Climatic factors like the greenhouse effect, latitude, wind and ocean currents affect Earth's climate by influencing temperature and precipitation patterns. Edaphic or soil-related factors such as texture, nutrients, pH and organic matter also impact ecosystems. Geomorphic processes including weathering, erosion, deposition and tectonic events shape landforms. Hydrology describes the movement and distribution of water across the planet. Ecologists study relationships at different levels from individuals to species to communities and ecosystems, as well as biodiversity in genetics, species and ecosystems.

1. Understand the
various physical
processes affecting
the landscape
development and
ecological properties

2. CLIMATIC
FACTORS

3. CLIMATIC FACTORS
• Climate refers to the average weather conditions in an
ecosystem.
• Weather refers to day-to-day condition of Earth’s
atmosphere.
• Factors that affect climate includes
Heat trapping the atmosphere (Green House Effect)
Latitude
Transport of heat by wind, Ocean currents
Amount of precipitation from wind
Shape/Elevation of Land
Energy of Incoming sunlight

4. Factors that affect climate includes
Greenhouse Effect-
Atmospheric gases trap
heat like a blanket and
maintain Earth’s
temperature range
Effect of Latitude- The earth is tilted on its
axis so the surface of the Earth receives
varying amounts of solar radiation
because of different angles of sunlight.
Three main climate zones
Polar Zone- sun strikes
at low angle
Temperate Zone- zone
affected more by
changing angle of sun-
climate changes hot to
cold
Tropical Zone- direct
sun all year. Always
warm

5. Factors that affect climate includes
Heat transport in Biosphere- unequal heating of Earth’s surface
drives winds and ocean currents
1). Warm air at equator rises and cool air at
poles sinks – creates winds, which alter
expected climate of latitude
2). Cold water at poles sinks and rises in
warmer regions (upwelling)- creates
currents.
3). Landmasses affect winds and ocean
currents (physically interfere with circulation.
4). Winds, currents, landmasses influence
temperature and precipitation which in turn
create Earth’s climate

6. Climate factors include light, temperature, water,
wind and fire
Light
Light is a well known factor needed for the
basic physiological processes of plants,
such as photosynthesis, transpiration, seed
germination and flowering. The portion of
the sunlight which can be resolved by the
human eye is called visible light.
The visible part of light is made up of
wavelength from about 400 nm (violet) to
700 nm (red)

7. Climate factors include light, temperature, water,
wind and fire
Temperature based zonation
Variations in latitude and altitude do
affect the temperature and the
vegetation on the earth surface. The
latitudinal (angle which range from 0
degrees at equator to 90 degrees at the
place) and altitudinal (How high a place
is located above the sea level)zonation
of vegetation is illustrated here:

8. Climate factors include light, temperature, water,
wind and fire
Fire is an exothermic factor caused due to the chemical
process of combustion, releasing heat and light. It is mostly
man-made and sometimes develops naturally due to the
friction between the tree surfaces.
Wind - Air in motion is called wind. It is also a vital ecological
factor. The atmospheric air contains a number of gases,
particles and other constituents.

9. EDAPHIC
FACTOR

10. • Edaphic factors are related to soil texture, soil pH, soil
nutrient availability, organic matter content and water
content.
• The soil is the uppermost layer of the earth crust. It
consists of rock, organic matter, air, water, minerals and
living organisms.
The soils functions are to:
1. Provide plants with anchorage.
2. To supply water, nutrients and air to plants.
3. To house millions of microorganisms.
Edaphic Factors

11. • Soil Fertility refers to the amount of nutrients available for
good plant growth.
• Soil is formed by the breakdown of rock by either physical
weathering (freeze – thaw) or chemical weathering (acid
rain).
• Soil particles (sand, silt and clay) are classified by their
diameter.
• Clay < 0.002mm
• Silt 0.002 to 0.06mm
• Sand 0.06 to 2.0mm
Edaphic Factors

12. • Predominately sandy soils have good aeration and good
drainage but therefore leach minerals.
• Clay soils have poor aeration, poor drainage but higher
mineral content.
• The best soils are loams which contain similar amounts of
sand and clay, therefore have good drainage, good
aeration and do not leach minerals.
The relative amounts of sand, silt and clay
affect a number of soil conditions:

13. Organic Matter Content
• Humus is decomposing organic matter.
• Humus improves soils aeration, drainage.
• Decomposers break down humas releasing minerals into
the soil.
Soil Water
• Water is absorbed by plant roots and used in
photosynthesis.
The main components of the soil that affect the
ecosystems are:

14. Soil Air
• Air, containing oxygen, is essential respiration.
• The amount of air is dependant on the amount of sand and
clay in the soil.
Soil pH and Nutrients
• Soil nutrients are made available by decomposing organic
matter (or fertilisers).
• pH levels of soil affect the availability by these minerals.
The main components of the soil that affect the
ecosystems are:

15. Soil Organisms
• The varying organisms in soil
affect a number of soil
conditions.
• Decomposers make minerals
available to the soil.
• Earthworms introduce air and
minerals to the soil.
• Nitrifying Bacteria produce
usable nitrates from N2
The main components of the soil that affect the
ecosystems are:

16. GEOMORPHOLOGY

17. GEOMORPOLOGY
The scientific study of landforms and process that shape them.
Geomorphic Process
The process responsible for the formation and alteration of the earth's
surface. The physical and chemical interactions between the earth's
surface and the natural forces acting upon it to produce landforms.
Type of Geomorphic Processes
A. Terrestrial processes
1. Exogenetic / Exogenous processes
2. Endogenetic / Endogenous processes
B. Extra-terrestrial processes (fall of meteorite)

18. Exogenetic / Exogenous Process
Outer geomorphological processes (Solar radiation, wind,
temperature change, water)
Endogenetic / Endogenous process
Inner geomorphological processes (earthquakes, volcanoes, folding
and faulting)
Endogenetic /
Endogenous process
Exogenetic / Exogenous Process
Terrestrial processes

19. Weathering
Is a process by which the rocks on the
surface of the earth is broken into
pieces.
Erosion/Degradation and Transportation
Erosion and Transportation are
accomplished together.
Is the process by which the rock of the
earth’s crust are eroded by the river,
wind, ocean currents etc. are transported
elsewhere.
Deposition/Aggradation
Deposition is the constructive process
of accumulation into beds or irregular
masses of loose sediment by any
natural agent. https://clarkscience8.weebly.com/
Type of Exogenetic / exogenous processes

20. Faulting and Folding
Fault Is a planar or gently curved
fracture in the earth’s crust, where
compressional or tension forces
cause relative displacement of rocks
on the opposite sides of the fracture.
Fold occurs when one or a mass of
originally flat and planar surfaces,
such as sedimentary strata are bend
or curved as a result of permanent
deformation
https://www.slideshare.net/raymondzdouglas/chapter-9-folding-and-faulting
Type of Endogenetic / Endogenous process

21. Type of Endogenetic / Endogenous process
Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock
onto the surface of the earth.
Magma is the main sources of igneous rocks.
Earthquake is a vibration or oscillation of the surface of the
earth caused by sudden release of enormous pressure.
Landslide incudes a wide range of ground movements, such
as rock fall, deep failure of slopes which can occur in the
offshore

22. Type of Endogenetic / Endogenous process
Diastrophism is also called tectonism, large-scale
deformation of earth’s crust by natural processes, which
leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins,
mountain systems, plateaus, rift valleys and other features by
mechanisms such as plate movement, volcanic loading, or
folding..
Metamorphism is a process of change in the physical
structure of rock as a result of long-term heat, pressure and
introduction of chemically active fluids.

23. Hydrology

24. Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and
below the Earth's surface, as well as the impact of human activity on water
availability and conditions.

25. https://spark.ucar.edu/longcontent/water-cycle
The hydrological cycle may be defined as the process in which water from
all the freshwater sources, oceans, and land move to the atmosphere and
back in the form of precipitation.

26. Ecological levels,
Food webs
and trophic
structure

27. Scientist study ecology at various levels of organization
Species (individual) – A group of similar organisms that can breed and
produce fertile offspring
Population – A group of similar organisms that belong to the same species,
can interbreed, live in the same area.
Community – An Assembly of different population that live together in a
defined area.
Ecosystem – All the organisms that live in a place and their physical
environment
Biome - A group of
ecosystem that share similar
climate and organisms
Biosphere - Region of the
earth that is home of living
things

28. • Refers to the way in which organisms use food resources
to get their energy for growth and reproduction.
• It consist of trophic levels that have complex linkages to
form a food web. This trophic level characterized by mode
of food supply.
• 1st trophic level comprises the Producers (Green Plants )
• 2nd is the primary consumers.
• 3rd is the secondary consumers.
• 4th is the Tertiary consumers.
Trophic Structure

30. • food chain is a straight-line
sequence of what eats what
in an ecosystem.
• food web is a more accurate
picture of what eat what,
because most organism
belong to more than one
chain
Food web/Chain

31. Ecological
biodiversity

32. • The Biodiversity is a measure of how many different
species live in an ecosystem.
What is Biodiversity?
• Biodiversity has three main components
- Genetic diversity
- Species diversity
-Ecosystem diversity

33. Genetic Diversity
It comprises genetic variation within a
population and between populations.
Species Diversity
Species diversity is the variety of species in
an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere
Ecosystem Diversity
the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere