Main and important information about electrolytes.

1. ELECTROLYTES
BY = NILESH SHARMA

2. CONTENTS
– ELECTROLYTES
– BODY WATER
– COMPARTMENTS
– WATER BALANCE
– ELECTROLYTE DISTRUBUTION

3. ELECTROLYTES
– Electrolytes Are Minerals That Are Dissolved In Body That Have Electric
Charges.
– They Are In Your Blood,Urine,Tissue And Other Body Fluids.
– Electrolytes Are Improtant Because They Help In Balance The Amount Of
Water In Our Body.
– Balance Your Body’s Acid/Base {pH} Level.
– Charges = Cations and Anions.
– Cations = -Na+ ,K+,Ca2+,H+ Anions = -Cl,HCO3,

4. BODY WATER
– help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance
and water balance. ... To adjust fluid levels, the body can actively
move electrolytes in or out of cells.

5. COMPARTMENTS

6. WATER BALANCE
•Fluid compartments
–65% ICF
–35% ECF
• 25% tissue fluid
• 8% blood plasma, lymph
• 2% transcellular fluid (CSF, synovial fluid)

8. ELECTROLYTE
DISTRIBUTION

9. Sodium - Functions
• Membrane potentials
• Accounts for 90 - 95% of osmolarity of ECF
• Na+- K+ pump –exchanges intracellular Na+ for extracellular K+ –creates
gradient for cotransport of other solutes (glucose) –generates heat
• NaHCO3 has major role in buffering pH
Sodium
- Homeostasis
- • Primary concern - excretion of dietary excess
- – 0.5 g/day needed, typical diet has 3 to 7 g/day
- • Aldosterone - “salt retaining hormone” ↑ # of renal
Na+/K+ pumps, ↑ Na+ and ↓ K+ reabsorbed
- – hypernatremia/hypokalemia inhibits release
- • ADH - ↑ blood Na+ levels stimulate ADH release
- – kidneys reabsorb more water (without retaining more
Na+)

10. Sodium
- Imbalances
• Hypernatremia –plasma sodium > 145 mEq/L
•Hypovolemic hyponatremia -- water and sodium are both lost
from the body, but the sodium loss is greater.
Potassium - Functions
• Most abundant cation of ICF
• Determines intracellular osmolarity
Potassium is an important mineral that functions as an
electrolyte. It helps regulate fluid balance, nerve signals and
muscle contractions.
Potassium - Homeostasis
•It is the maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of total
body potassium between the intracellular and extracellular
fluid. ... Absorption of meal-derived glucose stimulates insulin
secretion with a consequent insulin-driven potassium uptake in
muscle.

11. Potassium - Imbalances
• Most dangerous imbalances of electrolytes
• Hyperkalemia-effects depend on rate of imbalance
– if concentration rises quickly, (crush injury) the sudden
increase in extracellular K+ makes nerve and muscle cells
abnormally excitable
• Hypokalemia – from sweating, chronic vomiting or
diarrhea – nerve and muscle cells less excitable
• muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone.
Chloride - Functions
The main function of chloride in the body is to maintain
fluid balance. In humans, chloride makes up a large majority
of the extracellular fluids (fluid outside of the cell). It is the
major anion in the body, which also allows it to function as
a principle electrolyte in our bodies as well.

12. Chloride - Homeostasis
• Strong attraction to Na+, K+ and Ca2+
• Primary homeostasis achieved as an effect of Na+
homeostasis
Chloride - Imbalances
• Many people do not notice any symptoms, unless they are
experiencing very high or very low levels of chloride in their blood.
Dehydration, fluid loss, or high levels of blood sodium may be
noted. You may be experiencing other forms of fluid loss, such as
diarrhea, or vomiting.
• Hypochloremia –result of hyponatremia
• Primary effects –pH imbalance

13. BICARBONATES IN THE BODY FLUIDS
Bicarbonate is an electrolyte, a
negatively charged ion that is used by
the body to help maintain the body's
acid-base (pH) balance. It also works
with the other electrolytes (sodium,
potassium, and chloride) to maintain
electrical neutrality at the cellular level.
... The lungs flush acid out of the body
by exhaling CO2.

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