2. Periodontium
• Greek terms: peri-, "around" and –
odont,"tooth“
• the supporting and surrounding structure for
the teeth.
3. The oral mucosa consists of three zones:
• masticatory mucosa
• specialized mucosa
• lining mucosa
4. Structure of the Gingiva
Alveolar mucosa
Attached gingiva
Free gingiva
Gingival margin Interdental papillae
Muco-gingival junction –
5. Gingival Sulcus
Is a shallow crevice or space around the tooth bounded by the surface
of the tooth on the one side and the epithelium lining the surface of
the gingiva on the other side
•probing depth :normal gingival sulcus is 0.5 to 2-3 mm.
V shaped
6. Gingival Epithelium
physical barrier to infection and the
underlying gingival attachment.
1.Sulcular epithelium (SE)
2.Oral epithelium (OE)
3.Junctional epithelium
(JE):(hemidesmosomes)
7. Gingival fibers
gingival fibres; these are collagen fibre bundles which lie ground substance,
bundles are:
• Dento-gingival fibres
• Alveolo-gingival fibres
• Circular fibres
• Trans-septal fibres
8. Gingival Connective Tissue
• The major components : collagen
fibers ,fibroblasts ,vessels, nerves,
and matrix .
lamina propria :
• a papillary layer
• a reticular layer
9. Gingival recession
• Gingival recession is the apical shift of the marginal gingiva from its normal position on the crown
of the tooth to levels on the root surface beyond the cemento enamel junction .
10. Cementum
Cementum is an avascular mineralized tissue which overlies the root dentine.
1.Acellular Cementum
2.Cellular Cementum
11. Principal fiber groups
• The structure of the periodontal ligament is composed of an extracellular matrix, consisting of many fibres
such as collagen, and ground substance featuring cells, blood vessels and nerves.
• named based on their location and orientation
12. The alveolar process consists
1.An external plate of cortical bone :haversian bone and compacted bone lamellae.
2. The inner socket compact bone : alveolar bone proper
3. Cancellous trabeculae between these two compact layers
13. alveolar process.
Alveolar bone is the ridge of bone which
holds the teeth in their place, forming the
tooth sockets, also known as the alveolar
process.
Interproximal bone
Interradicular bone
X-ray can show bone resorption
lamina dura: On radiographs, this bone produces a dense
radiopacity around the tooth
14. PERIODONTAL EXAMINATION
The probe should be “walked around” the sulcus/pockets in each sextant, and the highest score recorded. all sites should be examined to
ensure that the highest score in the sextant is recorded before moving on to the next sextant.
