- Top-down education policy alone does not effectively deliver quality education as supply and demand factors are more complicated. While increasing access through new schools and teachers is necessary, it may not be sufficient to motivate demand if the economic return on education is unclear. - Expectations can negatively impact education outcomes as parents and students may misunderstand the purpose of education and lose motivation when faced with perceived failures or competition. - Schools often fail because the curriculum and teaching methods are designed for an elite minority rather than all students. Attempts at standardized textbooks and exams can overwhelm most children and ignore individual talents. Rapid enrollment growth also strains limited resources. - Education could be improved by reengineering the system to focus on basic

1. Poor Economics
Chapter 4: Top of the class

2. HELLO!
Members:
Van Khanh Huyen
Pham Thuy Huyen
Tao Quynh Huong
Than Thu Huyen
2

3. Chapter 4:
Top of the class
▹ Supply- Demand Wars
▹ The curse of expectations
▹ Why schools fail
▹ Reengineering education
3

4. 1. Supply- Demand
Wars

5. Education policy has always been an intense topic to
debate: in the case of the reflection from governmental
intervention.
5
Supply – demand wars
A fairly simple viewpoint of the problem:
Enforce
children into
classes
Teach by
skillful
teachers
The rest will
take care of
itself 
However, everything is much more complicated.

6. “
For the “demand wallahs”:
There is no point in
supplying education
unless there is a clear
demand for it.
The Demand wallahs’ case

7. 7
The role of
demand is
irrefutable.
The Demand wallahs’ case
Investing in
business requiring
educated labor
A pressure to
supply educated
labor force
 The economic return to education clearly
matters, lots of other things probably matter as
well.
 Building schools and hiring teachers is a
necessary first step to lower the cost of sending
a child to school, but it may not be enough.

8. 8
The Curious History of
Conditional Cash Transfers
PROGESA was the first conditional cash transfer
(CCT) program.
PROGESAresulted in two new traditions
• CCTs spread like wildfire all over the rest of Latin
America, and subsequently to the rest of the
world.
When other countries launch their own CCTs, they
now usually also carry out a set of randomized trials
to evaluate them.

9. - Despite the poor quality
of education, the school is
still useful.
- Top-down education
policy does not deliver as
much as it could, should.
- After all, the quality of
education in public school
should be considered.
Does Top-Down Education Policy Work?

10. 10
Private Schools
Private schools are
believed to play an
important role in filling
the gaps in the education
system.
Children in private
schools learn more than
children in public school.
This does not mean, however, that private
schools are as efficient as they could be.

11. 2. The curse of
expectations

12. The curse of expectations
Limited education
due to parents
misunderstanding
such as education
causes poverty;
teacher ignore
weaker students .
Poor students feel
inferior and weak,
giving up their
dreams when
studying with the
rich ones. 12

13. The curse of expectations
Parents expect
their children to
have a high
income or
working in the
government,
office work.
The child's level
of education is
unsatisfactory
due to the failure
of parents to fully
invest in
education.
Increased
competition
among siblings in
the family for
priority in
schooling. 13

14. 3. Why schools fail

15. 15
-The curriculum and
the teaching are
designed for the elite
rather than for the
regular children.
-Attempts to improve
school function have
also been ineffective.

16. Textbooks- which was
considered to be
perfect lead to
disappointing results.
Michael Kremer’s test:
Schools prepare the best
performers for some of
the tough exams, which
is overwhelming for
most children.
16

17. Parents always want
schools to follow the
“elite” program
without knowing what
their child will get
Michael Kremer’s test:
The constraints imposed
by the official pedagogy
and the particular focus
on covering the syllabus
seem to be too much of a
barrier.
17

18. The distinction
between the rich and
the poor misses out
many talents.
Enrollment has gone up
faster than resources,
and with the growth in
the high-tech sectors.
18
Michael Kremer’s test:

19. 4. Reengineering
education

20. “
Authors confirm the
ability to popularize the
basics for every child if
they have right
conditions .
20

21. Factors to create
these conditions:
21
Focusing on
basic skills
education for
children.
Rearranging the
curriculum and
the way of
splitting up
students.
Applying
technology to
the curriculum.
Setting more
proximate goals
for both
students and
teachers.
Influencing
parents about
the benefits of
their children
being educated.

22. THANKS! 22