2. Environment and Behavioral Influences on Obesity
EIn EOut
Body
Fat
Mass
High fat,
energy
dense
foods
Palatable, low-
cost, easily
available foods
Large
Portion
Sizes
Less work
related
physical
activity
Less
daily
living
activity
More
sedentary
behavior
Toxic Environment
3. Selected Behaviors That Lead to
a Higher Risk of Weight Gain
Excessive TV watching
Too little physical activity
Eating out frequently (Esp. Fast Food)
Snacking on energy dense food and drink
Skipping breakfast
Consuming large portions
2010 Dietary Guidelines
4. Environmental Factors that
Contribute to Obesity
Nutrition:
Decreased home cooked meals
Increased fast food, sugar sweetened
beverage, and snack intake
Portion sizes of food
Industry marketing of unhealthy foods
Decrease access and cost of healthy foods
5. Environmental Contributions
Decreased energy expenditure
Increased sedentary activities such as TV &
electronic media use
Increase labor saving devices
Reduction in energy expenditure of daily
activities
Reduction of physical activity in the workplace
Declined participation of children in physical
education classes
6. Energy Expenditure in Adults
and Children
About 1 in 5 (21%) adults meet the 2008 Physical Activity
Guidelines.
Less than 3 in 10 high school students get at least 60 minutes of
physical activity every day.
Physical activity can improve health. People who are physically
active tend to live longer and have lower risk for heart disease,
stroke, type 2 diabetes, depression, and some cancers. Physical
activity can also help with weight control, and may improve
academic achievement in students.
Inactive adults have a higher risk for early death, heart disease,
stroke, type 2 diabetes, depression, and some cancers.
http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/facts.htm
7. Energy Intake Trends
Ages 2 to 17 have increased daily total
calorie intake by ~ 60 kcal
21,900 kcal/year ~ 6 pounds/year
Men ages 20 to 39 have increased daily
total calorie intake by ~ 200 kcal
73,000 kcal/year ~ 21 pounds/year
Women ages 20 to 39 have increased
daily total calorie intake by ~ 280 kcal
102,200 kcal/year ~ 29 pounds/year
8. What are Americans eating
Average daily per capita calories from the US
food availability in 1970, 1990 and 2008,
adjusted for spoilage and other waste
Recent literature has tried to quantify the
energy gap that has led to the current
obesity epidemic, with estimations ranging
from 100 to 400 extra calories per day
9. The chart on the following slide shows how the average
American diet compares to recommendations found in
the 2010 Dietary Guidelines. Whole grains, vegetables,
fruits, dairy products, seafood, and oils are consumed
below recommended amounts. Nutrients of concern are
fiber, potassium, calcium, and vitamin D. Note that the
intake shown for vitamin D only includes food sources,
not supplements or vitamin D manufactured in response
to sun exposure.
The excessive amounts consumed of solid fats and
added sugars, refined grains, and sodium are clearly
shown in comparison to recommended limits.
Comparison of Consumption
to Recommendations
11. What’s New:
2015 Dietary Guideline Report
Top Sources of Calories
Table D1.12. Percent of total energy intake from the 32 as-consumed food subcategories,* NHANES 2009-10.
Rank Subcategory % of total energy
consumption
Cumulative %
1 BURGERS, SANDWICHES, and TACOS 13.8 13.8
2 DESSERTS and SWEET SNACKS 8.5 22.3
3 SUGAR-SWEETENED and DIET BEVERAGES 6.5 28.8
4 RICE, PASTA, GRAIN-BASED MIXED DISHES 5.5 34.3
5 CHIPS, CRACKERS, and SAVORY SNACKS 4.6 38.9
6 PIZZA 4.3 43.2
http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/PDFs/06-Part-D-
Chapter-1.pdf
43% of all energy intake comes from these top 6 categories.
12. Percent of total energy intake from the 32 as-consumed food
subcategories,* NHANES 2009-10
13. Marketing
The food industry spends 10 billion
dollars to influence the eating
behavior of children
McDonalds spends >1 billion dollars
on advertising to children as young as
2 years of age
