useful

1. Disease Prevention and Outbreak Response Cell (DPORC)
Centre for Community Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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2. Outline of Presentation
• Common Vector Borne Diseases in India
• Malaria
• Dengue• Dengue
• Chikungunya
• Filaria
• Japanese Encephalitis Kala azar
• Prevention from the Vector Borne Diseases
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3. Common Vector Borne Diseases in India
• Malaria
• Dengue
• Chikungunya
Small Bite - Big Threat
Mosquito
• Filaria
• Japanese
Encephalitis
• Kala azar - Sandfly
Mosquito
Mosquito
Sandfly
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4. Malaria
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5. Malaria
• Mal’aria means “bad air”
(Originally thought to be caused by foul air)
• A life-threatening protozoan disease
• 40% of the world’s population is at risk of getting the disease• 40% of the world’s population is at risk of getting the disease
• 80% of population in India lives in low malaria endemic
region
• 80% of malaria burden in India is confined to 20% of
population that live in malaria endemic region in India
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6. Trend of Malaria indices in India, 2001-13
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Source - http://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria3.html

7. Mosquito
• Female anopheles mosquito is
the vector
o P. vivax
o P. Falciparum
• The mosquito breeds in polluted• The mosquito breeds in polluted
water bodies, brackish water,
wells, cisterns, fountains,
overhead tanks etc.
• Mosquito bites during
night time
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8. Transmission Cycle
of humans
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humanshealthy humans
Mosquito

9. Common Symptoms
Symptoms:
o Fever (High grade)
o Chills & rigorso Chills & rigors
o Headache
o Body ache
o Non specific symptoms
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10. Severe Malaria - consequences
• Jaundice
• Seizure
• Bleeding problems• Bleeding problems
• Liver failure
• Kidney failure
• Multi organ failure
• “Death” also as a possible outcome
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11. Diagnosis
Rapid Diagnostic Kit Test Traditional slide test for parasite 10/53

12. Treatment
• Rest and fever control (Tab.Paracetamol)
• Cold Sponging
• Chloroquine for three days
• Plasmodium vivax – Primaquine for 14 days (in addition to
chloroquine)chloroquine)
• Plasmodium falciparum – Artesunate Based Combination therapy
• Severe malaria may require
o Artesunate based combination therapy
o Quinine
• Infants and pregnant women for giving special attention
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13. “Require immediate attention”
with danger signs
• Patient becomes unconscious
• Severe headache
• Seizures• Seizures
• Bleeding from any site
• Development of jaundice
• Unable to pass urine
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14. Facilities available at AIIMS
• Diagnosis of Malaria and
its complications
o Kit test
o Slide test
• Management of malaria
and its complications
o Treatment of malaria
o Slide test
o Fluorescent microscopy
o PCR
o Treatment of malaria
o Blood transfusion
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• Available at:
o Dept of Microbiology
o Dept of Pathology
• Available at:
o Dept of Medicine/Pediatrics
o Blood bank

15. DengueDengue
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16. • Dengue fever is caused by Dengue virus
• It is pronounced as “Dengee”
Dengue
• Occurs in epidemic form from time to time
• Common name of the disease is ‘break-bone fever’
(Haddi Tod Bukhar)
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17. Reported Dengue Cases in Delhi,
2002 – 2013
4000
5000
6000
7000
3366
6259
5574
Numbers
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
45
2882
606
1023
3366
548
1312 1153 1131
2093
No. of Dengue cases in Delhi Years
Numbers
Source - http://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria3.html

18. • Common disease in tropical
and subtropical countries
• Causative agent is a virus
• The vector is mainly a
What is Dengue ?
• The vector is mainly a
mosquito called Aedes
aegypti commonly known as
Tiger Mosquito
• Environment Helps
transmission
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19. Know Your Enemy !!
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Presence of black and white patches
over the legs (Tiger Mosquito)

20. Environmental Factors
• Season: July – December
• Biting time mostly during day
• Ideal Temperature- 20-28• Ideal Temperature- 20-28
degree Celsius.
• Humidity - high
• Tiger mosquito breeds in fresh
water pools
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21. • All age groups & both sex are
vulnerable
• Those previously infected by
Vulnerability to Dengue
• Those previously infected by
dengue are more likely to
experience severe form of
disease, if re-infected
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22. Infected mosquito
Transmission Cycle
Man-Mosquito-Man
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Uninfected
human
Infected
human
Uninfected mosquito

23. Symptoms
• Fever
• Rash
• Headache• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Joint pain
• Pain behind the eyes
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24. Dengue Hemorrhagic fever
• Decrease in Platelet count
(a component of blood) leads
to bleeding
o Bleeding from gums
o Bleeding into jointso Bleeding into joints
o Bleeding under the skin causing its
discolouration
o Petecheal hemorrhages
o In gut causing black colored stools or even
frank blood
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25. Treatment
• Fluids
• Rest
• No injections are required
• Paracetamol for pain and fever• Paracetamol for pain and fever
• Monitor platelet count and
Blood pressure
• In severe cases, platelet
transfusion /blood transfusion
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26. “Require immediate attention”
with danger signs
•Bleeding from any site
•Severe abdominal pain
•Prolonged frequent vomiting
•Unconsciousness
•Raise in the temperature
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27. Facilities Available at AIIMS
• Diagnosis
o Kit test
o Virus culture
o Reverse Transcriptase
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RT-PCR) test
• Treatment
o In-door admission
o IV infusion
o Blood transfusion(RT-PCR) test
o Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
analysis
o Blood transfusion
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• Available at:
o Dept of Microbiology
o Dept of Pathology
• Available at:
o Dept of Medicine/Pediatrics
o Blood bank

28. Japanese EncephalitisJapanese Encephalitis
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29. Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
• JE is mostly present in in Southern India, Uttar
Pradesh, North Eastern states, Haryana
• Agent - Group B arbovirus (Flavivirus)
• Transmitted by Culex mosquitoes
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30. Symptoms
• Starts with
o Fever
o Headache
o Weakness
Rapidly progress to
•High grade fever
•Neck pain
•Vomiting
•Seizure
•Inability to speak
•Paralysis
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Rapidly progress to

31. Treatment
• Consists of symptomatic management .
• May include
o Sponging for fevero Sponging for fever
o Paracetamol
o Drugs for Seizure
o Oxygen therapy
o Patient may need referral to higher level of health
care facility
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32. Danger signs
•Unconsciousness
•Seizure•Seizure
•Poor respiration
•Paralysis
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33. ChikungunyaChikungunya
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34. Epidemiology
• Viral disease
• Transmitted by tiger mosquito (Aedes Aegyptus)
• Out break of chikungunya in India occurred in 2006,
affecting 14 lakh people
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35. Symptoms
• Fever
• Chills
• Headache• Headache
• Generalized body ache
• Skin rash
• Small joint pains
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36. Treatment
• Analgesics
o Paracetamol
o Diclofenac
• Plenty of fluid
• Avoid aspirin
• Normal food intake
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37. FilariaFilaria
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38. Epidemiology
• Caused by : Microfilaria
• Transmitted by : Culex
mosquitomosquito
• Mainly prevalent in costal
areas due to hot and humid
conditions
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Culex mosquito

39. Clinical features
• Majority remains
asymptomatic
• Fever
Swelling and pain in limbs• Swelling and pain in limbs
• Permanent disfigurement of
limbs
• Some people may develop
allergic reactions
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40. Diagnosis & Treatment
• DIAGNOSIS
o Blood examination for
microfilaria
o Antibody test
• TREATMENT
o Di-Ethyl Carbamazine
with Albendazole
o Ivermectin with
Albendazole
o Antibody test
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41. “Require immediate attention”
with danger signs
Generally filariasis do not lead to any life threatening
complication
Medication cause larval death in body which couldMedication cause larval death in body which could
sometimes lead to allergic reactions like swelling of
body, itching etc.
Any reactions after taking medication should be reported
to the doctor
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42. Kala-AzarKala-Azar
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43. Epidemiology
• Caused by parasite
Leishmania donovani
• Transmitted by sandfly
• The organism may remain in
the body for a long time in
liver, spleen and bone
• In India found in
Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal
and pockets of Uttar Pradesh
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44. Clinical features
• Intermittent fever
• Weakness
• Fullness of abdomen due
to increase in size of liverto increase in size of liver
and spleen
• Grey discoloration of skin
with loss of hair
• Decrease in hemoglobin
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45. Management
Diagnosis
• Blood test for antibody
• Dipstick test
• ELISA
Management
• Sodium stibogluconate
• Pentamidine
• Amphotericin-B• ELISA
• Biopsy
• Amphotericin-B
• Miltefosine
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• Available at:
• Dept of Microbiology
• Dept of Pathology
• Available at:
• Dept of Medicine/Pediatrics

46. Prevention from the Vector Borne DiseasesPrevention from the Vector Borne Diseases
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47. • Don’t allow water to remain
stagnant in and around your
house.
• Clean the blocked drains.
1. Reducing the source where the
mosquito can breed . . . 1
• Clean the blocked drains.
• Empty - room air coolers and
flower vases completely at least
once in seven days and then refill
them
• Tray below the fridge also to be
cleaned
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48. •Dispose off old containers, tins,
and tyre etc.
1. Reducing the source where the
mosquito can breed . . . 2
•Keep the water tanks and water
containers tightly covered so that
the mosquitoes can not enter
them and start breeding
•Fill the ditches
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49. • Introduction of some types
of small fish (Gambusia,
Lebister) which eat
2.Killing the mosquito and larvae . . . 1
mosquito larva into water
bodies
• Pouring oil over the water
sources
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50. • Don’t turn away spray
workers whenever they
come to spray your house
2. Killing the mosquito and Larvae . . . 2
• Spraying of
DDT, Malathion and
Pyrethrum etc.
• Spraying over all the walls
of the house
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51. • Don’t forget to spray
oBehind the photo-frames
oCurtains
2. Killing the mosquito and Larvae . . . 3
oCurtains
oCalendars
oCorners of house
oStores
•Use insecticidal sprays in all
areas within the house at-
least once a week
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52. • Wear clothes which cover
the body as much as
possible
• Mosquito net
• Mosquito nets treated
with insecticides
3. Personal protection
with insecticides
• Mosquito repellent
o Sprays
o Creams
o Coils
o Mats
o Liquids
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53. Vector Borne Diseases
can be Easily Prevented!
It isIt is
Your, Mine and …
Our RESPONSIBILITY
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