Computer Evolution

Computer Evolution
Computers date back all the way to 300B.C. with the invention of the abacus. This was a calculating devise to do math and it made the people of
that time lives a lot easier. That is what the computers of today do but so much more. I will start at the basics of computers while trying not to boar
you. The first real computer that actually made calculations was the ENIAC that was made by the government in 1943. It costed $500,000, weighed
over 30 tons, had 19,000 vacuum tubes, and consumed almost 200 kilowatts of electricity (computer chronicles 8). Now we have advanced to laptops
that are one inch thick and 15 inches wide and can do a lot more than the ENIAC could. There have been thousands of advancements and new
technology in computers in...show more content...
Netscape announces that it will make its source code available to anyone, which puts up a little fight for the top against Microsoft Internet Explorer.
1999 stock of Yahoo and Skytel search engines skyrocket! The race for faster processors is still on but the fastest for this year was Intel Pentium III at
850mhz.
Lipske 6
In 2000 there was another new set of Microsoft this time it was Windows 2000 edition. This was a Y2K compadable program and the big scare was
off that all computers were going to crash because they thought they were to old. Also in 2000 they came up with the fastest processor yet. Intel
Pentium 4 with 1.4ghz that is 1400mgz. Now they can't go any faster without a new motherboard that can handle the speed and they haven't made one
yet that can handle anything over that speed. So for now that is the fastest computer you can buy.
Well that was all the technological advancements. Now there is new software and hardware. Such as messenger service that you can make your
own chat room on with only the people that you want on it and talk to them for free as long as they are online. You can watch DVD's your
computer. Download music off of Napster and make your own CD's of whatever you want. Play Chess or video games with people around the world.
In this day in age you would be behind in life if you didn't have a
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Essay on Computer Innovation
Computers are changing the world as we know it, and they offer an exciting new way of working. The news represented a complete turnaround for the
corporate giant. Microsoft Chairperson, Bill Gates publicly announced his company's new connection to the Internet. The announcement rang through
the nation. Gates has consistently ignored the Internet in favor of desktop computing. So, with Microsoft's approval, computers kicked into even
higher gear . The pace of innovation continues to astonish even those involved from the start. If one wants to find enthusiasm, intellect, hard work, and
imagination; then computers is the place to be . Computer engineers build and design computers and computer–related media...show more content...
High–school students fill out college applications and submit them with a click of a mouse. There are chat rooms and news groups for everything
imaginable. Books, watches, recordings, clothes, shoes, crafts and vacations are sold over Internet. Even churches rage their members to log on for
their latest news. Last year, new technology made it possible for millions of Internet users to listen to speeches or traditional radio programs on their
computers. That is, thanks to RealAudio, a technology which converts radio into digital sound. If that weren't enough, video broadcasts and
video–conferencing are being done over the Internet rather than by traditional means . The newest versions of web browsers allow people all over the
world to hold video–conferences and do other tasks simultaneously. Businesses worldwide have learned to take advantage of the technology and have
begun to work 24 hours a day. Work started in the far east can be sent west and onward before the sun sets. As with any new industry, the first job
holders gained the most advantage. In its beginning, computer engineering welcomed anyone who was smart and eager to learn. People taught
themselves the skills needed to create web pages. They came to computer engineering with degrees in physics, English, marketing, biology, journalism,
graphic design and maybe computer science. They might have had experience working in television production or as a

Many people consider the computer to be a once in a lifetime invention. Almost everywhere one goes and looks, there is always a computer. They
are found in basically every household in America. It is such a powerful device that it changes the way people run their lives. The question is, are
computers all good or are there some downfalls to this incredible gadget? In order to answer this question, it is best for one to know the history,
components, careers, and the dark side of computers. There is no simple answer to the question, "Who invented the computer?" Many inventors, through
the course of time have contributed to the invention of the computer. It is quite hard to pinpoint the first computer, but most scholars say the abacus
...show more content...
Computer software is the programs designed to perform a specific task. It works along with hardware to help the computer run. It is the opposite of
computer hardware in that it is not physically tangible. There are two main different types of frequently used software. One is system software and
the other is application software (Swedin and Ferro 40). The system software is commonly referred to as the operating system. All computers have
an operating system. It is used for starting the computer and running all the application software, along with other things. Some common operating
systems are Windows, Linux and Macintosh (40). Then there is the application software as mentioned before. Applications are computer programs
that are designed for a specific task. Some typical examples of application software are word processors, media players and computer games
(Swedin and Ferro 86). So all in all, computer hardware and software goes hand in hand in making the computer to be what it is today. Computers
and the Internet are not going away any time soon. "In fact computer careers are one of the fastest growing segments in the market right now.
Everybody needs technology, everybody needs people that know how to make computers work and understands how it impacts the business" (Abbott).
It is true that many computer related jobs are going overseas, and most of those jobs are being taken by

The Invention of Computer and its Significance in Human History
Abstract: In human history, there are lots of great inventions which made great effects to our life; we can even say, they dominated the development of
human culture. This paper would say something about an effective invention which is fast developing and have the greatest influence on human society–
computer and its history and significance. The writer believes, before people see computer as a convenient and useful tool even can't leave it, it's
necessary to review its history of development and knowing its significance would make a good effect to the development in the future.
Key words: Computer; Development; IBM
Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable...show more content...
Hopper would revise this concept over the next twenty years and her ideas would become an integral part of all modern computers. CBS uses one of
the 46 UNIVAC computers produced to predict the outcome of the 1952 Presidential Election. They do not air the prediction for 3 hours because they
do not trust the machine.
IBM introduces the 701 the following year. It is the first commercially successful computer. In 1956 FORTRAN is introduced(proposed 1954, it
takes nearly 3 years to develop the compiler). Two additional languages, LISP and COBOL, are added in 1957 and 1958. Other early languages
include ALGOL and BASIC. Although never widely used, ALGOL is the basis for many of today's languages.
With the introduction of Control Data's CDC1604 in 1958, the first transistor powered computer, a new age dawns. Brilliant scientist Seymour Cray
heads the development team. This year integrated circuits are introduced by two men, Jack Kilby and John Noyce, working independently. The second
network is developed at MIT. Over the next three years computers begin affecting the day–to–day lives of most Americans. The addition of MICR
characters at the bottom of checks is common.
In 1961 Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit. Within ten years all computers use these instead of the transistor. Formally building
sized computers are now room–sized, and are considerably more

In the 20th century, people saw sufficiently of important variations in the life to recall forever in their life. Most changes were technology progressions
due to countless inventions, which even today changing forms of ordinary life of society. In my view, the most extraordinary invention which can be
recalled in history is invention of computers. Because, computers prejudiced our office, systems, education and science.
First after occupying to our life, computers have developed one of the main component of office workers. Due to computers industries are saving a
countless deal of money and increasing efficiency of office workers. For example, computer is a good device to achieve data storage of businesses and
thus can help to decrease the huge amount of paper which are required for ordinary working issues. Also, they can be used to improve efficiency in
areas such as word dispensation, data organization and data access. Therefore, it is foretold that computers will remain as an important device of office
staff for a long time.
Second, education is one of the most significant influences of expansion and due to computers education system of nations are refining. After
development of computer, quality of education has been improved and students has begun to study in collaborating ways such as online performances,
group knowledge through the Internet and taking online sequences, which are obtainable by great universities such as Harvard, MIT and Stanford. The
use of computers

Evolution of Computer Technology
INTRODUCTION:
Several centuries have been taken toward the development of inventions made by different people into modern forms. Single inventors rarely bring out
modern invention. What we have now as electronic devices (the computers) are inventions of several scientists, mathematicians and engineers from
different centuries. For the purpose of this mini research key terms like evolution, technology and computer shall be considered, not forgetting to take a
careful look at the evolution of these inventions from different centuries/years to our present generation starting from the earliest known device. The
characteristics of these devices from generation to generation and their classification according to sizes, functions and uses shall...show more content...
RAM also stores the result of a processed data, waiting to be transferred to output device or secondary storage device. It is a temporary memory and
the content of RAM is erased when a computer is turned off and data stored in it can instantly be accessed.
The storage of RAM is expressed in megabytes and its capacity or size limited. An area of RAM set aside for storage of most frequently accessed
information is the CACHE memory. It is a temporary high speed data holding area between the memory and the central processing unit. RAM has
four parts: the conventional memory which consist of the first 640KB of RAM, used by operating system and device drivers; Upper Memory
Bound (UMB) located between 640KB and 1MB of RAM, used by device drivers: extended memory (XMS) which include direct access memory
above 1MB; and Expended memory: a special part of ram that is up to 32MB and exists outside the conventional memory.
Read only memory (ROM) is preloaded with data and software that never changes, so the central processing unit (CPU) can only read it.ROM is
typically used to store the computer's initial start up instructions. It retains its data indefinitely. In a personal computer (PC), ROM contains a
specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disc drive into RAM whenever the
computer is turn on

The personal computer underwent drastic changes with the introduction to advanced computing software and hardware. The evolution of computers
did not develop on its own; key influential figures such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates led the revolution of technology. These well–known individuals
competed with each other by continually innovating and creating more and more advanced technology. Computer technology moved forward when
Intel created 64–bit technology and advanced kernels to compliment the upgrade in processing power. Not only is the evolution of computer
technology in itself relevant for modern study, but the adoption of computers for use in other fields of study, such as engineering and architecture, was
produced through this...show more content...
Beating out every other company in personal computer sales, the suspicion that Microsoft was creating a monopoly on the personal computer market
began to arise, and the government decided to take action (Contemporary Heroes and Heroines 19). This caused a stunt in the growth of operating
systems, but luckily Apple began to progress in their operating system design. The market was eventually divided between the two parties, and this
created a rivalry between the two companies. Apple's software was less popular and only on the devices they provided, so the market leaned towards
Microsoft, simply because of quantity. Nearly 90% of the computers in a home would be running Windows, the operating system Microsoft created.
The two companies began researching on better hardware and software that would allow their products to be better than other competing companies.
The introduction to multithreading, which is the ability of a program or an operating system to manage multiple requests at the same time, upgraded
the efficiency of computing by an astronomical amount. These systems were originally created in a 32–bit operating system structure, but after 64–bit
processors were introduced manufacturers were able to save processing power connecting different operations together and minimized the stress on the
system. These innovations all spawned from the competition and tension between many companies like Microsoft and Apple. The reasons for
innovations in computer

Essay about The History of Computers
The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between 1940
and 1945 in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large
amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments
from simple devices to aid calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored program computers. The tools
or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the
UNIVAC 1 was created to process data like Herman Hollerith's tabulator over 50 years before, however UNIVAC 1 was then manufactured for other
users and become the world's first large scale commercial computer. The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between the
late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician. Among those machines were pioneering computers put
together by english academics notably Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas Kilburn. And the
EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University. The microelectronic revolution started
when they were using the vacuum tubes it consume a lot of power supply. As a comparison the ENIAC used about 2000 times as much electricity as
the modern laptop. Not just that, the modern term for a problem that holds up a computer program is a "bug". Popular legend has it that this word
entered the vocabulary of computer programmers sometimes in the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of vacuum tubes, flew inside
machines and caused a short circuit. In order to create more advance computer, would have needed hundreds of thousands or even millions of tubes,
which would have been

The Development of Computers Essay
Development of computer
What is computer? According to Wikipedia, computer is a device that can be programmed to do a set of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically. It is started with the basic device to perform a mathematic problem which is known as Abacus. Computer has been developing year by
year and we have seen a lot of generation or development of computer nowadays. The first generation of computer starting from years 1940–1950, this
can be called as the first electronic computer. During this time, the computers were using vacuum tubes and it is more complex and huge. Thevacuum
tube is designed by Lee De Forest. The vacuum tube is a device that is used to amplify the signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an...show
more content...
This computer can handle a large amount of data and more complex. This machine was too costly and need to be too powerful for business sector and
limit their attractiveness. Second generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language, allowing abbreviated programming codes
to replace long, difficult binary codes. In 1960, a number of commercial successful this generation era computer used in business, universities and many
companies such as Burroughs, Control Data, Honeywell and others. This computer also solid state design and have the entire component same with
modern computer like printer and etc. Example was the IBM 1401, that were accepted in industry.
By 1965, most large business that processed financial information using the second generation computer. This computer stored program and
programming language that give computer the ability to be cost effective and good for business use. The stored program means that the instruction to
be run a computer for a specific function having in the computer memory and can be replace by different set of instruction for a different kind of
function. More high level languages such as COBOL (Common Business–Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into
common use during this time, and have expanded to the current day.
The third generation of computer was from (1964–1971). The transistor clearly an

The Invention and Impact of The Computer Mouse
If you ask people to name one of the most important technologies of the twentieth century, one of the answers would most certainly be the computer. A
computer, however, is not a technology all to itself. Many other technologies went into the modern home computers of today, including the mouse.
Douglas C. Engelbart, a worker at the SRI (Stanford Research Institute), invented the mouse in 1964. However, the process of the invention of the
mouse was not instantaneous and without effect on the realm of computing and society. In this paper I will be examining the problems that had to be
overcome and the technologies that had to be invented for the mouse to become a reality. It also...show more content...
That is when Bob Taylor, a representative of NASA, stepped in and collected enough money from NASA to keep the lab running. Bob Taylor once
again helped the lab by getting more than adequate funding from ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) to support the work of Engelbart to its
conclusion.
During the time when the mouse debuted computers had just arrived into the small business market. They were still costly and not economically viable
for home computer users. Because of the great expense involved there was no need to cater to the needs of the general public, which requires
user–friendly computers. User–friendly means that the computer's operating system and interface are easy–to–learn. The change to using the mouse
was also uneconomical for computer manufacturers of the time because there was no demand for them except for the editing of text. Some computers
of the time were equipped with mouse support, specifically the Amstrad PC 1512, but the mouse remained unpopular due to its limited uses. The first
commercial mouse was not released until 1982.
Hardware and software support is another problem the mouse had to overcome. As mentioned previously, the mouse was released before most
computer systems had hardware support for it. Therefore, even if the computer used a program that incorporated a mouse, there was nowhere to
connect the mouse with the motherboard. Also there was no code for the CPU (central processing unit) to understand the signals

Essay about History of the Computer
History of the Computer
The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid–20th century (around 1940 – 1945), although the computer concept and various
machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several
hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable
while occupying a fraction of the space.[2] Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch
battery. Personal computers in various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "acomputer"; however, the most
This effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the
Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The
emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were
modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information,
and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high–tech
environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e–mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast
networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are
networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive
information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile
computing environments.

The First Generation of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
The first generation of computer which is from the year 1945 has been relatively large in size and very expensive due to the technology that we
have back then. Goes by the name "Colossus", it was the very first electronic computer developed. It is programmable, digital, electronic, computing
devices. The vacuum tubes or known as thermionic valves is used to perform calculations. It serve as purpose to solve mathematic problem faced by
the British military during World War II. Colossus is used to decrypt secret message from the German messages during World War II. However, the
existence of Colossus has been kept secret until decades after the war. The first generation of computer were mainly used by the military,...show more
content...
As a result, the electronic machinery or the computer itself, has greatly reduced in size. Thus makes it more economical. Compared to the first
generation computers, the second generation computers is much more reliable due to the size, power consumption and time taken to programmed it
has been significantly reduced to cope up with the advanced technology during that era. The first transistor to ever make a way into computer was in
1956, not to be confused with the year 1948, which the invention of the transistor. Even though the introduction of transistor still contribute to
significant amount of heat that can subjected the computer to damage, it was far better than using the vacuum tubes like in the first generation
computers. The first large scale computers to adapt this transistor technology were the first supercomputer. These computers, which are from IBM
were developed for used inside atomic laboratories, which an enormous amount of data could be handled by the computers. However, the
performance of this supercomputers is too high and does not attract the business sector to use this type of computers. A few high level languages
such as FORTRAN, ALGOL, BASIC and COBOL is introduced to shorten and make use of abbreviation for the programming code for the long and
difficult binary codes. The example of the second generation computers are IBM 709, IBM 1400, CDC 6600(Control Data Corporation), TX–0
(Transistorized Experimental Computer), TX–2, and NEAC

Essay The Advancement of Computers
Imagine if the computer was never invented. The world would not have the advances in technology or the multiple devices that we now take for
granted. Also take the time to imagine how hard it would be to live in a world without a computer it would be harder to store and process information.
If it were not for many inventors the world might not have had the modern day computer that people all over the world use. The many advances in
software that we need for school work such as the Microsoft Programs and the internet. Also we would not have any of the devices that we use
almost every day such as a laptop computer, cell phone or an mp3 player. Sherry Turkel Said "Today's college students are habituated to a world of
online blogging, instant...show more content...
he improved his schemes and prospered more and more with each Z prototype (2). In 1939, Zuse completed the Z2; it was the first fully operational
electro–mechanical computer device (2). Zuse completed the Z3 computer in 1941. The model consisted of recycled materials that were donated by
his fellow university staff and some of his students (2). This was the world's first electronic, fully programmable digital computer (2). Zuse used old
movie film to store his programs and data for the Z3, instead of using paper tape or punched cards; but unfortunately paper was in short supply in
Germany during the war (2). Also Zuse was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work for a computer based on electronic valves,
the Germans assumed they were close to winning the War and thought that they had no need to support any of Zuse's further research in computer
technology (2). Unfortunately for Zuse his Z1 through Z3 models were destroyed during the war, and later Zuse left for ZГјrich to finish his work on
the Z4, by smuggling the Z4 from Germany in a military truck (2). He completed and installed the Z4 at the Applied Mathematics Division of ZГјrich's
Federal Polytechnical Institute (2). Zuse later moved back to Germany to form a computer company called Zuse KG for the construction and
marketing of his designs. Zuse later rebuilt models of the Z3 in 1960 and rebuilt the Z1 in 1984 (3).
There were other inventors other than Konrad Zuse that helped

Technology : History Of Computers
Carlo Sorvillo
Daphine Ethington
English IV
22 October 2015
Technology: History of Computers
Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a
revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only
the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew acomputer would find a home in everyone's
household. The history of computers is a vast ocean of events that happened to make computers user friendly to where young children can even use
computers. We going to learn about the history of computers and how it has become such a big part of our everyday life. Starting off with the first
computer to then newest in technology. After the history of computers is the hardware the make the computer and how the technology has
dramatically changed over the recent years. Explaining the importance of hardware in computer, such as CPU, MOTHERBOARD, GPU and, HDD
(Hard Disk Drive). Software will be the final and last topic to learn about. Going over Microsoft Windows and Apples iOS . Computers have just
broke the tip of the sword and are getting bigger every year. From being humongous calculators to handheld computers. Who knows what the future
holds for computers, but we know it's going to be huge.
The first computer was actually an audio oscillator,

History of the Development of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in developing and improving technology for various
sectors to make the world a better place for us to live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have
greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour, finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their
work.
Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that life without computers will certainly be incomplete.
In current times most of us own computer gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids,...show more content...
It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some form of input, processing as well as output. In a
modern computer, these processing is done electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time. Binary
codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds, text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and
zeros that represents the electrical on and off states and endless combinations of those to process any input.
Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective would be the invention of hardware components
over time like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the other hand,
another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of time. In the 1950s the computers were almost impossible to use
except by very patient geniuses. Next in the 1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from the 1980s till
present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone.
From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These
first electronic computers used vacuum tubes. They were huge and complex,

Brief History Of Computers Essay
The history of computers is a long and fascinating one. The computer was initially born out of necessity, not just for entertainment, which is more or
less how much people utilize computers these days. In fact, computers were born out of a need to solve a serious number–crunching crisis. By 1880,
the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to
get the job done, giving rise to punch–card based computers that took up entire rooms. (Zimmermann) Today, we carry more computing power on our
smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their
humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
(Zimmermann) 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early
computers would use similar punch cards. 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam–driven calculating machine that would
be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first
computer was actually built. 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three
years and saving the government $5

Personal Computer Research Paper
History of the Personal Computer
1. Introduction and thesis statement The modern day society is the result of countless processes of change and evolution, among the more notable of
them being the evolution of Information Technology. Today, technology impacts all aspects of the life of humanity, from the trivial chores, to the
complex and intricate endeavors. But this state of affairs could not have been possible had it not been for the creation and strong development of the
Personal Computer.
2. Events that led to the advancement During the 1970s decade, the United States were undergoing a rather challenging period of economic downturn,
preceded by two decades of economic growth. From a technological standpoint, computers were scarce and inefficient, while competition in the industry
was virtually inexistent. The market was dominated by IBM, but Microsoft would soon be launched (Ceruzzi, 2010).
The scope of Bill Gates was that of bringing computers into each and every American household, and the computers would run his operating system,
which would be more easily accessible to the users. During those days, the computers were intricate and difficult to use. They would be extremely large
and the population would have a decreased access to them. Additionally, they required technical knowledge and specialized background to operate.
Still, numerous pioneers emerged to help create more easily useable computers and applications (Trachtman, 1995).
3. Effects of

The History of Computers
The History of Computers
Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the
morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and
obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn
the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you
try you can get away from them you can't.
It is inevitable. Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old....show more content...
When it was finished in 1950 it became the fastest computer in the world.17 It was built by the National Bureau of standards on the campus of UCLA.
It was names the
National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer or the SWAC. It could be said that the SWAC set the standards for computers for later up
to present times.18 It was because the had all the same primary units. It had a storage device, a internal clock, an input output device, and arithmetic
logic unit that consisting of a control and arithmetic unit. These computers were considered first generation computers (1942 – 1958). In 1948 John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley of Bell labs file for the firs patent on the transistor.19 This invention would foundation for second
generation computers (1958 – 1964). Computers of the second generation were smaller(about the size of a piano now) and much more quicker because
of the new inventions of its time. Computers used the much smaller transistor over the bulky vacuum tubes. Another invention which influenced
second generation computers and every generation after it was the discovery of magnetic core memory. Now magnetic tapes and disks were used to
store programs instead of being stored in the computer. This way the computer could be used for many operations without totally being reprogrammed
or rewired to do another task. All you had to do was pop in another disk. The third generation(1964 – 1970) was when computers

Generation of Computers
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. A generation refers to the state
of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer technology. With each new
generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power,
and computer memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play.
Each generation of computers is characterized by major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in
Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers. Today's latest microprocessor
contains tens of millions of microscopic transistors.
Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which had many disadvantages. They were much larger, required
more energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone to failures. It's safe to say that without the invention of transistors, computing as we know it
today would not be possible.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube,allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,more energy–efficient and more reliable than their first–generation predecessors. Though
the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second–generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second–generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,which allowed programmers to
specify instructions in words. High–level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their

Computer Evolution

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