2. TOPICS
Definition and history
Prevalence
Pathophysiology- 1.Sickle Cell Anaemia
2.Thalassemia syndromes
Haemoglobin Electrophoresis
Treatment
3. DEFINITION
Haemoglobinopathies are a group of genetic
disorders caused by production of structurally
abnormal hemoglobin molecule , synthesis of
insufficient quantities of normal hemoglobin , or,
rarely both.
Sickle cell anemia (Hb S )(Qualitative defect)
Thalassemias (Quantitative defect)
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SS cells may look normal
when fully oxygenated ;
sickling occurs when O
decreased.
Other causes of sickling
include decrease in pH and
dehydration of patient.
Cells become rigid , impeding
blood flow to tissues. Tissue
death , organ infarction and
pain results.
Sickling is reversible upto a
point.
Have both extravascular
hemolysis and intravascular
hemolysis.
17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Ø Fever and bacteremia- it is a medical emergency ,
requiring prompt medical evaluation and delivery
of antibiotics– 3rd gen Cephalosporin.
Ø Dactylitis (hand foot syndrome )is first
manifestation of pain in children , ocurring in 50%
of children by 2nd yr. --- pain medications whereas
osteomyelitis requires 4-6weeks of antibiotics.
18. Ø Splenic sequestration---early intervention and
maintainence of hemodynamic stability using
isotonic saline or blood transfusion.
Ø Pain- most commonly in chest, abdomen or
extremities, caused d/t tissue ischemia in
microvasculature .
Ø Lung diseases- 2nd m/c cause of hospital
admission.– acute chest syndrome.
20. There are 3 types of crisis
1. Aplastic crisis- associated with infections which
causes temporary suppression of erythropoises.
2. Hemolytic crisis- results in exaggerated anemia.
3. Vaso-occlusive crisis- associated with severe
pain. Hallmark symptom of sickle cell anemia.
21. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Infants with sickle cell anemia have abnormal
immune functions and , as early as 6 months of
age, may have functional asplenia.- all by 5 yrs.
Bacterial sepsis is one of the greatest causes for
morbidity and mortality in this patient
population.
22. Regardless of age , all patients with sickle cell
anemia are at increased risk of infection and
death from bacterial infection , particularly
encapsulated such as streptococcus pneumoniae
and hemophilus influenzae type b.
23. TREATMENT
Ø Blood transfusion
Ø Supplemental oxygen
Ø Emperical antibiotics
(cephalosporins and
macrolides)
Ø Bronchodilators and
steroids for patients
with asthma.
Ø Optimum pain control
and fluid management.
24. ELECTROPHORESIS
Electrophoresis is a
comprehensive term that
refers to migration of
charged solutes or
particles of any size in a
liquid medium under the
influence of electric field.
Tiselius was awarded a
nobel prize in 1948 for his
work on protein separation
by electrophoresis.
27. PREVENTIVE CARE
Ø All children require prophylaxis with penicillin or
amoxicillin upto 5 years.
Ø Immunization with pneumococcal ,
meningococcal and hemophilus influenza B
vaccine.
Ø Lifelong folate supplementation
Ø Regularly screening for development of gallstones.
Ø Genetic counselling and testing should be offered
to family.
28.
29.
30. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
Normal hemoglobin can be oxidised to
methemoglobin.
It occurs because of either increased production
of oxidised hemoglobin because of exposure to
enviromental agents or diminished reduction of
of oxidised hemoglobin because of underlying
germ line mutations.
31. Toxic methhemoglobinemia-sulfonamides, lidocaine
and other aniline derivates, and nitrites. -----
Treatment- 1-2 mg/KgBw of methylene blue I/V , over
a period of 5 mins
Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency
Hereditary methhemoglobinemia can be treated by
ascorbic acid 300-600mg daily divided into 3-4 doses.
32.
33.
34. TYPES OF THALASSEMIAS
Ø Alpha thalassemia silent alpha
thalassemia trait hemoglobin H
disease alpha thalassemia
Major(Hydrops fetalis)
Ø beta thalassemia minor beta thalassemia
intermedia beta thalassemia major .
35.
36.
37. HEMOGLOBIN BART’S HYDROPS
FETALIS
Ø Most severe form .
Ø Incompatible with life
Ø Having no functioning
alpha gene.(--/--)
Ø Baby born with hydrops
fetalis , is edematous
and shows ascitis
caused by accumulation
serous fluid in fetal
tissues as a result of
severe anemia.
Ø Hepatosplenomegaly
and cardiomegaly.
38.
39. BETA THALASSEMIA MAJOR
Ø Characterized by
microcytic
hypochromic anemia
with extreme
poikilocytosis .
Ø Detected early in
childhood– failure to
thrive, pale, jaundice,
abdominal
enlargement and
hepatospenomegaly.
Ø Hb level- 4-8g/dl
40. Ø Severe anemia causes
marked bone changes
due to expansion of
marrow space for
increased
erythropoieses.
Ø Failure to thrive and
die young are 2
hallmarks.
42. MANAGEMENT
Ø Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Ø Blood transfusion
Ø Chelation therapy
The optimal time to start chelation is 1-2 years
post transfusion (ferritin level- 1000-1500μg/L)---
- deferoxime , deferiprone
Ø Hydroxyurea-
15-20mg/kg/day used to increase HbF production
and reduce the need for transfusion support.