Guru prasad

E-Journal Usage Study and Scholarly
Communication
Using Transaction Log Analysis:
A Case Study of E-Journal (Full-Text)
Download Patterns of NAL Scientists and Engineers
*R Guruprasad, +Khaiser Nikam
#M Gopinath Rao *Vidyadhar Mudkavi
*National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore
+Dept. of Studies, Library and Information Science, University of Mysore
#College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Paper Presentation at the 7th
International Convention on Automation of Libraries in Education and Research,
Theme: E-Content Management: Challenges and Strategies, Pondicherry University: 25-27, February 2009.
Slide No:1

Gutenberg’s Invention of the
Printing Press…
1455 AD…
Slide No:2

The Invention of the
Printing Press
 1455 AD belonged to Johannes Gutenberg,
the German Goldsmith and Printer (Mainz,Germany)
 His invention of the first movable printing
press – considered as one of Western
Civilization’s greatest inventions
 American team researching World History
over the last centuries declared him –
‘Man of the Millennium’
 Jon Man on his book on Gutenberg aptly
coined the titled – ‘How one man remade the
world with words’
 According to Mark Twain, Gutenberg’s invention –
‘incomparably the greatest event in the history of
the World’
 What took months by hand in 1450 to copy a book
shot up to 500 copies to be produced in a Week
A Single Obscure Artisan:
Instrumental in the changing
the course of History
Johannes Gutenberg
(1395 – 1468 )
Slide No:3

The Invention of the Printing Press
 The invention effectively broke the monopoly,
the aristrocracy, the monarchy maintained by the
Churches in publishing information
 This invention had an immediate radical change, it
brought in the Renaissance (or the Reformation)
which directly led to the ‘Modern Age’
 Most importantly, it made dissemination of
information easy, affordable and accessible to the
common man.
 By 1500 A.D. million of books were being printed
ranging from literature, poetry, to scientific
manuscripts, and most importantly in ‘Vernacular’.
Slide No:4
A Typical
‘Renaissance ‘
Clothing

 His Major Work: The Gutenberg Bible: (also known
as 42 line bible), acclaimed for its high aesthetic
and technical quality. In his period 200 copies of
the Bible were printed.
 Specific Contributions to Printing:
Invention of a process for
a mass producing moving type
The use of oil based ink
in the printing process
Use of a Wooden
Printing Press
Slide No:5

If Gutenberg were alive today…..probably, he would have said this
about himself…
Slide No:6

A Brief History of Scholarly
Electronic Communication
And
The Evolution of
The Scholarly Scientific Journals
Late 17th
Century…
Slide No:7

Electronic Communication:
Evolution of Scholarly Journals
(Scientific)
 Until late 17th
century, communication between
scholars depended heavily on social contacts and by
attending meetings arranged by learned societies
(e.g. the Royal Society)
 Membership to these societies increased gradually
 Many could not attend these meetings, so the
Proceedings (usually a record of the last meeting)
became a place to publish papers
 These eventually evolved into scholarly journals
 First peer-reviewed journals: (a) ‘Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society’, (b) ‘Le Journal
Des Scavans’ (both published in 1665)
Google always comes
to your rescue…Slide No:8

(Scientific)
 19th
century Explosion in the number of journals
produced: caused by increased specialization and
diversification of academic research
 Means of producing mass publications was
in place: (cheap wood pulp based paper)
 Elsevier Scientific Publishing began publishing
engineering journals way back as 1884
 After WW.II, Robert Maxwell Pioneered move:
the Pergamon Press (aimed towards mass
commercial publication).
Slide No:9

(Scientific)
 By 1960, commercial publishers occupied
a major part of the market
 By the end of the 17th
Century, there were about
30 to 90 scientific and medical journals and
this rose to 750 by the end of the 18th
Century
 First prototype e-journal was in 1976, however
the booming time for electronic journals was
during the period 1990-1999
 Currently, the number of scientific and abstract journals
published worldwide is estimated over 100,000. This has
grown steadily during the second half of the 20th
Century.
Slide No:10

(Scientific)
 Kessler [1967], says that “although scientific journals
have flaws, they have been said to be the “most
successful and ubiquitous carriers of scientific
information in the entire history of science”.
 To substantiate this, hundreds of studies have
demonstrated their use, usefulness and value.
 In a survey conducted from 1993 to 1998, scientists
average 120 readings of scholarly articles per year.
 On an average, scientists spend over 100 hours per
year reading scholarly articles
Slide No:11

The Coming of the Web….
Slide No:12
"The Internet is not a thing, a place, a single technology,
or a mode of governance. It is an agreement.“
John Gage, Director of Science, Sun Microsystems, Inc.

The Coming of the Web….
Slide No:13
“It’s (the Internet) the most fundamental shift since
Gutenberg. The Internet is basically a Space and Time
destroyer. It shrinks distance and time to zero. It’s as if all the
world’s scientists were in one room, available at one
computer. Needless to say this is having a profound impact on
the way science is done”
– Astrophysicist, Larry Starr, (Hallmark, 1995).

The Coming of the Web:
Mushrooming of E-Journals
 If Gutenberg’s invention of
movable printing Press was a great
leap towards information dissemination
and communication, then the invention
of the Web is equally a great leap
towards electronic scholarly
communication
 According to Prof. Steven Harnad,
Univ. Quebec (Montreal)
‘the arrival of electronic communication
is the 4th
revolution in the
means of production of knowledge: after
spoken language, written language and
the Printing Press’
Slide No:14

Role of Electronic Media in Supporting
Scholarly Communication
Slide No:15

Role of Electronic Media in
Supporting Scholarly Electronic
Communication
 Scholarly electronic communication refers to
distribution of scholarly articles, papers and
messages by electronic means as opposed to
their distribution by paper media
 Kling and McKim [2000] say ‘that the
shift towards use of electronic media in
scholarly communication appears to be
an inescapable path’
 They add, ‘the use of electronic media to
support scientific communication is
one of the major shifts of practice of
science in this era
 Today, the Internet is the primary
medium of this Scholarly Communication
Slide No:16

Coming of Age of E-Journals
 Coming of age of Electronic Journals has
altered the way scholarly information is
disseminated throughout the world
 E-journals have not only affected the way
information is spread, but the way
information is acquired and how scientific
researcher seek that needed information
 Today, scientists have adopted electronic
journals because of quick, convenient
access from their desktops
 Very little effort is required to retrieve
them
Slide No:17

Information Seeking
Patterns of Scientists….
Slide No:18

Information Seeking Patterns of
Scientists
 Surveys from 1993 to 1998 show that
scientists identify articles they read by
browsing through journal issues or bound
volumes (62% of readings are identified this
way)
 Automated searches accounts for 12%
 Having other persons tell them about the
articles amounts to 11%
 Using citations found in other articles,
books etc.. Adds up to 9%
 Current awareness services, printed
indexes, and so on fills the remaining 6%
 The same study indicates during 1993 to
1998, scientists surveyed average about
120 readings of scholarly articles per year.
Slide No:19

Scientific Scholarly Journals:
What the trends reflect?
 Since their birth in the 17th
century,
scientific scholarly journals have become the
most sought out type of publication, and, for
most fields of science – ‘the most inevitable
and single most channel of scientific
communication’
 Over the last 40 years, numerous studies
on scientific journals indicate that:
Journals are extensively read
The information they contain is
extremely useful for research, teaching
and lifelong learning;
Extremely valuable in terms of
favourable outcomes from its use
Slide No:20

The NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR
E-Conglomerate…
Slide No:21

NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR
 National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
Constituent of CSIR
India’s premier civil R&D establishment
in aeronautics and allied disciplines
Vision Statement-”development of
aerospace technologies with a strong
science content and with a view of
their practical application to the design
and construction of flight vehicles”
Staff strength: 1250 with about 400
full-fledged R&D professionals (over
100 Ph.D.’s)
Through NISCAIR have been provided
unique facility to access almost 3316
international e-journals from 11 key
publishers
 CSIR, New Delhi
Constituted in 1942, premier R&D
Organization in India
Today, one of the world’s largest
publicly funded R&D Organizations
having linkages to academia, R&D
Organizations and Industry.Slide No:22

NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR
 National Institute of Science
Communication and Information
Resources (NISCAIR)
Constituent units of CSIR in the
area of Information Science
NISCAIR provides access to 4042 world
class e-journals to all S&T personnel of
the CSIR fraternity
Right at their Desktops through this
Consortia
Has tied up with 11 popular
international publishers
 Aim of this Consortia:
Strengthen the pooling, sharing and
electronically accessing the CSIR
library resources
Provide access to World S&T literature
through the CSIR labs
Slide No:23

What are Transaction Log Analysis or
Web Log Analysis (TLA/WLA Vs. DLA)
Slide No:24

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log
Analysis?
 This methodology has immense potential for studying online
journal’s use and their user’s information seeking behaviour
 Before advent of online journals, most of studies on journal usage
were based on (a) Citation Analysis, (b) re-shelving data or
(c) Questionnaire
 Limitations:
(a) Citation Analysis: does not represent all of journal usage as
authors do not cite all the articles they read, moreover ‘not every
journal reader is an author’
(b) Re-Shelving Data: Not accurate, not possible to distinguish
between the use of individual articles or the whole journal
(c) Questionnaire: based studies rely heavily on what people think
they do or might do – not what they actually do. This could end up in
misinterpretations
 Widespread use of computer and network technologies had led to a
New Methodology: WLA or the TLA
Computers record or log all user transactions in a plain text file
called “transaction log”
Slide No:25

Analysis?
Log files contain data about many of the details of the users’
interaction with the system
 Hence some researchers have adopted log analysis to find out about
the use of electronic journals in terms of both volume and patterns
of use
 Intention of the WLA or TLA is multi-purpose:
One can determine overall web site traffic
Also location of users, portions of the site accessed
Number of document downloads
 Ihe TLA Technique:
Web servers automatically generate 4 different log files:
(a) access logs (e.g. hits), (b) agent log (e.g. browser,
operating system), (c) error log (download aborts),
referrer logs (e.g. referring links)
These log files size can range from 1 KB to 100 MB (depending
upon traffic on a particular site)
Slide No:26

Analysis?
 Ihe TLA Technique (contd..
Distinction between a hit and an access is critical to
understanding the type of data contained in these files.
A hit is any file from a Web site that a user downloads
Download of a Web page with 6 images on accounts for
7 hits (6 images + 1 text)
An Access (or a page hit) is an entire page download regardless
of the number of images, sounds, or movies on the page.
Download of a Web page with 6 images accounts for
only 1 access.
 Deep Log Analysis Method (DLA) came later on to overcome pitfalls
of TLA
Nicholas (2003, 2005) conducted a series of studies on Emerald
and Blackwell electronic journals to study in depth the
information seeking behaviour of the users.
Slide No:27

Analysis?
 Salient Features of DLA:
Study of ‘repeat users’ to the same site
Use of SPSS (statistical analysis package) to analyze
raw log data
Enriching log data with demographic data, such as user data
gathered from the subscription of publishers
Paying special attention to ‘returnees’ – users who come back to
use the service
 Usefulness of Log Studies
Particularly helpful in understanding the searching and
browsing behaviour of e-journal’s users.
Findings of eJUST project on Journal’s Home Page and PubMed
revealed three very common seeking patterns:
 Journal homepage – TOC – HTML full text – PDF full text
 PubMed – HTML full text – PDF full text
 Journal homepage – search – HTML full text – PDF full text
Slide No:28

Analysis?
 Findings of Log Studies:
Findings showed that most requests were for full text in HTML
Followed by requesting the full text in PDF
Final goal of most visits was to take away a PDF version of an
article.
Sample Web
Log Data from
the NISCAIR
Web Server
Slide No:29
Data Source: www.niscair.res.in

Findings From Full-Text
Downloads of E-Journals of NAL
Scientists and Engineers,
Period: (2005 – 2007)
Slide No:30

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL
Scientists and Engineers
Number of E-Journals available for
E-Access through NAL-NISCAIR-CSIR Conglomerate
Total Number of E-Journals: 40421500
800
600
374 355
126
74 69
41 37 30 20 16
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Elsevier Springer T & F Wiley Blackwell Emerald CUP OXP ACS RSC ASCE ASME AIP
Publisher Name
NumberofJournals
Publisher Name
 The maximum number of e-journals for the conglomerate is from Elsevier, followed by Springer and
T & F.
 Wiley and Blackwell e-journals are also available in good number.
 Journals from ASME and AIP are the lowest.
Figure 1: Highlights the number of Scientific Journals available for
E-Access through the NAL-CSIR-NISCAIR E-Conglomerate.
Slide No:31

 There are 42 CSIR labs which have access to 8 e-publishers from this conglomerate
 40 CSIR labs have e-access to T & F and 35 labs have e-access to Indian Standards
 33 CSIR labs have e-access to ASTM Standards and 32 labs e-access to Blackwell
 22 CSIR labs have e-access to Emerald and CUP
 Only 11 CSIR labs have e-access to ASME
Figure -2: List of CSIR Labs Having Access to the following International Scientific
Journal Publishers through the CSIR/NISCAIR E-Conglomerate
Slide No:32
Number of CSIR Labs having access to E-Publishers
through CSIR / NISCAIR Conglomerate
42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42
40
35
33
32
22 22
14 14
13
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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lsevier
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Names of Publisher
No.ofCSIRLabs
Publisher Names

 NAL scientists have e-access to 1839 e-journals from Elsevier and 1600 e-journals from DOAJ
and 1312 e-journals from Springer
 A moderate number of e-journals for e-access belong to Blackwell, Taylor and Francis and Wiley
 NAL scientists have open access to 700 e-journals through ICAST Gateway
 The minimum of e-journals for which e-access is available is for publishers AIAA and World Science.
Figure -3: NAL Scientists access to additional E-Journals through NAL-ICAST Gateway
NAL Scientists Access to additional
E-Journals through NAL-ICAST Gateway
1839
613
530
74
1312
125
865
4
69 38 30 8 4 20 33 16
700
1600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Elsevier
T
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iley
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erald
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orld
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ASM
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IC
AST
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Publisher's Name
No.ofE-Journals
Names of
Publishers
Slide No:33
Data Source: www.icast.org.in

Table – 1, 2, 3: Highlights the full-text usage statistics of E-Journals by NAL Scientists for
the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.
Sl.
No
Publ. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total-
Publ.
Wise
1 ACS 0 3 47 4 18 22 21 51 23 10 2 3 204
2 AIP 0 0 0 0 0 47 153 172 417 46 19 26 880
3 ASME 115 54 115 56 83 98 54 53 30 43 11 325 1037
4 CUP 12 15 31 47 16 12 22 2 8 0 6 13 184
5 Elsevier 1384 1026 2221 1056 1903 2000 1026 1914 1503 1120 1814 2100 19067
6 RSC 3 2 8 0 12 9 8 9 7 7 0 5 70
7 Springer 19 172 183 128 63 70 69 31 60 61 51 36 943
8 Wiley 28 67 147 158 123 129 144 348 117 133 84 153 1631
Total: 24016
(Month Wise
All
Publishers)
1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 2580 2165 1420 1987 2661 24016
ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry
Table-1: Year 2005
Slide No:34

Figure – 4: Year 2005: NAL Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers
79% of full-text downloads for the Year 2005 are from journals published by Elsevier
Only 7% of full-text downloads for the same year are from journals published by Wiley
4% each of full-text downloads are from publishers Springer, AIP and ASME
Only 1% each of full-text downloads are from publishers ACS and CUP
Year 2005: NAL Full-Text Download Usage Statistics: All Publishers
1% 4% 4%
1%
79%
0%
4%
7%
ACS
AIP
ASME
CUP
Elsevier
RSC
Springer
Wiley
Slide No:35
Inferred by Authors

the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.
Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry,
T & F= Taylor and Francis, OUP=Oxford University Press
Table-2: Year 2006
Sl.
No
Publisher Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Total-
Publr.
Wise
1 AIP 15 20 36 89 104 69 246 268 241 136 181 215 1620
2 ACS 1 8 7 3 5 12 2 10 8 19 13 40 128
3 ASME 0 39 67 40 63 50 103 66 177 83 397 112 1197
4 CUP 47 6 5 2 8 6 1 26 37 21 19 36 214
5 Elsevier 3202 3482 1888 2249 2837 1856 1698 2192 1512 2198 1939 2738 27791
6 OUP 0 0 0 0 5 6 12 6 38 53 29 0 149
7 RSC 1 1 3 10 7 4 3 5 6 15 16 21 92
8 Springer 137 100 90 98 98 81 63 175 314 93 313 283 1845
8 T & F 6 194 28 19 34 25 13 34 44 24 114 56 591
9 Wiley 216 91 124 120 210 201 119 161 172 131 237 174 1956
Total: 35583
(Month Wise
All Publishers)
1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 2580 2165 1420 1987 2661 35583
Slide No:36

 79% of full-text downloads for the Year 2006 are from journals published by Elsevier
 5% each of full-text downloads are from publishers Springer, Wiley and AIP
 3% of full-text downloads are from publisher ASME
 2% of full-text downloads are from publisher Taylor and Francis
 The least percentage of full-text downloads are from the publisher CUP
Year 2006: NAL Full-Text Download Usage Statistics: All Publishers
5%
0%
3%
1%
0%
0%
5% 2%
5%
79%
AIP ACS
ASME CUP
Elsevier OUP
RSC Springer
T & F Wiley
Slide No:37
Inferred by Authors

the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.
Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry, T & F= Taylor
and Francis, ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineers. Download statistics of ACS, AIP, ASME, CUP have
not been tabulated for 2007 because of non-availability of data
Table-3: Year 2007
Sl.No Publisher Jan Feb March Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total-
Publr.
Wise
1 AIP - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2 ACS - - - - - - - - - - - - --
3 ASME - - - - - - - - - - - - --
4 CUP - - - - - - - - - - - - --
5 T & F - - - - - - - - - - - - --
6 Elsevier 4006 3453 5759 5105 4396 4302 4333 5653 4103 4645 3689 3335 52779
7 RSC 44 24 34 56 62 42 48 24 44 94 26 18 516
8 Springer 349 323 268 426 346 409 465 442 410 465 317 395 4615
9 Wiley 322 322 452 406 786 444 456 418 322 362 406 232 4928
10 ASCE 8 6 16 20 18 52 20 6 16 20 0 0 182
Total: 63020
(Month Wise All
Publishers)
4729 4128 6529 6013 5608 5249 5322 6543 4895 5586 4438 3980 63020
Slide No:38

 84% of full-text downloads for the Year 2007 are from journals published by Elsevier
 8% of full-text downloads are from the publisher Wiley
 7% of full-text downloads are from publisher Springer
 Minimum percentage of full-text downloads are from the publisher RSC
 Download statistics for the following publishers, namely, ACS, AIP, ASME and CUP for the
Year 2007 is not available.
Year 2007: NAL Usage Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers
84%
1%
7%
8% 0%
Elsevier RSC
Springer Wiley
ASCE
Slide No:39
Inferred by Authors

Table – 4: Highlights the consolidated monthly total downloads, Publisher Wise for the
Years 2005, 2006, 2007.
Consolidated statistics for ACS, AIP, ASME, CUP have not been tabulated for 2007 as data
is not available.
Sl.No. Name of the Publisher 2005 2006 2007
1. ACS 204 128 -
2. AIP 880 1620 -
3. ASME 1037 1197 -
4. CUP 184 214 -
5. Elsevier 19067 27791 52779
6. RSC 70 92 516
7. Springer 943 1845 4615
8. Wiley 1631 1956 4928
9. ASCE - - 182
10. OUP - 149 -
11. Taylor and Francis - 591 -
Chi-Square test was applied to test whether there is independence between the years
and the publishers
The calculated value of Chi-Square was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant.
Hence we conclude that for the full-text downloads data the years and the publishers
are not independent
This Chi-Square test was carried out for only those publishers (4 in number) for which the
data was available for all the three years (2005-2007).
Slide No:40
Inferred by Authors

Table – 5: Highlights the total number of downloads (Month Wise, All Publishers) for the Years
2005, 2006, 2007.
From this table it is observed that the mean number (per-month) of full-text
downloads for the above three years was found to be different through Kruskal
Wallis test of ‘One Way Analysis of Variance’ at 1% level of significance.
Sl.No. Name of the Month 2005 2006 2007
1. January 1561 3625 4729
2. February 1339 3941 4128
3. March 2752 2248 6529
4. April 1449 2630 6013
5. May 2218 3371 5608
6. June 2387 2310 5249
7. July 1497 2260 5322
8. August 1631 1956 4928
9. September 2165 2549 4895
10. October 1420 2773 5586
11. November 1987 3258 4438
12. December 2661 3675 3980
Grand Total: 24016 35583 63020
Slide No:41
Inferred by Authors

Figure – 7: Line Graph: Full-Text Usage Statistics: Years, 2005, 2006, 2007
In 2005, full-text usage varied between 1561 in the month of January to 2661 in the month of
December with a peak of 2752 in the month of March, 2005.
In 2006, the number of full-text usage varied little with 3625 in the month of January to 3675
in the month of December with a peak of 3941 in the month of February, 2006.
In 2007, the full-text download increased with 4729 in the month of January to a maximum of
6529 in the month of March and 6543 in the month of August and declined to a value of 3980
in the month of December 2007.
Full-Text Usage Statistics: Years 2005, 2006, 2007
1561
1339
2752
1449
2218
2387
1497
2580
2165
1420
1987
2661
3625
3941
2248
2630
3371
2310 2260
2943
2549
2773
3258
3675
4729
4128
6529
6013
5608
5249 5322
6543
4895
5586
4438
3980
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Months
No.ofFullTextDownloads
2005 2006 2007
2005 1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 2580 2165 1420 1987 2661
2006 3625 3941 2248 2630 3371 2310 2260 2943 2549 2773 3258 3675
2007 4729 4128 6529 6013 5608 5249 5322 6543 4895 5586 4438 3980
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Slide No:42
Inferred by Authors

Limitations of our Study
 Full-text download patterns analyzed in this paper are only for the last 3
years (2005-2007). Data prior to this is unavailable.
 Reliability of the data is to the extent what NISCAIR server has put up in their
web-site.
 Access to NISCAIR full-text download statistics is IP based, hence no one else
apart from CSIR scientists have access to this data. To that extent the data is
unfiltered, pure, non-intrusive.
 The Chi-Square test was carried out for only those publishers (4 in number)
for which the data was available for all the three years (2005-2007).
Benefits..
 This paper would greatly facilitate my final Ph.D. thesis work as ‘Web Log
Techniques’ are one of the reliable methodologies or tools available
to study the ‘on-line journals usage patterns and the user’s Information
Seeking Behaviour Patterns’.
 Very little ‘Indian Studies’ have been carried out and documented in this area.
Slide No:43

Concluding Remarks
 The coming of age of the electronic journals has altered the way
scholarly information is disseminated throughout the world [22],
but also the way in which information is acquired and how scientific
researchers seek that needed information.
 Today, most Scientists have access to full-text e-journals for their
access. And, in most cases, this facility is provided right at their desktops.
 We discuss in this paper two popular methodologies that has emerged to
study online journal usage and scholarly information seeking behaviour [5],
namely: (a) WLA/TLA and (b) Deep Log Analysis.
 In this paper, we present the analysis of data (2005-2007) of full-text
e-journal downloads of NAL Scientists and Engineers.
Data Analyzed from NISCAIR, CSIR Server.
Slide No:44

Concluding Remarks
 The major findings that we would like to highlight in this paper are:

The mean number (per-month) of full-text downloads for the
above three years was found to be different through Kruskal
Wallis test of ‘One Way Analysis of Variance’ at 1% level of
significance and
Chi-Square test was applied on this data to test whether there is
independence between the years and the publishers. The calculated
value of Chi-Square was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant.
Hence we conclude that for the full-text downloads data, the years and
the publishers are not independent.
Chi-Square test was carried out with only with 4 publishers for which the
full-text data was available for all the three years (2005, 2006, 2007).
Slide No:45

References…
1. Tenopir, C and King, D W (2000), “Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers,
Psycoloquy: 11 (084) electronic journals (1) [Special Libraries Association 2000, xxii+488 pp.
2. Garvey, William D (1979), “Communication: The Essence of Science.” Oxford Pergamon Press.
3. Rob Kling, Ewa Callahan (2005), “Electronic Journals, the Internet, and Scholarly Communication”, Indiana University,
Bloomington, ARIST, 37(1), pp.127-177.
4. Okerson, A. (2000). Are we there yet? Online e-resources ten years after. Library, Dends,
48,671-694.
5. Hamid R. Jamali, David Nicholas and Paul Huntington (2005), “The use and users of scholarly e-journals: a review of
log analysis studies”, CIBER, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College, London, London,
UK, ASLIB Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 57(6).
6. Nicholas, D., Huttington, P. and Watkinson, A. (2003), “Digital journals, Big Deals and Online searching behaviour: a
pilot study”, ASLIB Proceedings, 55(1/2), pp. 84-109.
7. Nicholas, D., Huntington, P. and Watkinson, A (2005). “Scholarly journal usage: the results of deep log analysis”,
Journal of Documentation, 61(2), pp.246-80.
8. Nicholas, D., Huttington, P., Watkinson, A. and Jamali, H. R. (2005), “The use of digital scholarly journals and their
information seeking behaviour: what deep log analysis and usage data can disclose”, Journal of the American Society
for Information Science and Technology, 56(12).
9. Morse, D. H. and Clintworth, W. A. (2000), “Comparing patterns of print and electronic journal use in an academic
health science library”, Issues in Science and Technology Librariananship, Vol.28, available at:www.istl.org/00-
fall/refereed.html.
10. Davis, P. and Solla, L. (2003), “An IP-level analysis of usage statistics for electronic journals in chemistry: making
inferences about user behaviour”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(11),
pp. 1062-8.
11. Davis, P.M. (2002), “Patterns in electronic journal usage: challenging the composition of geographic consortia”,
College and Research Libraries, 63(6), pp. 484-97.
12 Ke, H., Kwakkelaar, R., Tai, Y. and Chen, L. (2002), “Exploring behaviour of e-journal users in science and
technology: transaction log analysis of Elsever’s ScienceDirect OnSite in Taiwan”, Library and Information Science
Research, 24(3), pp. 265-91.
Slide No:46

References…
13. Tenopir, C. (2003), “Use and users of electronic library resources: an overview and analysis of recent research
studies”, Report for the Council on Library and Information Resources, August 2003, available
at:www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub120/pub120.pdf (accessed 20 March 2005).
14. Tenner, E. and Zheng Ye, Y. (1999), “End-user acceptance of electronic journals: a case study from a major
academic research library”, Technical Services Quarterly, 17(2), pp. 1-14.
15. Worlock, K. (2002), “Electronic journals: user realities – the truth about content usage among the STM community”,
Learned Publishing, 15(3), pp. 223-6.
16. Davis, P.M. (2004), “For electronic journals, total download can predict number of users”, Portal: Libraries and the
Academy, 4(3), pp. 379-92.
17. National Aerospace Laboratories, www.nal.res.in.
18. www.csir.res.in
19. www.niscair.res.in
20. Kling, R., & McKim, G. (1997). A typology for electronic journals: Characterizing scholarly journals by their
distribution forms, (Working Paper No.WP-97-07), Indiana University, Bloomington, Center for Social Informatics.
Retrieved, November 16,2001, from http://www.slis.indiana.eddcsi/wp97-07.html
21. Kessler, M. M. (1967), “Some very general design considerations”. In TP system report, Appendix H. Cambridge:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
22. Amy C Gleeson (2001), “Information seeking behaviour of scientists and their adaptation to electronic
journals”, Masters paper for the M.S. in Library Science degree, School of Information and Library Science,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Slide No:47

Acknowledgements
Dr A R Upadhya, Director, NAL for all the kind
encouragement to approval for presenting this paper.
Dr Ranjan Moodithaya, Head, KTMD for kind support and
according necessary approvals.
Dr M N Satyanarayana, Jt. Head, KTMD for kind support
and according necessary approvals.
Mr Prakash Chand, Scientist-in-charge NISCAIR / CSIR
e-journal conglomerate and his colleagues for allowing
access to e-journal full-text download data.
Mr Prem Chand, Sc. D (Lib.Sc.) INFLIBNET and his
editorial team for stringent review of our paper and
final acceptance.
Dr R Samyuktha, Organizing Secretary and her able
team for all the excellent arrangements and
audio-visual logistics support.
Dr Khaiser Nikam, Chairperson, DOS, LIS and Ph.D.
Guide for permitting me to write this paper and providing
me an excellent opportunity to present the same amidst
such a distinguished gathering.
Slide No:48

Acknowledgements
Prof. V G Talwar, Vice Chancellor, Mysore University
for providing excellent research facilities for all Doctoral
students.
Prof. Shalini R Urs, Professor and Executive Director,
ISIM Dr Mallinath Kumbar, Reader
Dr M Chandrashekara, Reader Dr Y Venkatesha,
Reader and Dr N S Harinarayana, Reader (DOS,
LIS, Univ. Mysore) for their overwhelming support in
all my literary interactions with them at the University
of Mysore.
Slide No:49

About the Authors……
Slide No:50
Mr R Guruprasad, Ph.D. Research Scholar, DOS, LIS, University
of Mysore and Scientist, Knowledge and Technology Management
Division (KTMD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore –
560 017. Email: gprasad@nal.res.in, gprasad@css.nal.res.in
Dr Khaiser Nikam, Ph.D. Research Guide, DOS, LIS, University of
Mysore and Chairperson, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore,
Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 006
Email: khaiser.nikam@gmail.com
Dr M Gopinath Rao, Professor of Statistics, College of Agriculture,
GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
Email: mgrao2000@rediffmail.com
Dr Vidyadhar Y Mudkavi, Head, Computational and Theoretical
Fluid Dynamics Division (CTFD), National Aerospace Laboratories,
Bangalore – 560 017, Email: vm@ctfd.cmmacs.ernet.in

Guru prasad

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