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Similar to Peter Ehren LSM 2014-1
Similar to Peter Ehren LSM 2014-1 (20)
Peter Ehren LSM 2014-1
- 3. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 3!
From!Resource!to!Product!Batteries
Glass Molecular Sieves
Ceramics Desiccants or Dehumidifiers
Emanel Brazing Fluxes
Frits Fluxesundentes Chemicals
Aluminum Process Polymers
Cement Pharmaceuticals
Organic intermediate
Pharmaceuticals, es
Agrochemicals
Flavors
Fragrances
HP Lithium Carbonate
Lithium Bromide (air conditioning)
Lithium Fluoride
Lithium Nitrate
Lithium Phosphate
Lithium Sulfate
Lithium Silicate
Lithium Borates
Lithium Acetate
Lithium Benzonate
Lithium Citrate
Lithium Salicytate
Lithium Peroxide
Primary Batteries
Aluminum Alloys
Greases
Glass
Ceramics
Natural resources © Ehren-González Limitada
Lithium Carbonate
Basic Chemicals
Performance Chemicals
Lithium
Hydroxide!
!
Lithium!
Carbonate!
!
Brines!
!
Minerals!
!
Specialty!
Inorganics!
!
Low Na !
Lithium
Chloride!
!
High Na !
Lithium
Chloride!
!
High Na !
Lithium
Metal!
!
Low Na !
Lithium
Metal!
!
Butyllithium!
!
Specialty!
Organics!
!
Specialty!
Inorganics!
!
- 5. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 5!
A.!Brine!Composi7on:!Parameters!!
• Li#concentra+on:# ##
• Mg/Li#ra+o! !Indicates!how!much!Magnesium!has!to!be!
removed!by!frac7onal!crystalliza7on!and/or!selec7ve!
precipita7on.!
• SO4/Li#ra+o.! !Indicates!a!Lithium!Sulfate!deposits!(high!
SO4/Li)!or!a!Lithium!Chloride!deposit!(low!SO4/Li).!
• Ca/Li#ra+o! !Indicates!how!much!Calcium!has!to!be!
removed!by!frac7onal!crystalliza7on!and/or!selec7ve!
precipita7on!
• K#concentra+on#
• SO4/K#ra+o#!!!!!Indicates!a!Potassium!Sulfate!deposit!(high!
SO4/K)!or!Potassium!Chloride!!!deposit!(low!SO4/K)!!
- 6. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 6!
A.!Brine!Composi7on!!!
World!Wide!Resources!
Note:!Salar!de!Atacama!has!several!different!brine!types:!
• High!sulfate!brine !SulPoMag^!Li2SO4!
• Low!sulfate!brine !KCl^LiCl!
• High!calcium!brine !KCl^LiCl^!CaCl2!
• Salar!de!Olaroz!!!!!!!!!!Number!for!Produc7on!wells!
!
Deposit Deposit type Li K Mg Ca SO4 Mg/Li SO4/Li Ca/Li SO4/K
Salar de Atacama
Average (Rockwood
Lithium and SQM)
SulpoMag- Li2SO4-
LiCl- CaCl2
1,835 22,626 11,741 379 20,180 6 11 0.2 0.9
Salar de Hombre
Muerto (FMC)
Na2SO4- K2SO4-
Li2SO4
744 7,404 1,020 636 10,236 1 14 0.9 1.4
Silver Peak
(Rockwood Lithium)
Na2SO4- K2SO4-
Li2SO5
245 5,655 352 213 7,576 1 31 0.9 1.3
Salar de Olaroz
(Orocobre)
Na2SO4- K2SO4-
Li2SO6
774 6,227 2,005 416 18,630 3 24 0.5 3.0
Salar de Cauchari
(LAC)
Na2SO4- K2SO4-
Li2SO7
618 5,127 1,770 476 19,110 3 31 0.8 3.7
Salar de Maricunga
(Li3)
KCl-LiCl- CaCl2 1,036 8,869 8,247 11,919 1,095 8 1 11.5 0.1
Salar de Uyuni
Average
SulpoMag- Li2SO4 424 8,719 7,872 557 10,342 19 24 1.3 1.2
Salar de Rincón
( Rincon Lithium)
SulpoMag- Li2SO4 397 7,513 3,419 494 12,209 9 31 1.2 1.6
West Taijinaier
(CITIC)
SulpoMag- Li2SO4 256 8,444 15,737 ND 35,315 61 138 4.2
Zhabuye Salt Lake Li2CO3-Na2SO4 1,217 17,083 17 - 38,917 0 32 2.3
- 8. Salar de Atacama Average
(Chemetall y SQM)
Salar de Hombre Muerto
(FMC)
Silver Peak (Chemetall)
Salar de Uyuni Average
Salar de Rincón ( Rincon
Lithium)
Salar de Olaroz (Orocobre)
Salar de Cauchari (LAC)
Salinas Grandes (Orocobre)
Qarhan
East Taijinaier Chang
West Taijinaier Chang
Mg
K2SO4
Silvite
Leonite
Schoenite
Kainite
Carnalite
Glaserita
Tenardite
T=25 oC
Astrakanite
Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 8!
A.!Brine!Composi7on:!!!Janecke!Projec7on!
Halite=!NaCl!
Silvite=!KCl!
Gypsum=!CaSO4*2H20!
Glaserite=!Na2SO4*3K2SO4!
Ternadite=!Na2SO4!
Glaubersalt=!Na2SO4*10H20!
Schoenite=!K2SO4*MgSO4*6H2O!
Leonite=!K2SO4*MgSO4*4H2O!
Carnalite=!KCl*MgCL2*6H20!
Bischofite=MgCl2*6H20!
!!
!
!
!
- 9. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 9!
A.!Brine!Composi7ons:!Li!concentra7on!
!"!!!!
!200,0!!
!400,0!!
!600,0!!
!800,0!!
!1000,0!!
!1200,0!!
!1400,0!!
!1600,0!!
!1800,0!!
!2000,0!!
Salar!de!
Atacama!
Average!
(Rockwood!
Lithium!and!
SQM)!
Salar!de!
Hombre!
Muerto!(FMC)!
Silver!Peak!
(Rockwood!
Lithium)!
Salar!de!
Olaroz!
(Orocobre)!
Salar!de!
Cauchari!
(LAC)!
Salar!de!
Maricunga!
(Li3)!
Salar!de!
Uyuni!
Average!
Salar!de!
Rincón!
(!Rincon!
Lithium)!
West!
Taijinaier!
(CITIC)!
Zhabuye!Salt!
Lake!!
Li##
Li!!
- 14. C.!Reservoir!Hydrogeology:!Salar!Types!
Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 14!
Area Elevation
(km2
) (m asl)
Uyuni 10,000 3,653 Immature
Atacama 2,900 2,300 Mature
Olaroz-
Cauchari
550 3,900 Immature
Huayatayoc-
Salinas
Grande
Rincon 280 3,740 Largely mature
Arizaro 1,600 3,500 Immature
Pocitos 435 3,660 Immature
Antofalla 540 3,580 ?Immature
Hombre
Muerto W
350 3,750 Mature
Hombre
Muerto E
280 3,750 Immature
Maricunga 90 3,760 Mixed
Salar Salar type
2,500 3,400 Immature
- 17. D.!Reserves!
• Project!live!
• Mining!Plan!
• Pumping!rate!!
• Produc7on!Rates!
• Reservoir!Modeling!
• =>!Avoid!excessive!exploita7on!of!!
brine!deposit!in!order!to!control!
declining!grades!
Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 17!
- 21. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 21!
G.!Environmental!Management!
• Environmental!Legal!Framework!
• Flora!and!Fauna!
– Lagoons!
– Vegas!and!wetlands!
– Flamingos,!!Vicuñas,!Fox,!etc.!
• Tourists!Interest^!
– Scenery!impact!
– Industrial!interven7on!
• Protected!Areas!such!as!
– Na7onal!Parks!!
– Na7onal!!Reserves!
• Hydrogeological!issues.!!
– Pumping!rates:!!
– Environmental!well!monitoring!and!!
alert!system!
– Hydrogeological!modeling!for!brine!!
extrac7on!effects!
• Indigenous!Communi7es!
- 22. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 22!
G.!Environmental!Issues:!Process!
• Waste!Salts!Managements!!
• End^brine!management!=>!!
– Salar!de!Olaroz!Process:!Zero!Liquid!discharge!and!Li2CO3!
end^liquor!recovery!
– Salar!de!Atacama!Process:!Zero!Liquid!discharge!and!
Li2CO3!evapora7on!
– Salar!de!Hombre!Muerto:!!End!brine!of!adsorp7on!
process!purged!to!lower!part!of!Salar!basins!
– Poten7al!solvent!extrac7on!and!IX!process:!!End!brine!
reinjec7on!!to!Salar!?!
– POSCO!process!(according!to!patent):!End!brine!
reinjec7on!!to!Salar!?!
!
- 26. 3rd Lithium Asia Conference
Chengdu, ChinaK.!Cost!Drivers:!Opera7onal!Minerals!
• Mining#(#%Li2O=grade#)#
• Spodumene#produc+on###
• Ore#Calcining#(>1000#oC)#
• Soda#Ash#=>#Lithium#Carbonate#precipita+on#
• Sodium#sulfate##by#product#
• Brine#Hea+ng#
• Product#drying#
• Electricity#
• A!good!mineral!project!should!have!an!opera7onal!
costs!between!3,000!and!3,500!USD/ton!
Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 26!
Galaxy opCalciner kiln
www.galaxylithium.com
PipeworkControl room checking bulk I/Os
- 29. Final!Words!
• Every!Brine!deposit!is!unique!and!requires!it´s!tailor!made!
process!
• Do!not!copy!–!paste!!
• Learn!from!the!other!projects!
• Simulate!the!process!and!calculate!the!costs!
• Analyze!the!best!process!op7on!and!test!it!
• Be!cost!effec7ve.!
!
!
How!much!be+er!is!it!to!get!wisdom!than!gold!!(…Lithium)!
and!to!get!understanding!rather!to!be!chosen!than!silver!(…Potash)!!(Proverbs!16:16!(KJV))!
!
Thanks!to!
My!wife,!for!her!support!and!advise!on!environmental!management!issues!
My!son,!MaIas!(11)!!who!helped!my!with!the!special!effects!
Annelies(10)!and!Daniel(2)!!for!missing!me!when!I!am!not!at!home!
My!clients!who!have!trusted!me!in!this!small!lithium!world!
!
!
Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 29!