Climate Change and Sustainability

4. Image of the earth in 1884
Image of the earth in 2019

5. Climate Change
and Sustainability
Course Code:
19MBAC802

6. Course Outcomes (COs):
At the end of the course the student should
be able to:
i. explain a conceptual framework for
analyzing climate change in context
of sustainable development (L2)
ii. explain impact of climate change
on India (L3)
iii. examine the UN framework
convention on climate change(L4)

7. iv. explain the role of India in
International climate negotiations
(L3)
v. analyze the political and corporate
viewpoint towards sustainable
development (L4)
vi. explain the sectorial view towards
climate change and development (L3)

8. Module No1.
Climate Change and Sustainable
development: An over view, a
conceptual framework for analyzing
climate change in the concept of
sustainable development: The
Background to the debate, Impacts of
climate change on India and Globe,
sustainability: economic, social, and
environmental dimension, equity and
human development.

9. Content 0-
•An over view of climate change
and sustainability concept

10. •What is Climate ?

11. • What is Change ?

12. • Climate Change ?

13. •Sustainability /
Sustainable Development

14. Content 1-
• A conceptual framework for
analyzing climate change

15. A Conceptual Framework for
analyzing climate change in the
concept of sustainability
Two Broad Framework
1)Natural Capital Accounting
Framework
2)Causal Framework

16. Natural Capital Assets
Services
Provided
by
Assets
Benefits
to
society
Natural Capital Accounting Framework

17. Causal Framework
Information
Societal
Response

18. Content 2-
•The Background to the
climate change debate
• Impact of the climate
change on India and
Globe

19. Background debate to climate Change
Data source: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)

20. Impact of the Climate
Change on India and
Globe

21. Content -3
•Economic , Environmental
and social perspective of
sustainability and its
influence on Human
development

22. Social
Environmental
Economical
• Smart Growth
• Long-term
planning
• Cost of leaving
• Quality of life
• Education
• Community Development
• Gender equality
• Resource Management
• Environmental protection
• Habitat restoration and
preservation of ecosystem

23. • Fair Taxation
• Business Ethics
• Govt. Spending
Economic
Social

24. • Resource
Efficiency
• Tax breaks and
Subsidies
• Carbon Credits
Economical
Environmental

25. Environmental
Social
• Environmental Laws
• Public involvement
• Reporting & publishing

28. • Module No 2. The international climate
negotiations: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, The UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change, sustainable development related
to clean development mechanism of the Kyoto
Protocol, International climate negotiations and
India’s role, Equity in climate change: the range of
metrics and views, Climate change debate: the
rationale of India’s position.

29. Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change

31. Purpose of IPCC

32. • The IPCC was created to provide
policymakers with regular scientific
assessments on climate change, its
implications and potential future risks, as
well as to put forward adaptation and
mitigation options.

33. • Through its assessments the IPCC determines the state
of knowledge on the climate change
• It identifies where there is agreement in the scientific
community on the topics pertaining to climate change
and where further research is needed
• The reports are drafted and reviewed in several stages,
thus guaranteeing objectivity and transparency
• The IPCC does not conduct its own research
• IPCC reports are neutral in nature, they are policy –
relevant but not policy prescriptive
• Assessment reports are key inputs to the international
negotiations to tackle climate change.

34. Structure of IPCC

35. • IPCC panel:
- 195 member governments
- Each IPCC member designates a National Focal Point
- Indian National Focal Point to IPCC is Jayavardhan Bhatt
- Representatives of IPCC member governments meet in
Plenary sessions at least once a year
- The sessions are attended by officials and experts
from relevant ministries, agencies and research institutes
member countries and observer organizations.
- The panel work on consensus to decide on (Budget, work
programme, scope and outline of report , issues related to
principles and procedure of IPCC WG & TF, Approves and
adopts reports, elect chair and other members of IPCC
Bureau)

36. National Focal Points
• National Focal Point- Coordinating authorities
between the IPPC and member nations
- identified by the relevant member nations in
the country
- They prepare and update the list of national
experts to help in implementing IPCC
programs

37. Observer Organizations
• Any non-profit body or agency qualified in the matters
covered by the IPCC
• UN bodies and organizations are admitted as a observers if
they so request
• Representatives of observer organizations may attend
sessions of the IPCC and plenary
• They are also invited to encourage experts to review draft
reports
• The policy and process for admitting observer organizations is
given as an attachment
• The List of the observer organizations as on 15th Aug. 2019

38. The IPCC Bureau
• The Panel elects a Bureau to provide guidance on the
scientific and technical aspects of its work, advice on related
management and strategic issues and take decisions on
specific issues with in the mandate
• The Bureau is made of IPCC chair, Vice- Chair and co-chair
• Vice- chair of three working groups (WG) and Co-chair of Task
force (National Greenhouse Gas Inventories)
• IPCC currently has 34 members and none of them paid by
IPCC
• The members of Bureau are elected for the duration of an
assessment cycle by taking geographical balanced
representation and scientific and technical requirements

39. IPCC Chair
Hoesung Lee
The IPCC Vice-Chairs
Youba Sokona
Mali
Thelma Krug
Korea
Brazil
Ko Barrett
United States of America

40. Working Group and Task Force Co-Chairs
Valérie Masson-Delmotte
France
Co-Chair, Working Group I
Panmao Zhai
China
Co-Chair, Working Group II
Hans-Otto Pörtner
Germany
Debra Roberts
South
Africa

41. Co-Chair, Working Group III
Jim Skea
United
Kingdom
Priyadarshi R. Shukla
India
Co-Chair, Task Force on National Greenhouse
Inventories
Kiyoto Tanabe
Japan
Eduardo Calvo Buendía
Peru

43. Working Group II Vice-Chairs

44. Working Group III Vice-Chairs

45. The Task Force Bureau (TFB)
• The Task Force On National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (TFI) has its own Task Force Bureau (TFB)
• The Constitutes of 12 members and 2 co-chairs
• TFB oversees the national greenhouse gas inventories
programme
• TFB is normally the same as the term IPCC Bureau and
members are elected in the same Session at which the
IPCC Bureau is elected, unless decided otherwise by
the panel.

46. Task Force Members

47. The Executive Committee
• The IPCC Chair, Vice-Chair and Co-chairs of the
working groups and task force on the national
greenhouse gas Inventories, IPCC secretariat
constitute the Executive Committee ( ExCom).
• ExCom meets at regular intervals and meeting is
chaired by the IPCC chair
• The role of ExCom is to strengthen and facilitate the
timely and effective implementation of the IPCC work
programme in accordance with the IPCC’s principle
and procedure

48. The Secretariat
• Coordinates and assists the work of the IPCC
• It organizes the IPCC plenary , Bureau and ExCom
meetings and provides administrative support for these
( Report and Documents)
• In addition to above Secretariat also manages the IPCC
Trust Fund and any other Funds agreed by the panel,
including budgeting, contributions to the IPCC trust
fund, management of the expenditure, auditing and
reporting in line with WMO regulations. It also
manages legal matters related to IPCC

49. IPCC Authors and Review Editors
• Leading Experts in the areas related to climate components
are part of this panel on voluntary basis
• They will be playing role of coordinating Lead Authors (CLAs),
Lead Authors, Contributing Authors and Review Editors in
preparing IPCC reports
• The Authors are selected on the basis of their expertise
following a call to governments
• Observer organizations and Bureau for nominations and
submission of detailed CVs
• Post the deadline, the bureau of the relevant group selects
the experts for these roles taking into account the range of
scientific , technical and socio-economic views and
backgrounds as well as geographical and gender balance

50. • Authors team may involve experts from industry & non-
govt. organizations who can bring valuable perspective
to the assessment
• CLA and LA together are responsible for the content of
each chapter and draft specific sections based on the
area of their area of expertise
• LA work in teams to produce the content of the chapter
on the basis of best scientific , technical and socio-
economic information available.
• Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors may enlist
other experts as a contributing Authors to assist with
their work.

51. • For each IPCC report, authors produce two drafts that
undergo an external expert review. All the comments
made during the review periods are collected and must
be taken into account by the authors team when
producing the subsequent draft.
• To support this process, each chapter team also has at
least two review editors.
• Editors help in identifying expert reviewers, ensure that
all substantive comments are afforded appropriate
consideration and advise lead authors on how to
handle potential issues

52. Expert Reviewers
• The IPCC is committed to preparing reports
assessing the current state of the knowledge of the
science related to climate change that aim for the
highest standards of scientific excellence, balance
and clarity
• To achieve the intended objective each report
undergoes two review periods
• An expert review of the first order draft and Govt.
and expert review of second order draft

53. • This review process includes wide participation,
with hundreds of reviewers commenting on the
accuracy and completeness of the scientific
assessment contained in the drafts.
• An Expert Reviewer may decide to comment on
one section of the report, on a complete chapter
or on the report as a whole
• Thousands of peer-reviewed articles in scientific
journals and technical publications provide the
essential foundation for IPCC assessment

54. Technical Support Units
• Each Working Group and Task Force on National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories is supported by
Technical Support Unit (TSU)
• TSU provide scientific , technical and
organizational support in preparation and
production of all relevant IPCC products

55. Activities

56. Activities
• The main activity of the IPCC is the preparation of reports
assessing the state of knowledge on Climate Change
• Preparation of AR( Assessment Reports), & special reports
based on the scientific inputs collected from the published
sources
• To address the above components, IPCC holds meeting of
its government representative members of working groups
to approve, adopt and accept reports
• IPCC Bureau meets at the regular interval to gather and
exchange scientific and technical aspects pertaining to
climate change
• It organizes expert meetings & workshops on various topics
to support its work and publishes the proceeding of these
meetings

57. IPCC Review Procedure
Govt. , Organizations
nominate experts
Authors Prepare 1st Draft
Bureaus select
Authors
Experts
Review
Authors
Prepare 2nd
Draft
Experts and Govt.
review
Authors
prepare
final
draft
Final Distribution and
Govt. & Summary for
Policy Makers (SPM)
WG/ IPCC Approves
the Report and SPM
Publication
of Reports
IPCC
APPROVES
OUTLINE

58. United Nation Framework
Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)

59. What is UNFCCC?

60. It is an International environmental
treaty negotiated at United National
Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), informally
known as the Earth Summit held in Rio
de Janerio from 3 to 14th June 1992.

61. What are the objectives of
this Framework?

62. • The Objective of the treaty is to “ stabilize
greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at the level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system

63. Rationally behind UNFCCC
• Based on the Inputs received by the IPCC panel, the
representative parties felt a need to develop the
framework to minimize the GHGs presence in the
atmosphere.
• In addition to framework development, parties felt the
need for time-line to take corrective actions.
• Who has to minimize the emissions ( is it developed
nations or developing nations) and what is logic ?

64. Conference of the Parties (CoP)
• What is CoP?

65. • The CoP is the supreme decision-making body of
the Convention. All states that are parties to the
Convention are represented at the CoP, at which
they review the implementation of the Convention
and any other legal instruments that the CoP
adopts and take decisions necessary to promote
the effective implementation of the Convention,
Including institutional and administrative
arrangements

66. Background on the CoP
• A key task for the CoP is to review the national
communications and emission inventories submitted by the
Parties. Based on the information, the CoP assesses the
effects of the measures taken by the Parties and the progress
made in achieving the ultimate objectives of the convention.
• The CoP meets every year at Bonn Germany the official
head quarter of secretariat UNFCC, unless a party offers to
host the session.
• The first CoP meeting was held in Berlin, Germany in
March 1995.

67. • The presidency of the CoP rotates among the
five recognized UN regions –i.e . Africa, Asia,
Latin America and Caribbean, Central and
Eastern Europe and Western Europe

68. Location Session Conference
Madrid,
Spain COP 25 UN Climate Change Conference - December 2019
Katowice,
Poland COP 24 Katowice Climate Change Conference – December 2018
Bonn,
Germany COP 23 UN Climate Change Conference - November 2017
Marrakech,
Morocco COP 22 Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016
Paris,
France COP 21 Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015
Lima,
Peru COP 20 Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014
Warsaw,
Poland COP 19 Warsaw Climate Change Conference - November 2013
Doha,
Qatar COP 18 Doha Climate Change Conference - November 2012
Durban,
South Africa COP 17 Durban Climate Change Conference - November 2011

69. Copenhagen,
Denmark COP 15 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference - December 2009
Poznan,
Poland COP 14 Poznan Climate Change Conference - December 2008
Bali,
Indonesia COP 13 Bali Climate Change Conference - December 2007
Nairobi,
Kenya COP 12 Nairobi Climate Change Conference - November 2006
Montreal,
Canada COP 11 Montreal Climate Change Conference - December 2005
Buenos Aires,
Argentina COP 10 Buenos Aires Climate Change Conference - December 2004
Milan,
Italy COP 9 Milan Climate Change Conference - December 2003
New Delhi,
India COP 8 New Delhi Climate Change Conference - October 2002

70. Location Session Conference
Marrakech,
Morocco COP 7 Marrakech Climate Change Conference - October 2001
Bonn,
Germany COP 6-2 Bonn Climate Change Conference - July 2001
The Hague,
Netherlands COP 6 The Hague Climate Change Conference - November 2000
Bonn,
Germany COP 5 Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 1999
Buenos Aires,
Argentina COP 4 Buenos Aires Climate Change Conference - November 1998
Kyoto,
Japan COP 3 Kyoto Climate Change Conference - December 1997

71. • https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-
bodies/bureau-of-the-cop-cmp-and-cma#eq-2

75. Components of the Frame-work
• Article 3(1) of the Convention states that Parties should
act to protect the climate system on the basis of
"common but differentiated responsibilities", and that
developed country Parties should "take the lead" in
addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties
make general commitments to address climate change
through, for example, climate change mitigation and
adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change.

76. • Article 4(7) states:
The extent to which developing country Parties will
effectively implement their commitments under the
Convention will depend on the effective
implementation by developed country Parties of their
commitments under the Convention related to financial
resources and transfer of technology and will take fully
into account that economic and social development and
poverty eradication are the first and overriding
priorities of the developing country Parties.

77. • Developed nations specifically USA was significantly
influencing developing nations specifically the India
and China to minimize the use of conventional fuel to
bring down pollution level
• This remark from the USA was significantly opposed
by the nation of small islands and south Asian nations
• This led to deep division among the north and south

78. • Developing nations under leadership of India
and China strongly emphasized on the equity
based approach
• Citing developed nations should take a lead as
they have technology and financial aids and
secondly they played an instrumental role in
changing the atmospheric conditions

80. Limitations
• “ The treaty itself set no binding limitations on
the greenhouse gas emissions for individual
nations and contains no enforcement
mechanisms.”

81. Post Formulation of UNFCCC major
achievements
• Signatories to framework meet annually from 1995 in
CoP to access the progress in dealing with Climate
Change
• In 1997 the Kyoto Protocol was established to legally
bind parties signatory to UNFCCC to take corrective
measures. As a part of this developed nations are asked to
reduce GHGs level by 2008-2012

82. • In 2010 United Nations climate change conference produced
an agreement stating that future global warming should be
limited to below 20C i.e.(360F) relative to pre-industrial level.
The protocol was amended in 2012 to encompass the period
2013-2020
• In 2015 the Paris agreement was adopted, governing emissions
reduction from 2020 onwards, through commitments of parties
under Nationally determined contributions. Based on IPCC
report, parties agreed to limit global warming under 1.5oC

83. Sustainable development related
to clean development mechanism
of the Kyoto Protocol

85. • Adopted at COP 3 on 11 December 1997
• Kyoto Protocol is an International treaty
• Intended to bring a commitment among
the parties to reduce the greenhouse gas
emissions
• The protocol entered into force on 16th
Feb. 2005
• There are currently 192 parties

86. • The Objective of the UNFCCC to
reduce the onset of global warming
by reducing GHGs concentrations
• The Kyoto Protocol applies to the
six greenhouse gases listed in annex
A: Carbon dioxide ( CO2), CH4 ,
HFCs, N2O, Perflurocarbans and
Sulphar Hexafluoride

87. • The Protocol is based on the
principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities
• Protocol believe in the historic
responsibility of developed
nations for present levels of
greenhouse gases

89. • The Protocol’s first commitment
period started in 2008 and ended in
2012
• 36 countries that fully participated in
the first commitment period complied
with the protocol
• However nine countries had to resort
to the flexibility mechanisms by
funding emissions reductions in other
countries

90. • It was observed that , even after
reduction of GHGs from the developed
nations, the global emissions increased
by 32% for the period (1990-2010)
• A second commitment period was
agreed in 2012
• This is known as Doha Amendment to
Kyoto Protocol

91. • In second period 37 countries have a binding
targets
• Australia the European ̣Union ( and 28
member states) Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan,
Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and
Ukraine

93. ..

95. Clean Development Mechanism
• The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is
one of the Flexible Mechanisms defined in the
Kyoto Protocol (IPCC, 2007) that provides for
emissions reduction projects which generate
Certified Emission Reduction units (CERs)
which may be traded in emissions trading
schemes.

96. Objective of the CDM
• To assist parties not included in Annex1 in
achieving sustainable development and
contributing to ultimate objective of the UNFCC
(prevent dangerous climate change)
• To assist parties included in Annex 1 in achieving
compliance with their quantified emission
limitation and reduction commitments

97. Annex 1 Parties
Non-Annex 1 Parties

98. • The CDM addresses the second objective by allowing
the Annex 1 countries to meet part of their emission
reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol by
Buying Certified Emission Reduction Units from CDM
emission reduction projects in developing nations .
• https://youtu.be/U-Fu-fAd9o8
• https://in.one.un.org/blogs/five-indian-innovations-to-
beat-air-pollution/
• https://youtu.be/8YBXp8HNLH4

99. International climate
negotiations and India’s role

100. Indian delegates raised the
concern about allocating
emission target to the
developing nations. But
also strongly proposed to
involve developing nations
in policy framework.
First International
climate conference in
Dutch city of
Noordwijk in 1989,

102. Country-specific greenhouse gas
emission data by the Washington-
based World Resources Institute
(WRI) in 1990
Focus on current rather
than the cumulated level
of emissions,

104. In an attempt to minimize the emission
level, India broke ranks among the G-
77 nations and convinced the
Industrialized nations to reduce the
emission level by 20% in the year
2000 compared to 1990 levels

105. In an efforts to expedite the
climate action, India organized
the CoP-8 in New Delhi in the
year 2002 and called for the
technology transfer to minimize
the impact of climate change on
developing countries

106. Post CoP-8 in New- Delhi, India
was able to realize the
opportunities offered by the CDM,
Govt. set up the National CDM
authority in 2003

107. In the year 2002, Indian Scientist
RK Pachauri was appointed as a
head of IPCC, and under his
regime the IPCC was able to
receive Nobel peace prize in the
year 2007

108. In 2007-Bali Accord, Indian
representatives restressed for
the technology transfer from
industrialized nation to
developing countries with
adding any strings or
conditions In addition to the earlier point
Indian PM – Dr. Manmohan
Singh stated that, India will
ensure that on per capita
emission basis India would not
exceed Annex1 nations GHG’s
emissions

109. Govt. of India Setup a National Action Plan on
Climate Change in the 2008 to mitigate and adapt to
the adverse impact of climate change. The action
plan was launched in 2008 with 8 sub-missions
1. Nation mission on strategic knowledge on climate change 2. National mission on sustainable
agriculture 3. National mission for green India 4. National mission for sustaining the Himalayan eco
system 5. National water mission 6. National mission for sustainable habitat 7. National mission for
enhanced energy efficiency 8. National solar mission
The above cited step further demonstrated India’s willingness to
participate in the global mitigation effort as long as this effort was self-
determined and did not hamper economic growth

110. Immediately before Copenhagen, the Indian position
emphasized not to accept any national emission
commitments, a specific year for peaking of global
emissions or international verification of NAMAs i.e.
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action. Yet India
shown great courage by announcing self- impose intensity
goal of reducing carbon emission per unit of GDP by 20-
25% from 2005 level unit 2020.

111. Equity in climate change – The rage of
Metrics and views

112. Equity principles
A Claim to an environmental resources-
the earth’s carbon absorption capacity.
Reduction of emissions as a cost to be
shared

113. Resource –Sharing Frame
• Earth’s capacity to absorb human induced
GHGs
• Once we use this capacity its leads to
scarcity
• Each country ought to have a claim to this
common resource
• What should be parameter to access to this
resource?
• One of the measures suggested by the
Agarwal and Narain was each countries
claim to this common corresponds to their
population share of the planet.

114. • The States Should have to mitigate
only those emissions that are above
their population’s collective
entitlement

115. • One of the first proposal on the basis
of equity is contraction and
convergence proposal by Global
Commons Institute (GCI)
• All countries converge to a science
driven individual quota of emissions
for specific time frame

116. • C&C accounts only for the
need for the plat to reach an
equilibrium level of the
GHG that matches with
earth’s absorption capacity.
• Rather than the
pipe where limited
flow capacity must
be shared
• Earth atmosphere works as
a storage container where
GHG accumulates over the
time

117. Sectorial Emissions
Timings
Per Capita Share of Carbon Stock

118. Non- Annex countries would be
obligated to take undertake
mitigations only once their average
emissions reach certain percentage of
Annex 1 countries for the
convergence

119. Burden-Sharing Frame
Brazilian Proposal of historical contribution to
Global warming
Spawned
Other
nations
Allocate mitigation cost to
nations based on responsibility
of causing global warming
1997
Capacity to absorb
mitigation

120. Develop the targets for
emission reduction below
business as usual level