehAfaGatUm. 2-GatUménFatuEtmYymanma:s TMhM niglkçN³dUcKña. GatUménFatuepSgKñamanma:s TMhM nig lkçN³xusKña. 3-GatUmminRtUv)anbMEbk begáItfµI b¤bMpøajecaleT. 4-GatUménFatuepSgKña cUlpSMKñatampleFobCacMnYnKt;edIm,IbegáItCasmasFatu. 5-kñúgeBlRbtikmµKImI GatUmGaccUlpSMKñapþac;ecjBIKña b¤teRmobCafµI. 3-RTwsþIGatUmTMenIb cMNucxageRkampÞúyBIRTwsþIrbs;dal;tun EtRTwsþIrbs;Kat;EdlenAEtmantémøKW RKb;rUbFatubgá edayGatUm nigGatUménFatuepSgKñaxusKña. -GatUmxøHGaccUlpSMCamYyKñaGacbegáIt)anCamU:elKuldUcCa O2 ; H2 ; N2 ; Cl2. -GatUménFatuEtmYyGacmanma:sxusKña (GIusUtUb). -eKGacbMEbkGatUm begáItGatUm b¤bMpøajGatUm)an &G'
6.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 6 - emeronTI2 TRmg;GatUm 1-GatUm GatUmnImYy²manragCaEsV‘EdlmanBIrEpñkxusKñaKW enAcMkNþalmanéNVyU: nig B½T§CMuvijCaBBk eGLicRtug. GatUmmankaMRbEhl 10-10 m b¤ 10-1 nm (1nm = 10-9 m) ehIykaMéNVy:UtUcCagkaMGatUm 105 dg. 2-PaKl¥itbgáGatUm manRbUtug NWRtug nig eGLicRtug. PaKl¥it nimitþsBaØa bnÞúkKitCaKULMú(c) ma:seFob ma:sBit RbUtug p b¤ p+ + 1.602 x10-19 1amu 1.673 x 10-27 kg NWRtug n b¤ no 0 1amu 1.675 x 10-27 kg eGLicRtug e- - 1.602 x10-19 amu 1840 1 9.109 x 10-31 kg cMNaM³ amu mkBIPasaGg;eKøs atomic mass unit. GatUmmYymanma:sticNas; dUcCaGatUmGIuRdUEsnmYymanma:s 1.673 x 10-24 g. dUecñHedIm,I[ manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarsEmþgnUvma:sGatUm GñkviTüasa®sþ)aneRCIserIsGatUmkabUnC CaGatUmsþg;da ehIyeK)ankMNt;fa ma:sGatUmkabUnesµI 12Ékta eRBaHkabUnman 6RbUtug nig6NWRtug. enaH 1Ékta = 1amu = ma:sGatUmkabUn /12 = g24 23 10666.1 12 102 3-TRmg;GatUm kñúgGatUmEckecjCaBIrEpñkFM²KW éNVy:U nig eGLicRtug -éNVy:U³ manbnÞúkGKÁisnIviC¢man EdlbgáedayRbUtug(bnÞúkviC¢man) nigNWRtug (bnÞúkNWt b¤ KµanbnÞúk). -eGLicRtug ³ pøas;TIya:gelOnCMuvijéNVy:UedayclnatsNþab; Fñab;begáIt)anCaBBkeGLicRtug. 4-GtþsBaØaNrbs;FatuKImI eKsmÁal;éNVy:UGatUmrbs;mYyedaycMnYnRbUtug nig cMnYnnuyekøGug. -cMnYnRbUtug b¤ cMnYnbnÞúk b¤ elxGatUm (Z) KWCacMnYnRbUtugEdlmanenAkñúgéNVyU:énGatUmrbs; FatumYy. -cMnYnnuyekøGug (A) b¤ cMnYnma:s b¤ ma:sGatUm CacMnYnsrubénRbUtug nig NWRtug EdlmanenA kñúgéNVy:UénGatUmmYy. eyIg)an A = Z + cMnYnNWRtugb¤cMnYnNWRtug= A – Z
7.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 7 - -eKtagéNVy:UGatUménFatu X mYyedaynimitþsBaØa XA z . -GatUmNWttamn½yGKÁisnI GaRs½yedaysacMnYnbnÞúkbUkrbs;RbUtug esµInwgcMnYnbnÞúkdkrbs; eGLicRtug. cMeBaHGatUmNWt³ cMnYneGLicRtug = cMnYnRbUtug =elxGatUm EtcMeBaHGatUmminNWt (GIuyu:g)³cMnYneGLicRtug=cMnYnRbUtug-bnÞúkGKÁisnI ]TahrN_³ 1-nimitþsBaØaéNVyU:énFatusUdüÚmkMNt;sresr Na23 11 . mann½yfa Na mancMnYnRbUtug = 11 nigmancMnYnnuyekøGugcMnYn 23 cMnYneGLicRtug =cMnYnRbUtug = 11 eRBaHvaCaGatUmNWt (KµanbnÞúk) cMnYnNWRtug = A – Z = 23 – 11 = 12 2-PaKl¥it 224 12 Mg man cMnYnRbUtug = 12 cMnYnnuyekøGug = 24 nigbnÞúkGKÁisnI = +2 cMnYneGLicRtug =cMnYnRbUtug – cMnYnbnÞúk = 12 – (+2) = 12 – 2 = 10 eGLicRtug cMnYnNWRtug = A – Z = 24 – 12 = 12 NWRtug 3-PaKl¥it Cl36 17 man cMnYnRbUtug = 17 cMnYnnuyekøGug = 36 nigbnÞúkGKÁisnI = -1 cMnYneGLicRtug =cMnYnRbUtug – cMnYnbnÞúk = 17 – (-1) = 17 + 1 = 18 eGLicRtug cMnYnNWRtug = A – Z = 36 – 17 = 19 NWRtug 5-GIusUtUb k-niymn½y ³ GIusUtUbCaRbePTGatUménFatuEtmYyEdlmancMnYnNWRtugxusKña (b¤cMnYnma:sxus Kña) nigcMnYnRbtugdUcKña. ]TahrN_ ³ Cl35 17 nig Cl37 17 CaGIusUtUbnigKña eRBaHvaCaRbePTGatUmdUcKña KWkør ehIymancMnYnRbUtugdUcKñaKW 17 nigmancMnYnma:sxusKñaKWFatuTI1mantémø 35 nigTI2mantémø 37. lkçN³dUcKña nig xusKñaénGIusUtUb lkçN³dUcKña lkçN³xusKña -cMnYnRbUtug -cMnYneGLicRtug -elxGatUm -lkçN³KImI -cMnYnNWRtug -cMnYnma:s b¤ ma:sGatUm -lkçN³rUb (kRmitrlay dg;sIuet)
8.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 8 - x-rebobKNnama:sGatUmmFüm rUbmnþ ma:sGatUmmFüménFatu 21 2211 nn nAnA X - A1 nigA2 CacMnYnma:s b¤ ma:sGatUménFatu X - n1 nign2 CaPaKrymankñúgFmµCatiénFatuX Edl n1 + n2 = 100% ma:sGatUménFatu X KitCa amu b¤ g.mol-1 b¤ x>G ]TahrN_³ kñúgFmµCatiFatukørmanGIusUtUbBIrKW Cl35 17 nig Cl37 17 . edaydwgfa Cl35 17 man 75.76% kñúg FmµCati. cUrkMNt;ma:sGatUmmFüménFatukør. cemøIy³ KNnama:sGatUmmFüménFatukør Cl (MCl) tamrUbmnþ 21 2211 nn nAnA MCl eday Cl35 17 man A1 = 35 nign1 = 75.76% Cl37 17 man A2 = 37 nig n2 = 100% - n1 = 100-75.76 = 24.24% enaH molgMCl /5.3548.35 100 24.243776.7535 6-RsTab;eGLicRtugénGatUm eGLicRtugEdlsßitenAkñúgRsTab;CamYyKña mancm¶ayCamFümeTAéNVyU:dUcKña ehIyRtUvkar famBledIm,Ipþac;eGLicRtugenaHk¾esµIKñaEdreBalKWmannIvU:famBldUcKña. eGLicRtugEdlenACitéNVyU:CageKmanesßrPaBCageGLicRtugEdlsßitenARsTab;eRkAbnÞab; eRBaHvamankmøaMgTMnajCamYyéNVyU:xøaMgCageGLicRtugenARsTab;eRkAbnÞab;. eGLicRtugTaMgLayrayCaRsTab;epSg²KñaenACMuvijéNVyU:. RsTab;eGLicRtugTI1 enACitéNV y:UCagRsTab;TI2 b¤TI3 >>> . RsTab;TaMgenaHmanRsTab; K L M N >>> . RsTab;eGLicRtugmYyGacpÞúkeGLicRtugGtibrma)ancMnYn 2n2 Edl n CaRsTab;eGLicRtug. RsTab;eGLicRtug(n) cMnYneGLicRtugGtibrma (2n2 ) K n = 1 L n = 2 M n = 3 N n = 4 2 )anmkBI2 x 12 8 )anmkBI2 x 22 18 )anmkBI2 x 32 32 )anmkBI2 x 42 cMeBaHFatu 20dMbUgr)ayeGLicRtugRtUveKarBtam K(2e - ) L(8 e - ) M(8 e - ) N(2 e - ). edIm,IsresrTRmg;eGLicRtUnic b¤ r)ayeGLicRtugénGatUmrbs;FatumYy eKRtUvsÁal;elx GatUm (Z) ehIykMNt;sresr (K)2 (L)8 (M)8 (N)2 b¤ K2 L8 M8 N2 . eGLicRtugGaceTAbMeBjRsTab; eRkAbnÞab;)anluHRtaEtRsTab;enAxagkñúg)anEq¥tsin. RsTab;eGLicRtugmankñúgGatUm KRsTab;TI1/ LTI2 / MTI3 / NTI4
9.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 9 - ]TahrN_³ cUrsresrr)ayeGLicRtugGatUménFatu Al (Z=13) ; Cl (Z=17) nig O (Z=8). cemøIy ³ Al (Z = 13) : (K)2 (L)8 (M)3 Cl (Z = 17) : (K)2 (L)8 (M)7 O (Z = 8) : (K)2 (L)6 ចំព ោះការសរពសររបាយពេឡិចត្រុងនៃធារុទំងេស់ពេអាចសរពសរតាមវិធីខាងពត្កាម តរអាចមាៃ ករណី ពលើកតលងចំព ោះធារុមួយចំៃួៃ។ ជំនួយននការចងចំនូវលំដាប់ននការបំពពញអប៊ីតា ល់អាតូម។ សរពសរស្សទាប់ន៊ីមួយៗ (តនមៃ n ) ពៅពលើបន្ទា ត់ពដកមួយ ពដាយចប់ពផតើមព៊ីពរកាម ( n = 1 )។ សរពសរស្សទាប់ទា ំងអស់ដូចគ្នា (តនមៃ L ដូចគ្នា ) កាុងជួរឈរតតមួយ។ កាលណាស្សទាប់មាន មាន (n + L) ដូចគ្នា ស្សទាប់រងតដលមាន n តូចជាង បំពពញទ៊ី១។ ពដើមប៊ីពររើរាស់ដារកាម ពយើងរតូវព្វើតាមរពួញបព្ឆ ៀង តាមលំដាប់ ពដាយសរពសរព៊ីពរកាមពៅពលើ។
10.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 10 - 7-mU:l mole 1-mU:l CacMnYnsmµt;dUcCaLÚ b¤pøÚnEdr. CaTUeTA PaKl¥it1m:Ul =cMnYnGav:UkaRdÚénPaKl¥it. cMnYnGavU:kaRdÚ N = 6.02 x 1023 .1 mole = NA objects (Avogadro's number) ]TahrN_³ -su‘t1LÚman12su‘t -FatuEdk Fe = 1mole manGatUmEdkcMnYn 6.02 x 1023 GatUm -mU:elKulTwk H2O = 1mole manm:UelKulTwkcMnYn 6.02 x 1023 m:UelKul -eGLicRtug1m:Ul man 6.02 x 1023 eGLicRtug 2-ma:smU:l (M) KWCama:skñúgmYym:UlénGatUm b¤ m:UelKulKitCa g/mol b¤ g.mol-1 . -ma:sm:UlénGatUm ³ rUbmnþ ma:sm:UlénGatUmFatuA = ma:sénGatUmAmYyx cMnYnGav:UkaRdU b¤ MA = mA . NA ]TahrN_³ GatUmGIuRdUEsn (H) mYymanma:s 0.167.10-23 g. KNnama:sm:UlénGatUmA. cM> tamrUbmnþ ma:sm:UlénGatUmFatuH = ma:sénGatUmHmYy x cMnYnGav:UkaRdU = 0.167.10-23 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.005g.mol-1 -ma:smU:lénm:UelKul ³ m:UelKul yx BA manma:smU:l BABA yMxMM yx ]TahrN_³ KNnama:smU:lénm:UelKulGam:Uja:k; NH3. M(NH3) = M(N) + 3M(H) = 14 + 3 x 1 = 17g.mol-1 -TMnak;TMngrvagma:smU:l nig brimaNrUbFatu ³ rUbmnþ m = n . M eday n :brimaNrUbFatu b¤ cMnYnm:Ul KitCa (mol) ; m :ma:sénrUbFatu KitCa (g) ; M :ma:smU:l KitCa (g.mol-1 ). CaTUeTAkñúgkarGnuvtþeKEtgEtR)ab;ma:smU:lMénFatu. ]TahrN_ ³ KNnabrimaNrUbFatuénkal;süÚmGIuRduksIutEdlmanma:s 0.74g. eK[ma:sGatUménFatu KitCa g.mol-1 KW Ca = 40 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 cM> KNna 2)(OHCan tamrUbmnþ 2 2 2 )( )( )( OHCa OHCa OHCa M m n eday gm OHCa 74.02)( nig 1 )( .743440)116(2402 molgM OHCa enaH mol molg g n OHCa 01. .74 74.0 1)( 2 0 -cMnYnGatUm b¤cMnYnm:UelKul = cMnYnm:Ul x cMnYnGav:UkaRdU b¤ cMnYnGatUm b¤cMnYnm:UelKul = n . NA &G'
11.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 11 - CMBUk2 taragxYbénFatuKImI emeronTI1 lkçN³éntaragxYb 1-GMbUrénFatuKImI taragxYbénFatuKImICataragcMENkfñak;énFatueKeRbIvaedIm,ITayTuklkçN³énFatuKImI. bc©úb,nñ enHeKrkeXIjFatuKImIcMnYn 110Fatu. lkçN³EdlGacfaFatuKImImanlkçN³RsedogKñamandUcCa ³
12.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 12 - lkçN³rUb ( PinPaKxageRkA PaBrUb dg;sIuet BN’ køin cMNucrMBuH cMNucrlay>>>) niglkçN³KImI (RbtikmµKImI). kñúgtaragxYbeKEckGMbUrFatuKImI b¤ RkumCa RkumIA:elah³Gal;kaLaMg (Alkali metals) RkumIIA:elah³Gal;kalINUETrWu (Alkaline earth metals) RkumB:elah³qøg (Transition element) RkumIIIA:Rkumbr (Boron family) RkumIVA:RkumkabUn (Carbon family) RkumVA: RkumGasUt (Nitrogen family) RkumVIA:RkumGuksIuEsn (Oxygen family) RkumVIIA:RkumGaLÚEsn(Halogens) RkumVIIIA :]sµ½nkRm (Noble gases) nigenAEpñkxageRkaméntaragxYbmanFatuBIrCYr man GMbUrLg;tanIt (Lanthanides) EdlmanlkçN³RsedogLg;tan nigGMbUrGak;TInIt (Actinides) EdlmanlkçN³RsedogGak;TIjÚ:m. ]TahrN_³ lIcUmmannimitþisBaØa Li sßitenAkñúgRkumTI1 b¤ IA b¤ 1A. taragxYbénFatuKImI 2-Rkum nig xYb kñúgtaragxYbénFatuKImI eKteRmobFatuKImItamlMdab;ekInéncMnYnRbUtug (elxGatUmZ). kñúgta ragxYbEckecjCaRkum nig xYb. -Rkum b¤ CYrQr ³ FatuEdlenAkñúgRkumEtmYymanlkçN³KImIRsedogKñanig mancMnYneGLicRtug RsTab;eRkAbg¥s;dUcKña. -xYb b¤ CYredk ³ FatuEdlenAkñúgxYbEtmYymancMnYnRsTab;eGLicRtugdUcKña. 3-TItaMgelah³ nig Gelah³kñúgtaragxYb FatuKImITaMgGs;EckecjCaBIrRkumKW Rkumelah³ nig RkumGelah³. FatuEdlx½NÐEckdac;BIKña edaybnÞat;kac;BN’exµAditfñak;²dUckaMCeNþIr EpñkxagsþaMCaGelah³ nig EpñkxageqVgCaelah³.
13.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 13 - jFatuGMpUET CaFatuEdlmanlkçN³eTV EdlCaelah³pg nigGelah³pg. ]TahrN_³ Ge ; Si ; .... elah³ Gelah³ -CaGgÁFaturwgenAsItuNðPaBFmµta elIkElg)artHg -cMnucrlay nigcMnucrMBuHx<s;elIkElgFatuRkum IA -cmøgkemþAnigcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ -manepøkelah³ GacEpCasnøwk b¤hUtCalYs)an nig mankmøaMgxøaMgTb;nwgtMNwg -pþl;]sµ½nGIuRdUEsneBlmanRbtikmµCamYyGasIutrav -CasmasFatuGIuyu:gPaKeRcIn -CaFmµtaGuksIutrbs;vaCa)asb¤GMpUET(GasIutb¤)as ) -GIuyu:gmanbnÞúkviC¢man (kacug) -Ca]sµ½n elIkElgRbUm Br(l) s<an;F½r S(s) GIuyU:t I(s) sIulIsüÚmSi(s) kabUnC(s) brB(s) -cMNucrlay nigcMNucrMBuHTab elIkElg B ; C nigSi -cmøgkemþA nig crnþGKÁisnIexSay elIkElgkabUn b¤ RkaPIt -RsGab;Tn; nigminGachUtCalYsb¤EpCasnøwk)an -minbegáIt]sµ½nGIuRdUEsneBlmanRbtikmµCamYyGasIut -CasmasFatukUva:Lg;PaKeRcIn -CaFmµtaGuksIutrbs;vaCaGasIutb¤NWt -GIuyu:gmanbnÞúkGviC¢man (Gajú:g) -GIuyu:gKWCaFatu b¤smasFatuEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI. GIuyu:gmanBIRbePTKW GIuyu:gviC¢man b¤kacug nig GIuyu:gGviC¢man b¤Gajú:g. ]TahrN_ ³ GIuyu:gsUdüÚm Na+ CaGIuyu:gviC¢man nigGIuyu:gkørY Cl- CaGIuyu:g GviC¢man. -elah³manTMenae)aHbg;eGLicRtugEdlsßtienARsTab;eRkAbg¥s;rbs;vaedIm,IkøayCakacug b¤ GIuyu:gviC¢maneBalKWeFVIya:gNa[eGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs;vaman8eGLicRtug. ]TahrN_ ³ Na Na+ + e - Na+ GIuyu:gsUdüÚm Zn Zn2+ + 2 e - Zn2+ GIuyu:gs½gásI Al Al3+ + 3 e - Al3+ kacugGaluymIjÚ:m -Gelah³manTMenacab;ykeGLicRtugedIm,IkøayCaGIuyu:gGviC¢man b¤ Gajú:g eBalKWeFVIya:gNa [eGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;rbs;vaman8eGLicRtug. ]TahrN_ ³ Cl Cl- + é Cl- GIuyu:gkørY O O2- + 2é O2- Gajú:gGuksIuEsn -elah³enAxageqVgbMputéntaragxYb (elah³RkumI nigRkumII) Caelah³skmµ ehIylkçN³ skmµrbs;vaekInBIelIcuHeRkam. -FatuEdlenACitbnÞat;exµAragdUckaMCeNþIrmanlkçN³ Caelah³ nigGelah³ [eQµaHfaFatuGMpU ET (metalloids).
14.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 14 - -Gelah³sßitenAxagsþaMbnÞat;exµAditdUckaMCeNþIr eRcInCa]sµ½n elIkElgRbUm Br(l) pUsV½r P(s) s<an;F½r S(s) kabUn C(s) b‘r B(s) esjÚ:m Se(s) mancMNucrlayTab. -]sµ½nkRmsßitenAxagsþaMbg¥s;éntaragxYb. -elah³qøgTaMg30sßitenAEpñkkNþaléntaragxYb minmanlkçN³skmµxøaMgeT ehIysmas Faturbs;vamanBN’smÀal;. &G' emeronTI2 sikSaFatutamRkum kñúgtaragxYbénFatuKImIman8Rkum nigRkumelah³qøg. eyIgnwgelIkykmksikSaEt4RkumeTKW RkumIA RkumVIIA RkumVIIIA nigRkumelah³qøg. 1-RkumI ³ elah³Gal;kaLaMg man6FatuKWlIcUm (Li) sUdüÚm (Na) b:UtasüÚm (K) ruyb‘ÍdüÚm (Rb) essüÚm (Cs) nig Rbg;süÚm (Fr).
15.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 15 - 1-lkçN³rUb -Caelah³skmµxøaMg -cmøgkemþA nig crnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ -Tn;Cagelah³d¾éTeTot ehIyGackat; b¤ citedaykaMbit)an -RsalCagelah³d¾éTeTot (mandg;sIuet nigcMNutrlayTab) 2-lkçN³KImI elah³Gal;kaLaMgCaelah³skmµ (gaykñúgkare)aHbg;eGLicRtug) ehIylkçN³ skmµenHekIneLIgBIelIcuHeRkam eRBaHkaMGatUmkan;EtFM RsTab;eGLicRtugkan;EtekIn enaHTMnajBI éNVy:UeTAeGLicRtugkan;EtexSay eFVI[vagaypþac;eGLicRtugva:Lg; (eGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;) kan; EtgayRsYledIm,IkøayCaGIuyu:gGviC¢man. lkçN³skmµ ³ Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs < Fr ]TahrN_³ K K+ + é k-RbtikmµCamYyTwk elah³Gal;kaLaMg + H2O )asGal;kalI + H2 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 LiOH lIcUmGIuRduksIutCa)asGal;kalI = )asskmµ x-RbtikmµCamYyGelah³ -CamYykør (Cl2) : elah³Gal;kaLaMg + Cl2 GMbilkørY ]TahrN_³ 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl sUdüÚmkørY -CamYyGuksIuEsn (O2) : elah³Gal;kaLaMg + O2 GuksIutelah³ ]TahrN_³ 2K + O2 K2O b:UtasüÚmGIuRduksIut 3-beRmIbRmas; 2-RkumVII ³ GaLÚEsn RkumGaLÚEsnman4FatuKW PøúyGr (F) kør (Cl) RbUm (Br) GIuyU:t (I) BYkvaCaGelah³skmµxøaMg (gaycab;ykeGLicRtug). lkçN³skmµénGelah³TaMgenHfycuHBIelIcuHeRkam bNþalmkBIkaM GatUmkan;EtFMeFVI[RsTab;eGLicRtugkan;EtekIn enaHkarTajykeGLicRtugedIm,IkøayCaGIuyu:gGviC¢ man mankarBi)ak. BYkvasßitkñúgTRmg;CaDIGatUmKW F2 ; Cl2 ; Br2 ; I2. lkçN³skmµ³F2<Cl2<Br2<I2 1-lkçN³rUb (mU:elKulGaLÚEsnTaMgGs;Bul) eQµaH m:UelKul BN’ cMNucrlay o c cMNucrMBuH o c PaBrUb PøúyGr F2 elOgRBElt -220 -188 ]sµ½n kør Cl2 RtYyeck -101 -35 ]sµ½n
16.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 16 - RbUm Br2 Rkhmetñat -7 59 rav GIuyU:t I2 sVay 114 184 rwg 2-lkçN³KImI k-RbtikmµCamYyelah³ elah³ + GaLÚEsn GMbil ]TahrN_³2Na + Cl2 2NaCl x-RbtikmµCMnYs GaLÚEsnEdlskmµxøaMgGacCMnYsGaLÚEsnEdlminsUvskmµBIsUluysüúgGMbilrbs;va)an. ]TahrN_³2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2 (1) KCl + I2 KµanRbtikmµeRBaH Cl2 exSayCag I2 (2) Rbtikmµ (1) CaRbtikmµerduk b¤ CaRbtikmµGuksIudUerdukmµ eRBaHkørcab;ykeGLicRtug (Cl2CaGuksIutkr) ehIyGIuyU:te)aHbg;eGLicRtug (I2Caerdukr). RbtikmµGuksIudUerdukmµ CaRbtikmµTaMgLayNaEdlmanbenÞreGLicRtugrvagGuksIutkr nigerduk. GuksIutkrmanTMenarcab;ykeGLicRtugnigerdukrmanTMenare)aHbg;eGLicRtug. 3-RkumVIII ³ ]sµ½nkRm FatuTaMgGs;enAkñúgRkumenHsuT§EtCa]sµ½nGskmµ b¤Fatunicl (esßrPaB). vaCa]sµ½nmU:NUGatUm (GatUm1). ]sµ½nTaMgenHminmanTMenarcUlpSMCamYyFatuepSgeTotedIm,IbegáItCasmasFatuGIuyu:g b¤ smasFatukUva:Lg;eT eRBaHRsab;eGLicRtugeRkAbg¥s;énFatuman8eGLicRtug elIkElgEteGlüÚm man2eGLicRtug (Eq¥t). taraglkçN³rUb nig beRmIbRmas;]sµ½nkRm eQµaH nimitþsBaØa cMNucrlayo c cMNucrMBuHo c beRmIbRmas; eGlüÚm He -270 -269 yanGavkas )aLúgGakas enGug Ne -249 -246 GMBUlePøIgpSayBaniC¢kmµ Gakug Ar -189 -186 ]sµ½nniclkñúgGMBUlePøIgmUl RKIbtug Kr -157 -153 ]sµ½nsRmab;bMeBjbrikçeGLicRtUnic nigLaEs‘r esNug Xe -112 -109 ]bkrN_beBa¢jBnøWrbs;kaMePøIg ra:dug Rn -71 -62 ]sµ½nviTüúskmµFmµCati 4-Rkumelh³qøg ³manFatu30 ehIysßitenAEpñkkNþaléntaragxYb. 1-lkçN³rUb -mandg;sIuetFMCag1 -rwg sVit maM nigPøW
17.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 17 - -cMNucrlayx<s;(elIkElgEt)art Hg varlayenAsItuNðPaB39o c) -GacEp nig hUtCalYs)an -cmøgkemþA nig crnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ (Ag ; Cu ;...). 2-lkçN³KImI -manlkçN³skmµexSayCagelah³Gal;kaLaMg mann½yfavaminrgkMNUtenAkñúgxül; nigkñúg Twk (elIkElgEdkFe) müa:geTotelah³qøgmaneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAeRcIn(Bi)akpþac;eGLicRtug). -TTYl)anGMbileBlGuksIut b¤GIuRduksIutrbs;vamanRbtikmµCamYyGasIut. ]TahrN_³ ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2O -GIuyu:gelah³PaKeRcInmanva:Lg;ERbRbYl dUcCaEdkFe eBlkøayCaGIuyu:gGacCaFe2+ nig Fe3+ -GacbegáItGIuyu:gkMpøicEdlmanbnÞúkGviC¢man. ]TahrN_³ 2 4CrO GIuyu:gRkUma:t 4MnO GIuyu:gEBmg;kaNat -manBN’smÀal;smasFaturbs;vadUcCa 2 72OCr GIuyu:gDIRkUma:tmanBN’elOgTwkRkUc -manlkçN³CakatalIkr ³ Fatu b¤ sarFatuTaMgLayNaEdlCYyBenøÓnnUvel,ÓnRbtikmµKImI ehIyvamin)at;bg;eTeRkayRbtikmµcb;. ]TahrN_³ CakatalIkrEdlCYyCMrujkñúgRbtikmµsMeyaKGamU:jak;b¤lMnaMeheb‘Ír. N2 + 3H2 Fe 2NH3 3-beRmIbRmas; -PaBrwg nigsVitrbs;va eFVI[eyIgykeTAsagsg;GKar nigsMNg;epSg²)an. EdkCa FatuEdleRbIeRcInCageKenAkñúgsMNg; ¬vasm,ÚrenAkñúgRsTab;EpndI nigmantémøsmrmü¦. CaFmµtaeK eRbIvaCaEdkEfb b¤sMelah³Edk ¬EdklayCamYysarFatud¾éTeTotedIm,IbegáInKuNPaBrbs;va¦. -eKeRbIvasRmab;vtßúTaMgLayNaEdleFVI[kemþA nigcrnþGKÁisnIqøgkat;)anya:ggay. eKeRbIEdkEfbenAkñúgma:sIunra:düaT½r. eKeRbITg;EdgkñúgExSkabGKÁisnI. -eKeRbIelah³qøgCaeRcIn nigsmasFaturbs;vaCakatalIkredIm,IbegáInel,ÓnRbtikmµ edayKµankarERbRbYllkçN³KImIrbs;vaeT. EdkCakatalIkrenAkñúglMnaMehb‘Å edIm,IplitGam:Uja:k;BI GasUt nigGIuRdUEsn. nIEkl CakatalIkrsRmab;RbtikmµGIuRdUEsnkmµrbs;eRbgbEnø edIm,IbegáIt)anCa ma:karIn (xøaj;BN’elOgEdlmanpÞúkeRbgrukçCati b¤xøaj;stV layCamYyTwk rsCati nigsarFatupSMepSg eToteRbIsRmab; lab nig cMGin). 5-PaBRsedogKñaenrUbmnþKImI
18.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 18 - FatuEdlenAkñúgRkumEtmYymanlkçN³KImIdUcKña (va:Lg; b¤TMenarcgsm<½n§). ]TahrN_³ kñúgRkumelah³Gal;kaLaMg 4Li + O2 2Li2O 4Na + O2 2Na2O Li nig Na sßitenAkñúgRkumdUcKñaenaHRbtikmµrvagBYkvaCamYyGuksIuEsn TTYl)anGuksIutelah³dUcKña. &G' CMBUk3 sm<½n§KImI nig TRmg;GgÁFaturwg emeronTI1 sm<½n§KImI 1-karcgsm<½n§KImI karcgsm<½n§CarebobmYyEdlGatUmTaMgLaycUlpþúMCamYyKña. Tak;Tgnwgkarcgsm<½n§ eyIgKYrcgcaMcMnNucdUcxageRkam ³ -manEteGLicRtugenARsTab;eRkAbu:eNÑH (eGLicRtugva:Lg;) EdlcUlrYmkñúgkarcgsm<½n§. -RKb;GatUmTaMgGs;manTMenareTArkTRmg;eGLicRtugdUc]sµ½nkRm (]sµ½nnicl) Edlmanesßr PaBbMput. -cMnYneGLicRtugEq¥tenARsTab;TI1 KW2 RsTab;TI2 KW8 RsTab;TI3 KW18. buu:EnþmanFatuCa eRcInEdleGLicRtugcab;epþImbMeBjRsTab;TI4 enAeBlEdlRsTab;TI3manEt8eGLicRtug. -GatUmTaMgLaymanTMenareFVI[RsTab;va:Lg;TeT b¤RsTab;va:Lg;eBjedayeGLicRtug (8eG LicRtug). eyIgnwgsikSaBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;sm<½n§GIuyu:gsm<½n§GIuRdUEsnnigsm<½n§elah³ (emeronTI2). c,ab;Gdæta RKb;GatUmTaMgGs;vivtþtamn½yKImIedIm,I[RsTab;eRkAbg¥rbs;vaEq¥tKWmYyGdætaeGLicRtug (elIkElgGIuRdUEsn H EdlRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;man2eGLicRtugdUceGlüÚm He). 2-m:UelKul nigsm<½n§kUva:Lg; sm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyekIteLIgBIkardak;rYmKñanUveGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s; (eGLicRtugva:Lg;) énGatUmBIr. A + B A B b¤ AB KMnUstagLWvIs KMnUstagLWvIsénGatUmmYybgðajBIeTVtaeGlLicRtug nigeGLicRtugesrIénGatUmenaH. “” eGLicRtug “” eTVtaeGLicRtug (1eTVtaeGLicRtugesµInwg 2eGLicRtug) eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§ (sm<½n§kUva:Lg;)
19.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 19 - edIm,IsresrKMnUstagLWvIsénGatUmmYyeKRtUvdwgcMnYneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs;GatUmenaH (edIm,IdwgcMnYn eGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAénGatUm eKRtUvsresrTRmg;eGLicRtUnicrbs;va tamry³elx GatUmZ ). cMNaM³ c,ab;GdætaeK)anminGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHFatuTaMgGs;enaHeT. tamc,ab;GdætaeyIg)an³ -GatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;BI 1 dl; 4 maneGLicRtugesrIBI1dl;4 KµaneTVtaeGLicRtugesrIeT. Ex: C (Z = 6) manTRmg;eGLicRtUnic K2 L4 manKMnUstagLWvIs -GatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;cMnYn5 maneGLicRtugesrI3 nigmaneTVtaeGLic RtugesrI1. Ex: N (Z = 7) manTRmg;eGLic K2 L5 manKMnUstagLWvIs -GatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;cMnYn6 maneGLicRtugesrI2 nigmaneTVtaeGLic RtugesrI2. Ex: O (Z = 8) manTRmg;eGLicK2 L6 manKMnUstagLWvIs -GatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;cMnYn7 maneGLicRtugesrI1 nigmaneTVtaeGLic RtugesrI3. Ex: F (Z = 9) manTRmg;eGLicK2 L7 manKMnUstagLWvIs -GatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s;cMnYn8 KµaneGLicRtugesrI nigmaneTVtaeGLic RtugesrI4. Ex: Ne (Z = 10) manTRmg;eGLicK2 L8 manKMnUstagLWvIs cMnYnva:Lg;énGatUmmYy esµInwgcMnYneGLicRtugesrIEdlmankñúgKMnUstagLWvIs. vaLg;énGatUm mYyCasm<½n§kUva:Lg;EdlGatUmenaHGacbegáIt. Ex: GatUmGasUt b¤ nIRtUEsn N maneGLicRtugesrI3 enaHvamanva:Lg;3 GacbegáItsm<½n§ kUva:Lg;)an3. KMnUstagLWvIsénm:UelKul KMnUstagLWvIsénmUelKulbgðajBIreTVtaeGLicRtugesrI nig eGLicRtugsm<½n§EdlmanenAkñúg m:UelKulmYy. viFan -dak;GatUmEdlmanva:Lg;eRcInb¤maneGLicRtugesrIeRcInCaGatUmkNþal(dak;vacMkNþal). -GatUmEdlmanva:Lg;ticRtUvdak;enAsgxagGatUmkNþal (xagelI eRkam eqVg sþaM). -cMnYneGLicRtugesrIénGatUmKWCacMnYnsm<½n§EdlGatUmenaHGacbegáIt ehIyeTVtaeGLicRtug esrIRtUvrkSaTukdEdl. CaTUeTAsm<½n§kUva:Lg;EtgekItBIkarcgsm<½n§rvagGatUmGelah³ nig GatUm Gelah³. Ex: cUrsresrKMnUstagLWvIsén Gam:Ujak; NH3 nigemtan CH4 NH3 man N (Z = 7) : K2 L5
20.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 20 - H (Z = 1) : K1 eyIg)an b¤ CH4 man C (Z = 6) : K2 L4 eyIg)an b¤ 3-GIuyu:g nigsm<½n§GIuy:ug GIuyu:gCaGatUm b¤RkumGatUmEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢man b¤GviC¢man. Ex: Na+ ; Cl- ; 4NH ;... sm<½n§GIuyu:g KWCakarcgsm<½n§nigKñaénGatUmEdlekIteLIgedaykarepÞreGLicRtug. karepÞr eGLicRtugenHTak;Tgdl;kare)aHbg; nigkarcab;ykeGLicRtug EdlCalT§plbegáIt)anCaGIuyu:g. GIuyu:gTaMgenHRbTajKñacUledaykmøaMgeGLicRtUsþaTic (kmøaMgEdlbgáeLIgedaybnÞúkGKÁisnIenAnwg dUcCabnÞúkGKÁisnIenAelIvtßúmYy). Ex: sUdüÚmkørY NaCl ekIteLIgBIkare)aHbg;1eGLicRtugrbs;sUdüÚm[GatUmkør (GatUmkør Clcab;yk1eGLicRtugBIsUdüÚmNa). Na Na+ + 1e- (Na+ eRBaHvaman 11p+ nig 10e- ) r)ayeGLicRtug K2 L8 M1 K2 L8 Cl + 1e- Cl- (Cl- eRBaHvaman 17p+ nig 18e- ) r)ayeGLicRtug K2 L8 M7 K2 L8 M8 CaTUeTAsm<½n§GIuyu:gEtgekIteLIgBIbnSMrvagGatUmelah³RkumIA nigRkumIIA CamYyGelah³ RkumVIA nigRkumVIIA éntaragxYb. RkumenAcMkNþaltaragxYb(maneGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAbg¥s; eRcIn) Tak;Tg;nwgfamBleRcInkñúgkare)aHbg; nigTTYlykbI b¤bYneGLicRtug. smasFatuGIuyu:gk¾GacekIteLIgBIkarcgsm<½n§nwgKña énelah³CamYyGIuyu:gb:UlIGatUm (bgáBI GatUmxus²Kña cab;BIBIreLIgeTA) b¤GIuyu:gbU:lIGatUmCamYy GIuy:ugb:UlIGatUm. ]TahrN_ ³ ),( 4 MnOK bU:tasüÚmEBrm:g;kaNat / ),2( 2 44 SONH Gam:UjÚ:msu‘lpat. GIuyu:gmU:NUGatUm nigGIuyu:gb:UlIGatUmEdleRcInCYbRbTH kacug Gaj:úg b:UlIGatUm mU:NUGatUm b:UlIGatUm mU:NUGatUm rUbmnþ eQµaH rUbmnþ eQµaH rUbmnþ eQµaH rUbmnþ eQµaH 4NH H3O+ Gam:Uj:Úm GIuRduj:Úm H+ Li+ Na+ K+ GIuRdUEsn lIcUm sUdüÚm b:UtasüÚm OH- 3NO 4MnO GIuRduksIut nIRtat EBrm:g;kaNat H- F- Cl- Br- GIuRdY PøúyGrY kørY RbU:mY eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§ eTVtaeGLicRtugesrI
21.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 21 - Cs+ Ag+ essüÚm R)ak; I- 3HCO GIuyU:dY b‘ÍkabUNat b¤ GIuRdUEsnkabUNat Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Zn2+ Cd2+ ma:ej:süÚm kal;süÚm RsþúgcUm )arü:Úm s½gásI kadmüÚm 2 4SO 2 3CO 2 72OCr su‘lpat kabU:Nat DIRkUma:t b¤ bI‘RkUma:t O2- S2- GuksIut su‘lpY Al3+ GaluymIjÚ:m 3 4PO pUsVat N3- nIRdY bnÞúkénGIuyu:gbU:lIGatUmCabnÞúkrbs;GIuyu:gTaMgmU:lminEmnCabnÞúkrbs;GatUmNamYyeT. 4-smasFatuGIuyu:g nigsmasFatukUva:Lg; k>smasFatuGIuyu:g eKkMNt;sresrsmasFatuGIuyu:gKWGIuyu:gviC¢manxagmuxGIuyu:gGviC¢mankñúgsmasFatuGIuyu:g. ehIyehAeQµaHGIuyu:gviC¢manmunGIuyu:gGviC¢man. Ex : NaCl ³ sUdüÚmkørYekItBIkarcUlpSMénGIuyu:gelah³Na+ nigGIuyu:gGelah³Cl- . 722 OCrK ³ b:UtasüÚmDIRkUma:t b¤ b:UtasüÚmb‘ÍRkUma:t (2K+ 2 72OCr ) x>smasFatukUva:Lg; sm<½n§kUva:Lg;EtgekIteLIgrvagGatUmGelah³ nigGatUmGelah³. eKkMNt;sresrsmas FatukUva:Lg;edaydak;Gelah³EdlmanelxGatUm (Z)tUcenAxagmuxGelah³EdlmanelxGatUmFM elIkElgGuIRdUEsn(H). ]TahrN_³ NO minEmn ON GasUtmU:NUGuksIut. eRBaH N (Z=5) nigO (Z=6). cMeBaHkarehAeQµaHsmasFatukUva:Lg;KWRtUvtamcMnYnénRbePTGatUmEdl)ancUlpSMKñaedayeRbI buBVbT mU:NU=1/ DI=2 / RTI=3 / etRta=4/ b:g;ta=5/ Gicsa=6/ Gibta=7/ Gukta=8/ NUNa=9 edka=10. k¾mankrNIelIkElgpgEdrsRmab;GatUmTI1³ RbsinebIGatUmTI1 m:UNU KWmincaM)ac;dak;buBV bTeT (]TahrN_³NO GasUtmU:NUGuksIut minEmn m:UNUGasUtm:UNUGuksIuteT). smasFatu eQµaHtamRbB½n§ (Systematic name) eQµaHFøab;eRbI Gacmanb¤Gt; smasFatu eQµaHtamRbB½n§ (Systematic name) eQµaHFøab;eRbI Gacmanb¤Gt; NF3 GasUtRTIPøúyGrY NO2 GasUtDIGuksIut NO GasUtmUNUGuksIut nIRTicGuksIut SF6 s<an;F½rGicsaPøúyGrY PCl5 pUsVrb:g;takørY S2F10 DIs<an;F½rpYedkaPøúyGrY N2H4 DIGasUtetRtaGIuRdY GIuRdasIun H2O DIGIuRdUEsnmU:NUGuksIut Twk
22.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 22 - NH3 GasUtRTIGIuRdY Gam:Uja:k; PH3 pUsVrRTIGIuRdY pUsVIn H2S DIGIuRdUEsnmU:NUsu‘lpY GIuRdUEsnsu‘lpY N2O4 DIGasUtetRtaGuksIut 5-lkçN³rbs;smasFatuGIuyu:g nigsmasFatukUva:Lg; k>lkçN³rUb -smasFatuGIuyu:gCaGgÁFaturwgEdlmansIutuNðPaBrMBuH nig rlayx<s; eRBaHTRmg;vamanesßr PaBCanNþajRkamedaysakmøaMgeGLicRtUsþaTic. -smasFatukUva:Lg;Ca]sµ½n GgÁFaturwg GgÁFaturav b¤CaGgÁFaturwg EdlmancMNucrlay nigrMBuH Tab EdleFVI[vagayhYtnigbegáItCakøin eKeRcIneRbIvaCaeRKÓgbegáIn»Cars eRKÓgRkGUb n§nPNÐ. x>kRmitrlay -smasFatuGIuyu:gPaKeRcInrlaykñúgTwk eTaHbICaTwkCasmasFatukUva:Lg;k¾eday eRBaHkñúgm:U elKulTwk H2O manbnÞúkedayEpñkenAxagGuksIuEsn O (bnÞúkGviC¢man 2-) nig xagGIuRdUEsn H nImYy²(bnÞúkviC¢man +). -smasFatukUva:Lg;PaKeRcInminrlaykñúgTwkeT EtvarlaykñúgsmasFaturMlaysrIragÁdUcCa etRtakørU:emtan CCl4 b¤saMg C8H18. cMNaM ³ -smasFatumanbnÞúkGKÁisnIlayCamYysmasFatumanbnÞúkGKÁisnI=rlay TwkCaGgÁFaturMlayEdlmanRbsiT§PaBbMputsRmab; smasFatuGIuyu:g. eTaHbICaTwkmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIeday EpñkviC¢man (GatUm H) nig GviC¢man(GatUm O)k¾eday. cMeBaHehtuplenHehIyEdleFVI[vaCaFaturMlaybU:El (FaturMlaysmasFatuNaEdlmanbU:l). enAeBlEdl smasFatuGIuyu:g dUcCasUdÜümkørY NaCl rlaykñúgTwk bNþayRkaménGgÁFaturwgRtUv)anbMpøaj EdleFVI[GIuyu:g Na+ nig Cl- EjkecjBIKña nigTTYlrgGIuRdatkmµ EdlCa dMeNIrkarmYyEdlkñúgenaHGIuyu:gmYyRtUv)anhu‘¿B½T§eday m:UelKulTwk. GIuyu:g Na+ nImYy² RtUv)anhu‘¿B½T§edaym:Uel KulTwkCaeRcInEdltRmg;TisbU:lGviC¢manrbs;vaeq<aHeTA rkkacug RsedogKñaenHEdrGIuyu:g Cl- nImYy² RtUv)anhu‘¿B½T§ edaym:UelKulTwkCaeRcIn CamYynigb:UlviC¢manrbs;va tRmg;Tiseq<aHeTArkGajú:gdUckñúgrUbxageqVg. GIuRdatkmµCYyeFVI[GIuyu:g manesßrPaBkñúgsUluysüúg nigCYykarBarkacugBIkarcUlKñaCamYyGajú:g. GIuRdatkmµénGIuyu:g H2O NaCl
23.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 23 - -smasFatumanbnÞúkGKÁisnIlayCamYysmasFatuKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnI=minrlay -smasFatuKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnIlayCamYysmasFatuKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnI=rlay viFIenHminGacGnuvtþ)anRKb;smasFatuTaMgGs;enaHeT EdlTak;TgCamYylkçN³smasFatu enaHeTot. K>kacmøgcrnþGKÁisnI -smasFatuGIuyu:g kñúgPaBrwgmincmøgcrnþGKÁisnIeT EtvarlayedaykemþA b¤ rlaykñúgTwk va cmøgcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ eRBaHRkamGIuyu:g)anbMEbk eFVI[GIuyu:gGacpøas;TI)an naM[mankardwknaMcrnþ GKiÁsnIekIteLIg. -smasFatukUva:Lg;cmøgcrnþGKÁisnI)anexSayNas; eRBaHvaminpÞúkGIuyu:g. 6-sm<½nGIuRdUEsn CaRbePTBiessénGnþrkmµrvagm:UelKul nig m:UelKul EdlkñúgenaHGatUmGIuRdUEsnedIrtYCas<an enAcenøaHGatUmBIr dUcCa O b¤ N . ]TahrN_³ TWk H2O nig sUluysüúgGam:Uja:k; NH3. sm<½n§GIuRdUEsnEtgekItmanenAkñúgsmasFatusMxan;²énCIvit. sm<½n§GIuRdUEsnTTYlxusRtUv GgÁÜjragrbs;m:UelKulRbUetGIun. sm<½n§enHeXIjmanenAkñúgGasIutedGuksIurIbUnuyekøGuic ADN nig GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiuc ARN. &G' sm<½n§GIuRdUEsn
24.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 24 - emeronTI2 TRmg;GgÁFaturwg GgÁFaturwgRtUv)anEckecjCa4RbePT KWTRmg;mU:elKul TRmg;m:UelKulFM² TRmg;GIuyu:g nig TRmg;elah³ edayGaRs½yeTAelIcMNucrMBuH nig lkçx½NÐénkarcmøgcrnþgKÁisnI. 1-TRmg;mU:elKul sarFatuEdlmanTRmg;CamU:elKulmankmøaMgGnþrmU:elKulexSay gaybMEbk EdleFVI[cMNuc rMBuH nigcMNucrlayrbs;vaTab (TabCag 200o c). sarFatuTaMgenaHPaKeRcInCasarFatukUva:Lg;PaK gayehIr nigCa]sµ½n (]TahrN_³ CO2 ; SO2 ; CH4 ; CCl4) EdlminGaccmøgcrnþGKÁisnI)an eRBaHva KµanpÞúkGIuyu:g b¤ eGLicRtugesrI b¤ eGLicRtugesrIrbs;vasßitkñúgTItaMgCak;lak; (minGacpøas;TI)an). ]TahrN_ ³ kñúgTwkrav H2O(l) m:UelKulTwkP¢ab;Kñaedaysm<½n§GIuRdUEsn cMENkkñúgm:UelKulTwk vijGatUmGuksIuEsn O P¢ab;CamYyGatUmGIuRdUEsn H cMnYnBIredaysm<½n§kUva:Lg;. eBlEdlTwkBuHeday kemþA ]sµ½nEdlTTYl)anCacMhayTwk H2O(g) minEmnGuksIuEsn O2(g) nigGIuRdUEsn H2(g)eT. karenH edaysarEtm:UelKulTwk)andac;ecjBIKña (sm<½n§GIuRdUEsnRtUv)anpþac;) eBalKWmanEtkmøaMgGnþrkmµ exSaybu:eNÑaHEdlGacpþac; cMENksm<½n§kUva:Lg;maMukñúgm:UelKulTwkminGacdac;eT. müa:geTotTwksuT§min cmøgcrnþGKÁisnIeT eTaHbICaGatUmGuksIuEsnmaneTVtaeGLicRtugesrIcMnYnBIrk¾eday(eGLicRtugminGac pøas;TI)an). 2>TRmg;m:UelKulFM² sarFatuEdlmanTRmg;Cam:UelKulFM²mancMNucrlay nigrMBuHx<s; (x<s;Cag900o c) eRBaHvaRtUv karkemþAx<s;edIm,IbMEbksm<½n§kUva:Lg;maMrbs;va. sarFatuenHmincmøgcrnþGKÁisnIeTeTaHCakñúgPaBrUbNa k¾eday ehIyvak¾minrlaykñúgTwkEdr. k>eBRC ³ GatUmkabUnnImYy²cgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmkabUn4eTotteRmobCactumuxniy½t EdlGa tUmkabUnnImYy²Cap©iténctumuxniy½t CaehtueFVI[eBRCCasarFaturwgmaMbMput. eKeRbIeBRCeFVICaeRKÓg Glgáa nigsRmab;kat;vtßúepSg² dUcCabMBak;vaenAk,alxYgedIm,IxYgTRmuHfµeRkamdIrab;Ban;Em:Rtkñúg eKalbMNgbUmykeRbgkat.
25.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 25 - x>RkaPIt ³ GatUmTaMgLayteRmóbKñaCaRsTab;rab EdlRsTab;nImYy²teRmóbCargVg;man GatUmkabUn6 ehIyGatUmkabUnnImYy²cgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmkabUn3epSgeTotedaysm<½n§kUva:Lg;. RkaPItk¾dUcCaeBRCEdr vaGacsßitenACaGgÁFaturwgrhUtdl;sItuNðPaBx<s;xøaMg (4000o ceTIbkøayCa ]sµ½n). RkaPItCaGelah³cmøgcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ eRBaHvapÞúkeGLicRtugEdlGacpøas;TIedayesrI)an. eKeRbIRkaPIteFVIbNþÚlexµAéd bNþÚlfµBil >>>>>. 3-TRmg;GIuyu:g smasFatuGIuyu:gbgáedayGIuyu:gviC¢man (kacug) nigGIuyu:gGviC¢man (Gajú:g). ]TahrN_³ sUdüÚmkørY NaCl bgáedayGIuyu:gsUdüÚ Na+ nigGIuyu:gkørY Cl- . smasFatuGIuyu:gmancMNucrMBuH nigrlayx<s; eRBaHvaRtUvkarfamBlkemþAxøaMgedIm,IbMEbksm<½n§ GIuyu:g. vaGaccmøgcrnþGKÁisnI)anenAeBlvarlaykñúgTwk b¤rlayedaykemþA ehIymincmøgcrnþGKÁisnI eBlvaCaGgÁFaturwg (kñúgPaBrwgGIuyu:gminGacpøas;TI)an enaHk¾KµankardwknaMcrnþGKÁisnIEdr). 4-TRmg;elah³ sm<½n§elah³CakmøaMgTMnajrvagGIuyu:gviC¢manrbs;elah³ nigeGLicRtugGviC¢man. elah³man cMNucrlay nigrMBuHx<s; bNþalmkBIvaRtUvkarfamBleRcInedm,IbMEbkbNþajEdlmansm<½n§elah³rwg maM. elah³GacEpCasnøwk)anedaysaRsTab;rbs;vaGacrGilelIKñaeTAvijeTAmk)an. RsTab;TaMg LayrGilelIKñaedaymineFVI[dac;sm<½n§elah³ eRBaHeGLicRtugeFVIclnaedayesrI. elah³cmøgcrnþ GKÁisnI)anl¥ eRBaHvamaneGLicRtugesrIGacpøas;TI)an CagenHeTAeTotkalNaeGLicRtugTTYlkemþA eFVI[vamanclnakan;EtelOn.
26.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 26 - CMBUk 4 KImIsrIragÁ emeronTI1 eRbgkat nig nÞn³ 1-eRbgkat (Crude oil / Petroleum)
27.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 27 - eRbgkat nig]sµ½nFmµCatimanedImkMeNItmkBImIRkUsarBagÁkay. dMbUgsaksBmIRkUsarBagÁ kayFøak;eTAKrelIKñaenA)atsmuRTCamYykMeTckMNepSg². eRkamGMeBIénsItuNðPaB nig sm<aFx<s; RBmTaMgKµanGuksIuEsn saksBmIRkUsarBagÁkayTaMgenaHRtUvbMEbkFatuya:gyWt²ehIybMElgeTACa eRbgkat nig]sµ½nFmµCatiEdlpÞúkenAkñúgsilaXøaMg (silaXøaMgCasilaes<atmansNæandUcCaeGbu:g). eRbgkatCaRbPBénGIuRdUkabY (GIuRdUkabYCasmasFatuEdlpSMedaykabUn nigGIuRdUEsn). nÞn³pUsIulmanbIKW eRbgkat ]sµ½nFmµCati FüÚgfµ. k-FatubgáéneRbgkat eRbgkatCal,ayénGIuRdUkabYEdlmansItuNðPaBrMBuHxus²Kña(manGatUmkabUncab;BI1dl;50). eKGacEjkGIuRdUkabYTaMgenaHecjBIKña)antamry³bMNitRbPaK (bMNitRbPaKKWkarEjkFatubgáén l,ayvtßúravEdlenAlayLMKñatamry³sItuNðPaBrMBuHxus²Kñarbs;BYkva). x-Fatubgárbs;]sµ½nFmµCati ]sµ½nFmµCatiCal,ayénGIuRdUkabYmankabUncab;BI1dl;4. FatubgásMxan;én]sµ½nFmµCatiKW emtanEdlmanRbEhl 90°. 2-karcRmaj;eRbgkat eRbgkatEdl)anmkBIGNþÚgEr:minGaceRbIkar)aneT emøaHehIyRtUvykvaeTAbMNitCamunsin. k-bMNitRbPaKéneRbgkat -lMnaMEjkGIuRdUkabYCaRkum (PaK b¤RbPaK) tamsItuNðPaBrMBuHRbhak;RbEhlKña ehAfabMNit RbPaK. -dMeNIrRbRBwtþeTAénbMNitRbPaKeRbgkatenAkñúgbMBg;bMNitKW enAkñúg]sSahkmµcRmaj;eRbg kat edayeRbIbMBg;bMNitEdlmanfaseRcIn. eKdutkemþAeRbgkateqAenAsItuNðPaB 380o C ehIy bBa¢ÚneTAkñúgbMBg;bMNit. cMhayEdlPayeLIgkCaejIsenAkñúgfasEdlmanenAtamfñak;nImYy². kñúg bMBg;bMNitEdlmansItuNðPaBcuHCalMdab;BIeRkameTAelI (enAkMBUlbMBg;bMNiteKTTYl)an]sµ½n). -eRbgkateqARtUv)aneKbiTCa2dMNak;KW ³ >bMNitkñúgbriyakas ³ CabMNitkñúgsm<aFbriyakas. >bMNitkñúgsuBaØkas ³ CabMNiteRkamsm<aFexSay. x-KMnUsbMRBYjlMnaMbMNiteRbgkat
28.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 28 - >bMNitkñúgbriyakas sItuNðPaB lT§plTTYl)an cMnYnGatUmkabUn beRmIbRmas; 25o C ]sµ½n kabUn1 dl; 4 FatueqH ]> CH4 emtan 120o C saMg kabUn5 dl;8 sRmab;cak;Lan ]> C8H18 Guktan 180o C Nab;talIn (C10H8) kabUn9 dl; 10 eFVIplitplKImI GgÁFaturMlay nig )øasÞic 260o C ekr:UEsn kabUn10dl;16 cak;ynþehaH 340o C kasal; kabUn16dl;20 sRmab;cak;LanFM² 360o C BüÜl kabUn30dl;40 sRmab;ma:sIunePøIg nigk)a:l;FM² >bMNitkñúgsuBaØkas eKTTYl)anplitplsRmab;eFVIRkaKIj plitplKImI eRbgrMGilsRmab; ma:sIunRKb;RbePT (kabUnBI20dl;30) eRbgBüÚlF¶n;sRmab;nava nig b‘ÍTUm sRmab;Rkalfñl; (kabUnBI 50eLIgeTA). edayELkBIkabUn40dl;50 ³ )ara:PIn eTon xøaj;eKa RkmYnb:Uelo. 3-RkaKIj b¤karbMEbk énplitpleRbgkat (cracking) RkaKIjCaRbtibtþikarbMEbkmU:elKulF¶n;[eTACam:UelKulRsalCag eBalKWeFVI[m:UelKulEdl manGatUmkabUneRcIneTACamU:elKulEdlmankabUntic.
29.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 29 - müa:geTot RkaKij rWkarbMEbk ³ karkMedAénGIuRdUkabYmancMNucrMBuHx<s;edayeRbIkatalIkredIm,IbMEbk m:UelKulFMeTACam:UelKultUcEdlmancMNucrMBuHTabCagmun. -enAeBlEdleFVIbMNitRbPaK plitplEdlTTYl)anmaneRcInCagtRmUvkar. -plitplsMxan;²EdlTTYl)anBIRkaKIj nigplitplF¶n;KW ³ >eRbgsaMg >emtan eGtan RbU)a:n bu‘ytan Ca]sµ½neqH >eGEtn RbUEb:n bu‘yEtn bu‘ytaEdün CaFatuedImsRmab;]sSahkmµ)øasÞic sréssM eyaK ekAsU‘ GgÀFatuCRmH fñaMeBTü >>>>. -plitplseRmcEdlTTYl)anBIRkaKIjNab;taman ³ >fñaMsmøab;stVl¥it >eRKOgsMGag >ekAsU‘sMeyaK >kav >GgÁFatuCRmH >)øasÞic >fñaMeBTü >fñaMlab >eRbgsaMg
30.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 30 - emeronTI2 GIuRdUkabYEq¥t ³ Gal;kan GIuRdUkabYCasmasFatuEdlmU:elKulvapSMeday C nig H. eKtagrUbmnþTUeTArbs;vaKWCxHy. GIuRdUkabYsMbUrCageKKWGal;kan EdlmanenAkñúgeRbgkat nig ]sµ½nFmµCati. Gal;kanCaesrI GIuRdUkabYEdlmanrUbmnþTUeTA CnH2n + 2Edl n 1 ; n N* . vamanbcäwmbT “Gan” . Gal;kanminsUv cUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµeTeRBaHGatUmkabUnkñúgmU:elKulrbs;vaP¢ab;Kñaedaysm<½n§mYyCan; . 1-ra:DIkal;Gal;rbs;Gal;kan “Gal;KIl” Gal;KIlCara:DIkal;énGal;kan )anmkBIGal;kandkGIuRdUEsnmYyecj. vamanrUbmnþTUeTA CnH2n – 1- manbcäwmbT “GIul”. ]TahrN_³ témø n CnH2n + 2 CnH2n – 1 _ rUbmnþ eQµaH rUbmnþ eQµaH 1 CH4 emtan CH3 _ emTIl 2 C2H6 eGtan C2H5 _ b¤ CH3 _ CH2 _ eGTIl 3 C3H8 RbU)a:n C3H7 _ b¤ CH3 _ CH2 _ CH2 _ RbUBIl cMNaM³ C2H6 eGtan CarUbmnþmU:elKul b¤ rUbmnþdul CH3 – CH3 eGtan CarUbmnþesÞIrlat 2-rebobehAeQµaHGal;kanExSExñg -eRCIserIsExSkabUnem KWCaExSEdlmancMnYnkabUneRcInCageK. -cuHelxelIkabUnExSemEdlenACitExñgCageK b¤enACitExñgmancMnYnGatUmkabUneRcInCageK. -ebImanbNþúMGal;KIldUcKña “ExñgdUcKña” 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ...RtUveRbIbuBVbT DI / RTI/ etRta / >>>. eQµaH =elxsnÞsSn_TaMgLayénbNþúMGal;KIl + eQµaHbNþúMGal;KIl + eQµaHGal;kanExSem edIm,IehAeQµaHGal;kaneKeRbIbuBVbTdUcxageRkam -cMnYnGatUmkabUn nig buBVbT b¤BakübEnßmBIxagmux ³ 1 = em-t (meth), 2 = eG-t (eth) , 3 = RbU-b: (prop) , 4 = bu‘y-t (but) , 5 = b:g;-t (pent) , 6 = Gic-s (hex) , 7 = Gib-t (hept) , 8 = Guk-t (oct) , 9 = NU-N (non) , 10 = ed-k (dec). -cMnYnRkumCMnYs b¤ ra:DIkal; ³ 1 = mU:NU / 2 = DI/ 3 = RTI/ 4 = etRta/ 5 = b:g;ta / >>>>> eGtan CarUbmnþlat TRmg;mU:elKulemtan
31.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 31 - ]TahrN_³ 3-GIusUEmExSkabUn smasFatuBIrCaGIusUEmnwgKñakalNavamanrUbmnþm:UelKuldUcKña EtmanTRmg;mU:elKulxusKña ¬rUbmnþlat b¤ esÞIrlat¦ CaehtunaM[vamanlkçN³rUbxusKña. ]TahrN_ ³ cUrsresrrUbmnþesÞIrlat nig eQµaHénGIusUEmExSkabUnEdlRtUvnwgrUbmnþdul C4H10 nig C5H12. -GIusUEmExSkabUnEdlRtUvnwgbu‘ytan C4H10 KW CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 n-bu‘ytan ¬eQµaHFøab;eRbI¦b¤ bu‘ytan (IUPAC) -GIusUEmExSkabUnEdlRtUvnwgbu‘ytan C5H12 KW CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 b:g;tan CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 1 2 3 4 5 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 C CH3 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 2,2,4-RTIemTIlb:g;tan 2-emTIlRbU):an b¤ emTIlRbU)a:nCH3-CH-CH3 CH3 123 2-emTIlbu‘ytanCH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3 4321 2/2-DIemTIlRbU):an b¤ DIemTIlRbU)a:n CH3 CH3-C-CH3 CH3 123
32.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 32 - 4-lkçN³rUbGal;kan Gal;kanminrlaykñúgTwk nigRsalCagTwk EtGal;kanrlaykñúgsmasFaturMlaysrIragÁ. sItuNðPaBrMBuHGal;kankan;EtekIn kalNacMnYnGatUmkabUnkñúgmU:elKulkan;EtekIn. cab;BIGal;kan EdlmanpÞúkGatUmkabUn1dl;4 Ca]sµ½n BI5dl;15 CaGgÁFaturav nigBI16eLIgeTACaGgÁFaturwg. 5-lkçN³KImIrbs;Gal;kan k>RbtikmµcMehH ³ CaRbtikmµrvagGal;kanCamYyGuksIuEsn. -cMehHsBV ³ ekItmankalNabrimaNGuksIuEsnRKb;RKan;b¤elIs Gal;kan GuksIuEsn kabUnDIGuksIut Twk CnH2n + 2 + ) 2 13 ( n O2 nCO2 + (n+1)H2O ]TahrN_³ CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O -cMehHminsBV ³ ekItmankalNabrimaNGuksIuEsnminRKb;RKan; Gal;kan GuksIuEsn kabUnm:UNUGuksIut Twk CnH2n + 2 + ) 2 12 ( n O2 nCO + (n+1)H2O ]TahrN_³ C2H6 + 2 5 O2 2CO + 3H2O b¤ Gal;kan GuksIuEsn kabUn Twk CnH2n + 2 + ) 2 1 ( n O2 nC + (n+1)H2O ]TahrN_³ C3H8 + 2O2 3C + 4H2O x>RbtikmµCMnYs eRkamBnøWsayénéf¶emtanmanRbtikmµCamYy]sµ½nkør øedayGatUmGIuRdUEsnénemtanRtUv)an CMnYsedayGatUmkør. RbtikmµenHRbRBwtþeTArhUtdl;Gs;GatUmGIuRdUEsnkñúgm:UelKulemtan. smIkar CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2+ Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl CHCl3RTIkørU:emtan b¤kørU:pm eRbICafñaMsNþM CCl4 etRtakørU:emtanCaGgÁFaturMlaysrIragÁya:gl¥. BnøWpÞal; ³ CH4 + 4Cl2 CCl4 + 4HCl 6-TegVI nig beRmIbRmas; ³ Gal;kanmanRbPBmkBIeRbgkat nig ]sµ½nFmµCati. eKTTYl)anGal;kanBI eRbgkattamry³viFIbMNitRbPaK. eKeRbIvaCaRbPBfamBldUcCacMehHkñúgma:sIun nigc®gáan. vak¾Cavtßú FatuedImsRmab;]sSahkmµKImI ¬sréssMeyaK )øasÞic fñaMeBTü >>>¦. BnøWsay BnøWsay BnøWsay BnøWsay BnøWpÞal;
33.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 33 - emeronTI3 GIuRdUkabYminTan;Eq¥t I-Gal;Esn Gal;EsnCaGIuRdUkabYminTan;Eq¥t ExScMhEdlmansm<½n§cMnYn1rvagkabUn nigkabUn kñúgm:UelKul vamanrUmnþTUeTA CnH2n Edl n 2. Gal;EsnmanbcäwmbT “EGn”. ]TahrN_³ n = 2 : C2H4 eGEtn b¤eGTIELn n = 3: C3H6 RbUEb:n n = 4: C4H8 bu‘yEtn n = 5: C5H10 b:g;Etn 1-namvløI ³ karehAeQµaHGal;EsntamExSRslay cMeBaHkarehAeQµaHrUbmnþesÞIrlatrbs;Gal;EsneKRtUvcuHelxélya:gNa[GatUmkabUnpÞúk sm<½n§BIrCan;mantémøtUc. karehAeQµaHRtUveKarBtamlMdab;dUcxageRkam TItaMgbNþúMCMnYs eQµaHbNþMúCMnYs buBVbT TMtaMgsm<½n§BIrCan; EGn ]TahrN_³ CH3-CH=CH-CH3 b:g;-2-EGn 2-GIusUEmrExSkabUn nigGIusUEmrTItaMg -GIusUEmrExSkabUn ³ rUbmnþmU:elKuldUcKñaEtmanExSkabUnxusKña. -GIusUEmrTItaMg³ manExSkabUndUcKñaEtmanTItaMgénbgÁúMnaTI b¤PaBminTan;Eq¥t¬sm<½n§BIr b¤bICan;¦ sßitenATItaMgxusKña. ]TahrN_ ³ sresrrUbmnþesÞIrlaténGIusUEmrrbs; bu‘yEtn C4H8 1- CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3 bu‘y-1-EGn 2- CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 bu‘y-2-EGn 3- eKfa1nig2CaGIusUEmrTItaMg1nig3CaGIusUEmrExSkabUnehIy2nig3CaGIusUEmrExSkabUn. 3-lkçN³rUb Gal;EsnbItYdMbUgCa]sµ½nKµanBN’ cab;BIbg;EtneLIgeTACaGgÀFaturav. Gal;Esnminrlaykñúg TwkeT EtvarlaykñúgGgÁFaturMlaysrIragÁ.. 4-lkçN³KImI k-RbtikmµcMehH ³ cMehHénGal;Esn[plCa]sµ½nkabUnic nigTwk bu:EnþkñúgkareRbIR)as; RbcaMéf¶eKminniymeRbIvaCaFatueqHeT. CnH2n + 2 3n O2 nCO2 + nH2O ]TahrN_³ C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 4-emTIlbg;-1-EGnCH2=CH-CH2-CH-CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 5 2-emTIlRbU-1-EGnCH2=C-CH3 CH3 1 2 3 41 2 3 1 2 3 4
34.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 34 - x-RbtikmµbUk -GIuRdUEsnkmµ ³ Gal;Esn+ GIuRdUEsn PtorNi Gal;kan CH2 = CH2 + H2 PtorNi CH3-CH3 -GaLÚEsnkmµ³Gal;Esn+GaLÚEsn (X = F ; Cl ; Br ; I) RsLayGaLÚEsnénGal;kan CH2 = CH2 + Br2 CH2Br-CH2Br 1/2-DIRbUm:UeGtan eKeRbITwkRbUmedIm,IsmÀal;vtþmanénGal;Esn ³ TwkRbUmmanBN’søaTMu eBlmanRbtikmµCamYy TwkRbUmeBlenaHBN’søaTMuénTwkRbUmERbeTACaKµanBN’. -GIuRdatkmµ ³ RbtikmµCamYyTwk. Gal;Esn+ Twk(H-OH) Gal;kul OH-énTwkcUleTAP¢ab;CamYyGatUmkabUnEdlmanHtic nig H-énTwkcUlP¢ab;CamYy GatUmkabUnEdlmancMnYneRcIn. ]TahrN_³ CH2 = CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2OH eGtaNul CH3 – CH = CH2 + H2O CH3-CHOH – CH3 RbU)a:n-2-Gul -b:UlIEmkmµ ³ CaRbtikmµbUkm:UelKulminTan;Eq¥t (m:UNUEm) rvagKña nigKña[CasmasFatuEdl manma:smU:elKulFM (b:UlIEm). ]TahrN_³ n CH2 = CH2 (CH2 – CH2)n 5-TegVI nigbeRmIbRmas;Gal;Esn k>TegVI ³ )anBIkareFVIRkaKijénGal;kan enAcMeBaHmuxkatalIkrGaluymIjÚ:mGuksIut Al2O3 kñúg]sSahkmµeRbgkat. C16H34 RkaKij C7H16 + 3C2H4 + C3H6 x>beRmIbRmas; ³ eGTIELnCavtßúFatuedImsRmab;eFVIvtßú)øasÞicCaeRcIndUcCa ³ -bU:lIeGTIELn (PE) ³eRbIsRmab;eFVIdb)øasÞic fg;)øasÞic FugTwk >>>>. -bU:lIvInIlkørY (P.V.C) : eRbIsRmab;eFVIbMBg;Twk Rbdab;ekµgelg dbTwk fas eRsamExSGKÁisnI dMbUl )av >>>. -b:UlIsÞIEr:n (PS) ³ eRbIsRmab;eFVIRbGb;GaKuy dbGasIut FugTwkkk RbGb;dak;viTüú >>>>. eKk¾eRbIeGTIELnpgEdrsRmab;TegVIeGtaNuleRbIkñúgplitkmµRsa TwkGb; GgÁFaturMlay. cMNaM³CH2 = CHCl vInIlkørY C6H5 – CH = CH2sÞIEr:n eGTIELn mU:NUEm bU:lIeGTIELn b:UlIEm Gibtan eGEtn RbUEb:n
35.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 35 - II-Gal;sIun Gal;sIunCaRbePTGIuRdUkabYminTan;Eq¥tEdlmansm<½n§bICan;cMnYn1kñúgmU:elKul ( ). va manrUbmnþTUeTA CnH2n-2 Edl n 2. Gal;sIunmanbcäwmbT “GIun”. ]TahrN_³ n = 2 : C2H2 GaesTIELn b¤ eGTIn n = 3 : C3H4 RbUBIn n = 4 : C4H6 bu‘yTIn n = 5 : C5H8 b:g;TIn 1-namvløI cMeBaHkarehAeQµaHGal;sIunExSlat b¤ ExSExñg mundMbUgeKcuHelxenAelIGatUmkabUn ExSemsin élya:gNa[kabUnEdlenACitsm<½n§bICan;mansnÞsSn_tUc bnÞab;mkRtUvehAdUcxageRkam ³ TItaMgbNþúMCMnYs eQµaHbNþúMCMnYs buBVbTTItaMgsm<½n§3Can; GIun ]TahrN_³ 1- CH3 – C C – CH2 – CH3 b:g;-2-GIun 2- 2-GIusUEmr ³ manRbePTGIusUEmExSkabUn nigGIusUEmrTItaMgdUcGal;EsnEdr. ]TahrN_³ sresrGIusUEmrén C5H8 1nig2CaGIusUEmrTItaMg1nig3CaGIusUEmrExSkabUnehIy2nig3CaGIusUEmrExSkabUn. 4-emTIlb:g;-1-GIunCH3 – CH – CH2 – C CH CH3 1 2 4 53 5 4 2 13 b:g;-1-GIun b:g;-2-GIun 3-emTIlbu‘y-1-GIun 1- 2- 3-
36.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 36 - 3-lkçN³rUb GaesTIELnCa]sµ½nKµanBN’ RsalCagxül; nigrlaykñúgTwk)antictYc. cMeBaHGal;sIund¾éT eTotmansItuNðPaBrMBuHekIneLIgkalNacMnYnGatUmkabUnekIneLIgkñúgmU:elKul. 4-lkçN³KImI Gal;sIunmanlkçN³skmµCagGal;Esnedaysavtþmansm<½n§bICan;kñúgm:UelKul. k-RbtikmµcMehH ³ Gal;sIun GuksIuEsn kabUnDIGuksIut Twk C2H2 + 2 5 O2 2CO2 + H2O x-GIuRdUEsnkmµ ³ Gal;sIun GIuRdUEsn CNiorPt o 180 Gal;kan CHCH +2H2 CNiorPt o 180 CH3 – CH3 K-GaLÚEsnkmµ ³ -Gal;sIun GaLÚEsn RsLayGaLÚEsnénGal;Esn CHCH + Br2 CHBr = CHBr 1/2-DIRbUm:UeGEtn -Gal;sIun GaLÚEsn RsLayGaLÚEsnénGal;kan CHCH + 2Br2 CHBr2 – CHBr2 1/1/2/2-etRtaRbUm:UeGtan X-GIuRdatkmµ ³ Gal;sIun Twk Gal;edGIut CHCH + H2O CH3 – CHO eGtaNal; g-RbtikmµbUkGIuRdUEsnkørY HCl(g) Gal;sIun GIuRdUEsnkørY RsLayGaLÚEsnénGal;kan (manBIrdMNak;) TI1 ³ CHCH + HCl(g) CH2 = CHCl TI2 ³ CH2 = CHCl + HCl(g) CH3 – CHCl2 5-TegVI nigbeRmIbRmas; k-TegVI ³ GasIuTIELnk¾dUcCaGal;sIund¾éTeTotEdrKWKñanenAkñúgFmµCatieT. eKTegVI GaesTIELnedayGMeBIénTwkelIkal;süÚmkabY b¤kal;süÚmGaesTIlY CaC2 EdleKehAfa fµs¥úy. smIkar³ CaC2 + H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 x-beRmIbRmas; ³ kalBImunGaesTIELnCavtßúFatuedImya:gsMxan;sRmab;sMeyaKsrés GMe)as nigekAsU‘. bu:Enþbc©úb,nñenHeKeRbIeGTIELnCMnYsvij. eKeRbIGaesTIELnCaFatueqHkñúgcMBuHpSa GuksIuGaesTIELn Edlpþl;kemþA)an 3000o C sRmab;kat; b¤ pSarelah³.
37.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 37 - emeronTI4 GIuRdUkabYRbehIr ³ bg;Esn 1-esckþIepþIm smasFatuRbehIrCasmasFatuTaMgLayNaEdlmanvg;bg;EsnenAkñúgm:UelKul. bg;Esnman rUbmnþm:UelKul C6H6 vaCaGIuRdUkabYminTan;Eq¥txøaMg eRBaHvamansm<½n§BIrCan;cMnYnbI. b¤ b¤ 2-namvløIbg;Esn -RsLaybg;Esn = eQµaHbNþMúCMnYs bg;Esn eQµaHbNþMúCMnYsGacCa ³ -NO2 nIRtU (nitro) ; -NH2 GamINU (amino) ; -OHGIuRduksIul (hydroxyl); Cl kørU:; Br RbUm:U; CH3- emTIl; -CH=CH2 vInIl ;>>>. ]TahrN_³ -RsLaybg;Esnk¾maneQµaHFøab;eRbIEdr dUcCa ³ -eBlEdlvg;bg;EsnCaRkumCMnYs KW C6H5 – epnIl nig C6H5 – CH2 – bg;sIul. ]TahrN_³ -kalNamU:elKulbg;EsnmanbNþúMCMnYsBIr enaHTRmg;GIusUEmmanbIRbePTKW G½rtU emta nig )a:ra: edaysresrsegçbCa o- (1,2) ; m- (1,3) ; p- (1,4). eKehAeQµaHRkumCMnYstamGkçrRkmén PasaLataMg. bNþúMCM nYsEdlehAmuneKRtUvP¢ab;CamYykabUnEdlmanelxtUcCageK. nimitþsBaØabg;EsntamEbbcas; nimitþsBaØabg;EsntamEbbfµI RbUm:Ubg;Esn nIRtUbg;Esn kør:Ubg;Esn eGTIlbg;Esn GIusURbUBIlbg;Esn epnIl bg;sIul
38.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 38 - ]TahrN_³ -kalNaeRcInelIsBIBIreKeRbIEtelxbu:eNÑaHedIm,IbBa¢ak;TItaMgbNþMúCMnYs. ]TahrN_³ 3-lkçN³rUbbg;Esn CaGgÀFaturav føa KµanBN’ køinRkGUbgayehIr gayqab eqH rlaytictYckñúgTwk kkenAsItuNð PaB 5.5o c nig BuHenAsItuNðPaB81.5o c. 4-lkçN³KImI k-RbtikmµcMehH ³ C6H6 + 2 15 O2 CO2 + H2O cMehHsBV cMehHminsBVénbg;EsnRtUv)aneKGnuvtþkñúg]sSahkmµedIm,IplitemSAkabUnBN’exµAEdleKeRbI sRmab;eFVIekAsU‘kg;LanfñaMlab sWura: >>>. x-RbtikmµbUk -kørkmµ ³ 6H6 + 3Cl2 C6H6Cl6 GiucsasIukøÚGicsan -GIuRdUEsnkmµ ³ C6H6 + 2H2 cPtorNi o 300200 C6H12 sIukøÚGicsan K-RbtikmµCMnYs -edayGaLÚEsn ³ C6H6 + Cl2 3FeCl C6H5Cl + HCl RbtikmµCMnYsGaLÚEsnRbRBwtþeTArhUtdl;Gs;GatUmGIuRdUEsn. -CMnYsedayedaybNþúM -NO2 (nIRTkmµ) BnøW kørU:bg;Esn enA80o c eKTTYl)an eRKOgpÞúHmüa:gEdlmansmasFatuRbehIr
39.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 39 - -nIRTkmµtUluyEGn X>b:UlIEmkmµsÞIEr:n ³ 5-GIuRdUkabYBhuvg; ³ CaGIuRdUkabYEdlmanvg;bg;EsnenACab;²Kña. 6-TegVI nig beRmIbRmas; -TegVI ³ BIC½rFüÚgfµ nigBIeRbgkat ¬Gicsan¦. -beRmIbRmas; ³ vtßúFatuedIm,IsRmab;sMeyaKsarFatusrIragÁdUcCa nIRtUbg;Esn kørU:bg;Esn l½x )øasÞic (b:UlIsÞIEr:n) GgÁFaturlaynig fñaMeBTü. b:UlIsÞIEr:nsÞIEr:n Gg;RtaEsnNab;taELn epNg;ERtn
40.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 40 - KImIGnuvtþn¾ CIKImI CIKImICasmasFatuEdlpÞúknUvsarFatuciBa©wmedIm,ICYybegáInkarlUtlas;rbs;rukçCati. eKbEnßmCI eTAkñúgdIedIm,IbegáInpldMNaM. 1-smasPaBCI manFatubgásMxan;dUcCa GasUt (N) pUsV½r (P) nig bU:tasüÚm (K). eKEckCICaBIrRbePTKW CIsrIragÁnig CIGsrIragÁ. 1-CIsrIragÁ manRbPBmkBIkMeTckMTIBukpuyénrukçCatikaksMNl;stV dUcCalamkstV q¥wg Es,kCaedIm,. ]TahrN_³ CIGu‘yer:CaCIsrIragÀEdlmanenAkñúgTwkenam. 2-CIGsrIragÁ k-CIeTal ³ manFatubgáCICatiEtmYyRbePTGacCa GasUtb¤ pUsVr b¤ b:UtasüÚm. -CIGasUt³ pþl;sarFatuGasUteTA[rukçCatieRkamsNæanCaGIuyu:gnIRtat )( 3 NO nig GIuyu:g Gam:UjÚ:m )( 4 NH . -CIpUsVat ³ pþl;FatupUsVreRkamsNæanCaGIuyu:gpUsVat )( 3 4 PO b¤ GIuyu:gDIGIuRdUEsNU pUsVat )( 2 42 POH . -CIb:UtasüÚm ³ pþl;Fatub:UtasüÚmeRkamTRmg;CaGIuyu:gbU:tasüÚm K . x-CIsmas ³ pþl;FatubgáCICatiBIrb¤bIya:g. -CIeTVFatu³ manFatubgáCICatiBIrmuxKW NP b¤ NK b¤ PK. -CIRtIFatu ³ manFatubgáCICaticMnYnbIKW NPK. K-TegVICIGasUt ³ PaKeRcInTegVIBIGam:Ujak; (NH3) nig GasIutnIRTic (HNO3). CIGasUt sMxan;²mandUcCa GamU:jÚ:mnIRtat (NH4NO3) Gu‘yer: (CO(NH2)2) nigGam:UjÚ:msu‘lpat((NH4)2SO4). smIkarepSg²EdlCYbkñúgkarTegVICIGasUtxagelI³
41.
viTüal½ysemþcEm: elakRKU Qag
suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 41 - X-rUbmnþCI ³ elxbIxÞg;erogKñaEdleK)ansresrenAelIkarugCIbBa©ak;BIlMdab;erogKñaén GasUtpUsVrGuksIut (P2O5) nigb:UtasüÚmGuksIut(K2O) kñúgbrimaNKitCaKILÚRkam énCI100kg. ]TahrN_ ³ enAelIkaru:gCImansreselx 15-11-20 mann½yfakñúgCI 100kg man N 15kg ; P2O5 11kg nigK2O 20kg. müa:geTot³CI100kg manN = 15kg ; P = 11kg nigK = 20kg. 2-tYnaTIrbs;smasPaKnImYy² rbs;CI rukçCatiRtUvkarFatuGasUt (N) pUsVr (P) nigbU:tasüÚm (K) edIm,IRTRTg;dl;karlUtlas; Epøpáanig kar bnþBUC. k-FatuGasUt(N) ³ CMnYydl;karplitRbUetGIun karlUtlas;rbs;søwk nigeFVI[søwkman BN’exov. kgVHGasUteFVI[søwkmanBN’elOg nigbg¥ak;karlUtlas; EtebIelIsFatuGasUt eFVI[rkçCati mingayecjpáanigmansøwkeRcIn. x-FatupUsV½r (P) ³ CYydl;karlUtlas;bJs karbnþBUC (eFVI[RKab;lUtlas;l¥ nigqab; ecjEpøpáa) nigmanPaBFn;nwgCm¶W. K-FatubU:tasüÚm (K) ³ CYyRsUbTwk nigeFVI[rukçCatilUtlas; CYykñúglMnaMrsµIsMeyaK nigkMNKøúysIutbRmugTuk (dMLÚg éqfav) nigeFVI[rukçCatiFn;nwgPaBs¶Üt. X-FatuepSgeTot ³ s<an;F½r (RsUbkñúgTRmg;Ca 2 4SO ) CYybegáInkarlUtlas;. kal;süÚm (RsUbkñúgTRmg;Ca 2 Ca ) CYymIRkUsarBagÁkay[skmµ (RsUbGasUt). ma:ej:süÚm (RsUbkñúg TRmg;Ca 2 Mg )CYykñúgkarbegáItkørU:PIl. rukçCatik¾RtUvkarFatuepSgeTotpgEdr EdlRtUvRsUbkñúgsNæan CaGIuyu:g dUcCa ³ ;.....;;; 2222 CuZnMnFe . 3-KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþirbs;CI rukçCatiminRsUbykCIEdlksikreRbIedIm,IbegáInTinñpldMNaMTaMgGs;eT. CImYycMENk)anrlay kñúgTwkePøóg nig RsUbcUleTAkñúgTwkeRkamdIehIyhUrcUleTAkñúgbwgsÞwg Tenø. k-KuNsm,tþi ³ CYybegáInTinñpldMNaM ¬plites,ógGaharRKb;RKan;tamtRmUvkarrbs;mnusS¦ x-KuNvibtþi ³ kareRbICIelIskarkMNt; eFIV[rukçCatilUtlas;minl¥ xUcdI ¬dIeLIgrwg¦. eFVI[ sarayrs;elIépÞTwkGENþtCakRmalRBMraraMgdl;BnøWRBHGaTitü naM[rMxandl;kareFVIrsµIsMeyaKrbs;rukç CatieRkamTwk. eBlEdlrukçCatieRkamTwkgab;vanwgrlYyedaysakarbMEbkrbs;)ak;etrI EdlRbtikmµ enHRtUvkarGuksIuEsnrlaykñúgTwk ¬eFVI[kgVHGuksIuEsnkñúgTwk O2¦ bNþal[BYkstVTwkRtUv)at;bg; ¬RtI kEgáb >>>>>¦ . Cm¶WmharIknwgekItmankalNaeyIgbriePaKTwkEdlmankMhab;nIRtat (NO3 - ) x<s; kñúgenaH. K-dMeNaHRsay ³
42.
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suPa briBaØabRtKImICIv³énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj emeronsegçbKImIviTüafñak;TI10 - 42 - -eRbICItamrUbmnþ ¬kuMeRbIelIsBItRmUvkarrbs;rukçCati¦ -kMueRbICIenAelIdIesIm b¤ kñúgFatuGakasesIm. -bM)at;GIuy:ugnIRtatenAkEnøgplitCI.
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