1. Tn;a fï ksy`v urejdf.a f.dÿrlao?
fï flá ,smsh yryd Tn fj; f.k tkafka Nhdkl ñksurefjl= fyda >d;lfhl= ms,sn|j fkdj" kuq;a Tfí Ôú;hg thsg;a
jvd Nhxldr" jHdl+, m%;sM, w;alr Èhyels kuq;a l,ska j,lajd.; yels frda.hla ms,sn|jhs
th Tfí wiaÓ ;=, b;d fiñka jqjo iaÓr f,i j¾Okh jS wjidkfha Tng úúO ÿla lïlfgd¨ f.k§ urKh lrd jqjo
/f.k hdfï yelshdjla orhs' wjdikdjlg fuka" fuu wiaÓ jHdê ;Fjfha uQ,slj lemS fmfkk frda.S ,CIK wvqlu
ksid;a" wmf.a wiaÓ ms,sn| fkdie,ls,su;anj ksid;a wm frda.S ;Fjfha wjidk ld,h jk ;=reu th ms,sn|j jegySula
we;slr fkd.kS' wm ta ms,sn|j oek.kakd úg frda.h b;d oreKq ;Fjhg m;aù yudrh' fï fya;=u ksidu —
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisi˜ frda.S ;Fjh ksy`v urK ;¾ckhla f,i ks¾Kh l, yelsh' jhig hdu;a iu`. ia;S% mqreI fomd¾Yjh
a
w;ru WKqiqï ud;Dldjla njg —Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia˜ m;aù we;'
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia l=ulao lshd uQ,skau y÷kd.ksuq' ir,j yÿkajd§ug yelafla th wiaÓ l%ufhka f.ùhdu ksid we;sjk
wiaÓ ì§hdfï iy ÿ¾j, ùfï ;Fjhla f,ih' Tng Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaiia je,§ we;ehs lS úg bka woyia jkafka idudkH
s
ksfrda.S ;Fjhg jvd Tfí wiaÓ >KFjh 25] lska wvqù we;s njhs' Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia we;sjkafka fuf,i wiaÓ j,ska wiaÓ
mglh flfuka wvQùhdu ksid jk w;r fuu ;Fjh wiaÓ m%;fYdaIKh f,io y÷kajhs' idudkH kSfrda.S mqoa.,fhl=f.a
s
wiaÓka jhi wjq( 30 jk úg tys Wmßu >K;Fjhg" mQ¾KFjhg m;afõ' bka miq wiaÓ f.ùhdfï fõ.h wiaÓ j¾Ok
fõ.hg jvd jeäjk ksid fuu ;Fjh we;sfõ' fuf,i wiaÓ f.ùhdu" kj wiaÓ mgl u.ska m%;YaGdmkh lsÍug fkdyels
s
jk úg ld,h;a iu`. Tiaáfhdfmdfrdaiia ie<fo'
s
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia je<§fï jeä wjOdkula we;af;a ldygo@
th widOrK f,i ye`.jqk;a i;H f,iu ia;S% md¾Yjhg Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia je<§fï wjOdku mqreI md¾Yjhg jvd
by,h' wka;¾cd;sl Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia moku wkqudk lrk mßÈ" f,dj mqrd ñ,shk 200la jQ ldka;djkag
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia je,§fï wjOdkula we;'
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia ksid jeä wjOdkula we;af;a ia;S%kag nj my; o;a; wkqjo ;yjqre fõ'
) ñ,shk 44la jQ Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaiia wjOdkula we;s whf.ka 68] lau ia;%Ska ùu'
s
) jhi wjq( 50g jeä iEu ldka;djka fofofkl=f.ka flfkl=g Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaiia ksid wiaÓ ì§hdula we;súh yelsnj''
s
fuh mqreIhska i|yd jkafka iEu y;rfofkl=f.ka tla wfhl=ghs'
) Wl=,a wegh wdYS%;j we;sjk wia:s ì§hdï j,ska 75] lau ia;%Skag we;sùu'
Tn l=;=y,fhka we;s fï ;rï úYd, fjkila ia;S%" mqreI fNaoh u; isÿjQfha wehso lshd@ thg m%Odk;u fya;=j mqreIhskag
jvd ia;S%ka jhig hdu;a iu`. wiaÓ f.ùhdfï fõ.h jvd;a iS >% ùuhs' fï ms,sn|j Tn ia;%S fyda¾fudak/ Biag%cka u; jro
mgjkq we;' ia;S% m%ckl moaO;sfha ksis ls%hdldÍFjhg fya;=jk Biag%cka wiaÓ Yla;su;aj" kSfrda.Sj ;nd.ekSug;a ia;S%kag
m%fhdckj;ah
wd¾;jdyrKhg fmr ia;S%kaf.a Biag%cka jeämqr mj;sk w;r wd¾;jdyrKfhka miq iS>% f,i fuu Biag%cka uÜgu my;
jefÜ' fï ksidu ia;%Skag Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia je<§fï wjOdkuo jeäfõ' fuu fya;=jg wu;rj my; oelafjk wjOdkï
idOlo fya;=mdol fõ'

2. )ld,hg fmr iajNdúlj wd¾;jdyrKhg ,laù we;akï" Y,Hl¾uhlska vsïnfldaI bj;a lsÍu ksid wd¾;jdyrKh ,lajQ
wh'
) b;d lDI" isyska isrere we;s wh'
)wdishdkq fyda iqÿ cd;slfhl= ùu'
)mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg'
)iq`t wk;=rlska jqjo wiaÓ ì§hdula isÿù we;akï ^jhi wjq( 50 g jeä&
)wd¾;j pl%h wl%uj;a kï" udi lsmhlska wd¾;jh isÿfkdfõkï'
)Biag%cka ^ia;S%kaf.a& fyda fgiafgdiafgfrdaka ^mqreIhskaf.a& uÜgug wvqkï'
)le,aihï" úgñka D wvq wdydr ,nd.ekSu'
s
)w,i Ôjk rgdj
) §¾>ld,Sk ÿïmdkh'
)wêl u;ameka Ndú;h'
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia j,lajd.; yelso@
i;a;lskau Tõ''' fuhg b;du iqÿiq j,lajd.kSfï mshjr kï" wiaÓ f.ùhdu j,lajd,Sug lghq;= lsÍ uhs' fï i|yd Tng
l,yelsfoa kï Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaiia wjOdku we;slrk idOl wju uÜgulg f.k tauhs' úfYaIfhkau Tn wúpdrj;a
s
fi!LH mqreÿj,g weíneys jqfjla kï thska ñ§ug oeka ld,hhs' le,aishï fkdwvq fmdaIHodhs wdydr fõ,la wkq.ukh
lsÍu" ffoksl jHdhdu j, fh§u" ÿïmdkh kj;d,Su" uoHdidr Ndú;h iSud lsÍu úfYaIfhkau wd¾;jdyrKhg ,lajQ iy
,laùug wdikak ldka;djla kï ffoksl le,aishï wjYH;djh ms,sn|j jvd;a ie,ls,su;a úhhq;hs' wka;¾cd;sl
=
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia mokug wkqj wd¾;jdyrKhg ,lajQ ldka;djka Èklg le,aihï ñ,s.%Eï 1200-1500 w;r m%udKhla
s
,nd.; hq;h'
=
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia frda.h y÷kd.ekSu ;=,ska Tng bka je,lSug myiq jk w;ru wiaÓ f.ùhdu je,elaùug wod< ls%hd
mámdáh ms,sn|j ffjoH Wmfoia ;=,skao Tng iyk ,efí' ta;=,ska jvd;a fi!LHiïmkak" i;=gq Èúhla .;lsÍu wmyiq
fkdfõ'
jeä úia;r i|yd Tfí ffjoHjrhd" fT!IofõÈhd yuqjkak'