Centric relation

1. Nishu Priya
2nd year PGT
In Prosthodontics
CENTRIC RELATION

2. CONTENTS
• Definitions
• Chronological changes of definitions of
centric relation
• Theories
• Muscles involved in centric relation
• Factors influencing centric relation records
• Significance of centric relation
• Complications in recording centric
• Complications in recording centric
• Recording of centric relation
• Methods to returde the mandible
• Difficulties in retruding
• Methods of recording centric relation
• Errors
• Conclusion
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
The relationship among occlusion, condylar position and temporomandibular
disorders (TMDs) has been part of an extensive discussion in dentistry.
There is hardly any aspect of clinical dentistry that is not adversely affected
by a disharmony between the articulation of the teeth and the centric
relation position of the temporomandibular joints.
Centric relation (CR) is the most controversial concept in dentistry. The
concept of CR emerged due to the search for a reproducible mandibular
position that would enable the prosthodontic rehabilitation.
This term is derived from the word ‘center’ or ‘center oriented relation’.

4. DEFINITION
S
• CENTRIC RELATION - A maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth
contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against
the posterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, the mandible is
restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic,
maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral or protrusive
movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position. (GPT-9)
The definition of centric relation has evolved over the years and with advanced understanding of
mandibular movement it may change again in future

5. • CENTRIC OCCLUSION - The occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric
relation; this may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position
• CENTRIC RELATION RECORD - A registration of the relationship of the maxillae to the
mandible when the mandible is in centric relation. The registration may be obtained either
intraorally or extraorally
• TERMINAL HINGE AXIS /TRANSVERSE
HORIZONTAL AXIS –an imaginary line around
which the mandible may rotate within the
sagittal plane

6. CONTROVERSIES REGARDING
CENTRIC RELATION
The rearmost position is relative term which denotes that
the condyles can go backwards as far as the
temporomandibular ligaments would permit without any
strain.
It does not literally means the most retruded position in the
glenoid fossa, since such a position will produce
considerable amount of strain in ligaments and cause pain.
Understanding various terms used in definitions

7. The term Unstrained refers to the strain of the ligaments and not the strain of the
muscles since it’s the ligament that limits the mandibular movements and not the
muscles  hence only ligaments can suffer strain if the head of the condyle is taken
posteriorly beyond the centric relation position.
During normal contraction of muscle, strain always occurs. The closing and retruding
muscles are under some degree of strain in centric relation as centric is a power
position.
The rest position of the jaws is the only position where there is a minimum tonic
contraction of the muscles and truly an unstrained position.

8. The most anterior superior position of the condyle is the position used by the head of the condyle when the
mandible is in its retruded position, from where there is an anterior superior bracing of the condyle against
the distal slope of the articular eminence.
Anterior superior bracing against the distal slope of articular eminence is an intra-articular position that cannot
be clinically visualized.

9. CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGESINDEFINITIONS OF
CENTRICRELATION
1920 Mc Collum
Rearmost
position
1952 Grainger
Uppermost,
Rearmost
position
1969 Stuart
RUM
position

10. 1977
American
Equillibrum
Society
Most anterior and uppermost
position of condyle opposite the
slope of articular eminence
1978 Celenza
1987
American
Equillibrum
Society
Condyle disc assembly braced
superiorly and anteriorly against
the posterior slope of articular
eminence
Revised - Thinnest avascular
portion of the disc in the anterior,
most superior position of dorsal
slope of eminence
Celenza, F. V., and Nasedkin, J. N.: Occlusion: State of the Art. Chicago, 1978, Quintessence
Publishing Co., Inc.

11. MUSCULOSKELETALLY STABLE
POSITION- OKESON
condyles are in their most supero-anterior position in the
articular fossae, resting against the posterior slopes of the
articular fossae with the discs properly interposed.
This is the position the condyles assume when the elevator
muscles are activated with no occlusal influences.

12. THEORIES
MUSCLE
THEORY
LIGAMENT
THEORY
OSTEOFIBER
THEORY
• Defense reflex -- external pterygoid muscles to
contract
halt the jaw
• Ferrein
• Ligaments become tense-- determines the limits of
the retrusive movement.
• Meyer
• Retrusive terminal stop formed by the soft tissues of
the posterior part of the roof of the glenoid fossa.
• Sazier
• Innervated posterior zone of disc provides biofeedback–
retrusive movement
MENISCUS THEORY
Saizar, P.: Centric relation and condylar movement: Anatomic mechanism. J PROSTHET DENT 26~58

13. GNIFICANCE OFCENTRIC RELATION
 Bone to bone relation (constant)
 Repeatable and recordable and thus
serves as a reliable guide for
developing centric occlusion
 Related to the terminal hinge axis , in
centric relation, condyles exhibit pure
rotation without any translation
 More definite than vertical relation
since it is independent of tooth
contact
Yurkstas AA, Kapur KK. Factors influencing centric relation records in edentulous mouths. J Prosthet

14. Reference relation:
•The maxillo-mandibular musculature is so
arranged that a patient can easily move his
mandible into centric relation. Thus CR
serves as a reference relationship for
establishing an occlusion.
•When the CR-CO of artificial teeth do not
coincide or a freedom from centric is not
present, the stability of the denture bases is
in jeopardy and the edentulous patient is
subjected to unnecessary pain or discomfort.
•CR is the horizontal reference position of the
mandible that can be routinely assumed by
edentulous patients under the direction of
the dentist. This makes it possible to verify
the relationship of casts on the articulator
when they are mounted in Centric Relation.

15. Functional movements like chewing and swallowing can be carried out since it is the
most unstrained position.
When a bolus of food is prepared for swallowing the teeth attempt to masticate it 
with strong muscular force against the bolus condyles following the paths of
movement that the anatomic structure of the joint dictates, i.e., in an upward and
backward direction.
The condyle tries to seat itself in the glenoid fossa as far as it will go by its own
muscular power. If the teeth intervene before this position is reached, there is a lateral
component of force registered upon the teeth which subsequently causes pain in the
temporomandibular region.
The degree of this lateral force is directly proportional to:
1. The amount of force applied by the muscles during mastication
2. The degree the jaw is out of centric relation.

16. CONCEPTS OF CENTRIC RELATION
POSITION
1. Anatomic: Centric relation is the most
retruded relation. A border position is
determined by the ligaments.
2. Pathophysiologic: Centric relation is the
most posterior unstrained jaw relation.
A position that is not a border position
and is established by muscle action.
Douglas Allen Atwood , JPD ;1968;20 ;21 S. David and R.M.J Gray; 2001; BDJ; 191;
235.
1. Anatomically–when the head of the
condyle is against the most superior
part of the distal facing incline of the
glenoid fossa.
2. Conceptual–with the articular disc in
place, when the muscles that support
the mandible are at their most relaxed
and least strained position.
3. Geometrical- with the intra-articular
disc in place, when the head of the
condyle is in terminal hinge axis.

17. CENTRIC RELATION AND
CENTRIC OCCLUSION
Numerous studies have reported that the majority of
patients with a natural dentition show discrepancies
between the occlusal position of the mandible in CR and MI.
This discrepancy is present in at least 90% of dentitions.
In dentulous individuals, occlusion in centric relation is not
and need not be centric occlusion, although it would be
ideal to have centric occlusion at centric relation.
After the removal of teeth, centric occlusion is lost, while
centric relation remains and serves as a reliable guide to
develop centric occlusion in artificial dentures.
When centric occlusion does not coincide or is not identical
with centric relation, the condyles do not remain in their
upper most position in the glenoid fossae, but take a
position either anteriorly or laterally. This referred as
“centric slide”.

18. THE CONCEPT OF LONG CENTRIC
Dawson: freedom to close the mandible either into centric relation or slightly anterior to it
without varying the vertical dimension at the anterior teeth.
Long centric refers to freedom from centric, not freedom in centric. The principal concern
regarding long centric is the restrictive effect that can result from the lingual inclines of the
upper anterior teeth. If no horizontal freedom is provided for a slightly protruded postural
closure, the lower incisal edges will strike the lingual inclines of the upper anterior teeth.

19. KEY ELEMENTS OF THE
PROCEDURE TO ESTABLISH
MYOSTABLIZED CENTRIC RELATION
1. Orthostatic position of the patient and the practitioner
2. Cervical support
3. Head and mandibular stabilization by the practitioner
4. Rotation movement executed by the patient with tactile control of
the practitioner
5. Patient education: perception of the premature contact, creation of
confidence
6. Reproducibility of rotation movements without translation (tactile
sensation)
Myostabilized centric relation November 2011 international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine 4(3):87-94

20. FACTORSINFLUENCINGCENTRICRELATION
RECORDS
 Resiliency of the supporting tissues
 Stability of the recording bases
 Temporomandibular joint and its associated
neuromuscular mechanisms
 Character of the pressure applied in making the
recording
 Technique used in making the recording and the
associated recording devices used
 Skill of the dentist
Yurkstas AA, Kapur KK. Factors influencing centric relation records in edentulous mouths. J Prosthet
Dent 2005; 93: 305- 10
 Health and cooperation of
the patient
 Maxillomandibular
relationship
 Posture of the patient
 Character or size of the
residual alveolar arch
 Amount and character of
the saliva
 Size and position of the
tongue

21. RECORDINGOFCENTRICRELATION
Assisting the patient to retrude the manible
Recording the centric
Verifying the record

22. ETHODSTORETRUDETHEMANDIBLE
• Simplest, easiest and most efficient
• Let your lower jaw relax, pull it back, and
close on your back teeth
RELAXATION
OF JAW
PUSHING
UPPER JAW
• Get the feeling of pushing your upper jaw
out and close your back teeth together
• Automatically pull the lower jaw backward
• Protruding and retruding of mandible –
repeatedly - finger on the point of the
chin - mandible strike its retruded
position
STRETCH AND
RELAX
MOVEMENTS

23. • Tip of tongue - posterior border of the maxillary
record base - close until the rims come into
contact
• Disadvantage : likehood of displacing the
mandibular record base by the action of tongue
RETRUSION
OF
TONGUE
• Gentle tapping of occlusal rims rapidly and repeatedly
retrudes the mandible
• Disadvantage: Difficult to record and patient can
easily tap in a slightly protrusive or lateral position
RAPID
TAPPING OF
THE
OCCLUSAL
RIMS
• Tilting the head backwards - place tension on
the inframandibular muscles and tend to pull
the mandible to a retruded position
• Disadvantage: Insertion and removal of occlusal
rims from mouth is very difficult
HEAD
POSITION

24. SWALLOWING
• Swallowing usually brings the mandible to a
retruded position .
• Unreliable – since person can swallow when
mandible is not completely retruded
• The temporalis muscle - contraction can be felt
when the mandible is in or near retruded position
by placing finger tips on each side of the head.
TEMPORALIS
MUSCLE CHECK
• Total relaxation of the patient on the chair
automatically brings mandible to retruded
position
GENERALIZED
RELAXATION
OF THE
PATIENT
Boucher’s Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous patients.9th

25. POSTURAL RELAXATION OF THE
PATIENT
Pure hinge axis movement imposes an important
decrease of postural muscular activity, both cervical and
mandibular.
Therefore it is essential to offer occipital support to the
patient in order to relax the cervical muscles which are
maintaining head position.
It is important to observe the patient’s head position
without any flexure or extension of the cervical spine.
The aim is to achieve a natural head position.
To make it easier for the practitioner the patient is
placed in a chair inclined approximately 30° from the
horizontal.

26. COMPLICATIONSINRECORDING
CENTRIC
• One joint can be displaced downward by
uneven pressure (record are made)
• Yet the condyles be in their most retruded
position
• Situation on articulator – cannot occur - a
deflective occlusal contact - instability, soreness
and resorption
Structure
of TMJs
• Hanau
• Uneven resiliency in the soft tissues - the
mucosa and tissue of TMJs
• Undue pressure - excessive displacement of soft
tissues
Realeff
effect
Boucher’s Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous patients.9th edition,277-291

27. DIFFICULTIESIN
RETRUDING
Biological Problem
Psychological problem
Mechanical problem

28. BIOLOGICALPROBLEM
 Denture wearers with marked attrition of posterior
teeth
 Edentulous for a long time
 Patient having only anterior teeth
• Lack of muscle co-ordination
• Lack of synchronization between the
protruding and retruding muscles due
to “HABITUAL” eccentric jaw positions
adopted by the patient to
accommodate malocclusion
Involuntary forward
movement of the
mandible.
Causes

29. PSYCHOLOGICALPROBLEM
• Patient and dentist
• The more the dentist – irritated by – apparent inability of the patient to retrude
the mandible - more confused the patient
• The dentist must be prepared to spend adequate time securing the CR record
• Poorly fitting of base plates
• Displacement of the soft tissue (excessive pressure during registration)
• Tissue depth is uneven
MECHANICALPROBLEM

30. RECORDING THE CENTRIC
RELATION
MINIMUM CLOSING PRESSURE HEAVY CLOSING PRESSURE
Two basic concepts
 Record - minimal closing
pressures - tissue supporting
the bases will not be displaced
 Objective - opposing teeth to
touch uniformly and
simultaneously at their first
contact
 Record - heavy closing pressure -
tissues under the recording bases
will be displaced
 Objective - same displacement of
the soft tissue. Thus occlusal force
will be evenly distributed over the
supporting residual ridges
Minimal closing pressures –
produce best result for most
patients

31. METHODSOFRECORDINGCENTRICRELATION
Static methods Functional methods
BOUCHER’S
Interocclusal record
with/without central bearing
devices and tracing devices
Chew-in technique
a) Needle House
technique
b) Patterson technique

32. Physiological or
inter-occlusal check
record method
Functional methods
HEARTWELL
Chew-in technique
a) Needle House technique
b) Patterson technique
Graphic methods
a) Intraoral devices
b) Extraoral devices

33. PHYSIOLOGICMETHOD
• Proprioceptive impulse of patient
• Kinethetic sense of mandibular movement
• Visual acuity and sense of touch
Based on
• Tactile or interocclusal check record
method
• Pressureless method
• Pressure method
Types

34. TACTILEOR INTEROCCLUSALCHECKRECORD
METHOD
• Phillip Pfaff – 1756
• Also known as the 'mush', 'biscuit' or 'squash bite‘
Indications:
 Abnormally related jaw
 Supporting tissues that are excessively displaceable
 Large tongue
 Uncontrollable or abnormal mandibular movements

35. YEAR AUTHOR MATERIAL AND METHOD
1954 Brown Repeated closure into softened wax rims
1957 Greene Patients hold their jaws apart for 10 seconds to
fatigue the muscles Snap the rims together.
Made lines in the rims to orient them after removal from the
mouth.
Gradually, these procedures evolved - Small amounts of wax,
compound, plaster and Zinc-Oxide Eugenol Impression paste
were placed between the occluding rims equalize the pressure
of vertical contact
MATERIALS

36. YEAR AUTHOR MATERIAL AND METHOD
1932 Schuyler Viscosity – not uniform - uneven pressure transmitted to the
record
Bases - disharmony of occlusion.
Modeling compound - softened more evenly, cools slower,
and doesn’t distort as much as wax.
1939 Wright • Factors
-Resiliency of tissue
-Saliva film
-Fit of bases
•Pressure
applied
ZERO
PRESSURE
1955 Trapozzano Wax “Check-bite method most prefered technique
WHICH MATERIAL IS BEST?

37. YEAR AUTHOR MATERIAL AND METHOD
1932 Schuyler Consider a record secured on compound or wax occluding
Rims sufficiently free from error to compete with
the restorations without additional checks
1954 Simpson Wax records were unscientific
Gysi Tested this method on manikins and never got the same
recording twice with wax or compound,
He concluded that the uneven cooling of the material
produced distortion
CRITISICM

38. TATICOR PRESSURELESSMETHOD
• Nick and Notch method
• Nick - Anterior -
prevent lateral
movement
• Notch – Posterior -
anteroposterior
movement

39. FUNCTIONALMETHOD
 Utilize the functional movements of the jaws to record the centric relation.
 The patient is asked to do the movements in
• Protrusion
• Retrusion
• Right lateral
• Left lateral
 Types:
-Needles House Method
-Patterson method
-Mayer’s method

40. AUTHOR MATERIALS
Greene Plaster and pumice mixture
Needles Mounted three studs on
maxillary rims
Patterson Corborandum and plaster
mixture
Meyer Soft wax occlusal rims, tin foil
placed
Boose Gnathodynomometer
Shanahan Cones of soft wax
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND

41. • Earliest graphic recordings were based on studies of
mandibular movements by Balkwill in 1866.
• The intersection of the arcs produced by the right and left
condyles formed the apex of what is known as GOTHIC
ARCH TRACING
• “Gothic” name originate from ancient Gothic
people’s houses (Barbarian tribes of Rome) GOTHIC
ARCH TRACING
GRAPHIC
METHOD

42. GRAPHIC
METHODS
Intraoral
Tracings
Extraoral Tracings

43. INTRAORALTRACINGS
• A central bearing and tracing device.
• Pointed screw in bearing
• Tracing device - maxillary rim
• Plate mounted - mandibular rim.
• Plate is covered with a marking substance.
• The central bearing pin is connected to the proper
vertical relation
• Patient -lateral and protrusive movements.
• Gothic arch form is traced on the plate.

44. TYPES OF INTRAORAL TRACERS

46. • Bearing-tracing device is strong enough to
resist biting pressures and can be held in
position by means of a locking disk
• More accurate
ADVANTAGES
• Relative difficulty in visualizing the tracing
• Since the intraoral tracings are small, it will be
difficult to find the true apex.
DISADVANTAGES

47. EXTRAORALTRACINGS
• Similar to intra oral tracer.
• It has same central bearing device attached to occlusal
rims & another attachment projects outside the mouth.
• Extra oral tracing pointer & recording plates are attached
to these projections.
• Size of tracing pattern is larger so apex can be
identified easily

50. • Larger than its intraoral counterpart - apex is
more discernible
• Visible - Patient can be guided and directed more
intelligently during the mandibular movements
• The stylus can be observed in the apex of the
tracing during the process of injecting plaster
ADVANTAGES
The lips and cheek may interfere as recording
device is placed extraorally
DISADVANTAGE
S

51. PANTOGRAPHY
Used clinically to measure mandibular movement
• Graphic record in three planes
Types-
• Mechanical (by McCollum and Staurt)
• Electronic
 It has six tracing platforms and styli to graph gothic
arch as well as jaw and condylar movements.
 A vertical and a horizontal tracing table are located
on each side of the patient's face overlying the TM
joints, and a pair of horizontal tables,
approximately at the level of the plane of occlusion,
is located below the eyes.
 The tracing procedure is carried out to record
terminal hinge axis as the reference point and
lateral border paths are traced whilst the jaw is

52. AUTHOR METHODS
Gysi (1929) Gothic tracing technique - five-degree error
wax and compound bites - 25-degree error
Brown needle point tracing is unreliable and recommends repeated closures
into wax under close observations
National Society
of Denture
Prosthetics
Needle point tracing - both scientific and
practical. This society recognizes no other means of
verifying centric jaw relationships
Payne 1955 Intra-oral tracer - difficult to see and does not work as well where flat ridges or
flabby tissue occur.
Extra-oral tracing
provides visibility but retain the other
difficulties if central bearing plates are
used.
The more equipment we put into the mouth, the more difficult it is for the
patient
Kingery(1952) Several drawbacks in the use of the central bearing point
central bearing point allows for no control over the amount of closing pressure
applied by the
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF
DIFFERENT METHODS

53. Kapur et al -The intra-oral and extra-oral tracing procedures were more consistent as
compared to the wax registration method.
- In patients with flabby ridges, the intra-oral and extra-oral tracing
procedure became less
consistent as compared to the wax registration method.
Thakur M Gothic arch method- more technique sensitive and required greater
chair-side time both for the dentist as well as for the patient.
-Incorporation of errors due to mishandling of the device
-fatigue of muscles and jaws from repeated efforts to guide the mandibular
movements
conventional method > gothic arch
Abbad Intraoral digital tracing technique > conventional intraoral tracer technique.
Consistency of reproducibility - supine position is significantly higher than
upright position.
Thakur M, Jain V, Parkash H, Kumar P.A comparative evaluation of static and functional methods for recording
centric relation and condylar guidance: A clinical study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2012;12:175–81

54. ARROW HEAD TRACING
• A planar tracing that resembles an arrowhead or gothic arch made by means of
a device attached to the opposing arches; the shape of the tracing depends on
the location of the marking point relative to the tracing table, i.e., In the incisal
region as opposed to posteriorly; the apex of a properly made anterior tracing is
considered to indicate the centric relation position (GPT-9)
• Measured across a single plane

55. Classical,
pointed
form
• Seen as a well-defined apex with a symmetrical left
and right lateral component
• The symmetry indicates an undisturbed movement
sequence in the joints and uniform muscle guidance
• It reflects a healthy TMJ
Classical flat
form
• Similar to typical arrow point
• Except that it has more obtuse left and right lateral
tracings.
• This type of arrow point signifies a marked lateral
movement of
Condyle in the fossa.
Weak Gothic
arch
tracing
• A lax and negligent performance of the
movements.
• Apex - Round Form
• The registration must be repeated:
• Stronger movements must be demanded
from the patient

56. Asymmetrical
form
• The left and right lateral tracings meet in an arrow
point; however their inclination to the protrusive
path is not symmetrical.
• One of the lateral tracing is shorter.
• Indicates an inhibition of the forward movement;
either in the left or right joint.
Miniature
form
• Similar to the typical arrow point
• Extension of tracing is very limited.
• This can be due to:
-restricted mandibular movements
- improper seating of record bases
- painfully fitting record bases during registration.
• Indication of a long period of edentulousness with
an inhibition in condylar movements
Vertical line
beyond arrow
point (Dorsally
Extended)
• By forcible retraction or pushing of the
mandible.
• Gothic arch was obtained with a protruded
mandible
• An artifact - forward displacement of upper
occlusal rim or backward dislodgement of

57. Double Arrow
Point
• Record of habitual and retruded centric relation.
• Allow patient training and repeat till a single gothic
arch is obtained.
• It is also seen when vertical dimension is altered
during registration
Interrupted
Gothic
Arch
• Break or loss of continuity of lateral incisal path of
Gothic arch.
• This happens due to posterior interference at the
heels of occlusal
rims during lateral movements.
• Check for posterior clearance before recording.
Atypical
Form
• Protrusive component does not meet at apex but
on one of the
lateral path.
• This may happen in dentulous because of a faulty
muscular pattern due to par functional habits like
bruxism.
• It is also seen in very old edentulous patients, who

58. RORSIN CENTRICRELATIONRECORD
ERRORS
POSITIONAL ERRORSTECHNICAL ERRORS

59. POSITIONALERRORS
• Failure of the operator in his registration of the correct horizontal
relationship
• Failure of the operator to record equalized vertical contact
• Application of excessive closure pressure by the patient at the time of
recording
• Changes in the supporting area

60. TECHNICAL
ERRORS
• Ill fitting occlusion rims: if record bases
are not stable
• Indiscriminate opening and closing of the occluding device (articulator)
• The slight shifting teeth which occurs between the stage of final
arrangement in wax and the transfer to a permanent base material
• A movement by the tooth or several teeth either horizontally, or
vertically, introduces an error

61. CONSEQUENCESOFRECORDING
INCORRECTCENTRIC
RELATION
• TMJ dysfunction
• Mucosal ulceration and irritation
• Spasm of muscles
• Resorption of bone

62. CONCLUSION
• Centric relation is a most reproducible, reliable, repeatable, recordable, and
reference position.
• Centric relation should coincide with centric occlusion otherwise will affect the
stability of the dentures.
• Correct recoding of horizontal jaw relation, verified for accuracy as it affects the
health, comfort, function of the muscles, and Temporomandibular joint.
• It is apparent from dental literature that with many opinions and much confusion
concerning centric relation records, a certain technique might be required for an
unusual situation or a problem patient. In the final analysis, skill of the dentist and
co-operation of the patient are probably the most important factors in securing an
accurate Centric Relation record.

63. REFERENCES
• Celenza, F. V., and Nasedkin, J. N.: Occlusion: State of the Art. Chicago, 1978,
Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.
• Saizar, P.: Centric relation and condylar movement: Anatomic mechanism. J
PROSTHET DENT 26~581, 1971.
• Boucher’s Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous patients.9th edition,277-29
• Yurkstas AA, Kapur KK. Factors influencing centric relation records in edentulous
mouths. J Prosthet
Dent 2005; 93: 305- 10
• Squire, BE : Joint Compliance – Its role in centric relation. J Gnath 3:61,1984
• E.G.R. Solomon, Manual of maxilla-mandibular relations

64. • Sharry JJ Complete denture prosthodontics 3rd edition
• Heartwell CM,Rahn AO Syllabus of complete dentures 4th edition
• Winkler’s Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics 2nd edition
• Posselt, Franzen. Registration of the condyle path nclination by intraoral wax
records: variations in three instruments. J Prosthet Dent 1960;10:441-54.
• Badel T, Panduric J, Kraljevic S, Dulcic N. Checking the occlusal relationships of
complete dentures via a remount procedure. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent
2007; 27:181192.
• Gutowski A. Remounting and occlusal adjustment of complete dentures. J Gnathol
1990;9:9–22.
• Myostabilized centric relation November 2011 international journal of
stomatology & occlusion medicine 4(3):87-94