The document discusses pharmacy and drugs. Pharmacy is defined as the science and art of manufacturing, packaging, distributing, storing, dispensing, and using drugs. Drugs are chemical substances that can alter physiological functions in the body, such as digestion or circulation, and are used to treat diseases, prevent diseases, and aid in diagnosis. For a drug to be developed into a successful medicine, its physical, chemical, pharmacological properties and methods of synthesis must be understood, along with its clinical indications, side effects profile, and interactions with other drugs and food.
It entitles the upcoming fields related to the health sciences. A lot of people these days have confusion regarding carrier . This may help them a bit. Hope you find it helpful.
Full detailed about pharmacy and Scope of pharmacy like Formulation and development, Manufacturing, Packaging, Pharmaceutical marketing, Drug inspector, research and development, Academic area and work of drug analyst.
It entitles the upcoming fields related to the health sciences. A lot of people these days have confusion regarding carrier . This may help them a bit. Hope you find it helpful.
Full detailed about pharmacy and Scope of pharmacy like Formulation and development, Manufacturing, Packaging, Pharmaceutical marketing, Drug inspector, research and development, Academic area and work of drug analyst.
Changing scenario of packaging in pharmaceutical industriesakash mitra
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.
Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification , information, convenience ,compliance , integrity and stability of the product .
Changing scenario of packaging in pharmaceutical industriesakash mitra
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.
Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification , information, convenience ,compliance , integrity and stability of the product .
Access Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ACCP.OB) – a drug delivery company with late-stage products for cancer, diabetes and hormone replacement. Several products are based on Access’ proprietary drug delivery platform technologies.
Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Packaging TechnologySUMIT KOLTE
The science, art, and technology of packaging involve confining or safeguarding goods for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Pharma packaging now accounts for a sizable share of the entire Indian medication market. Earlier, it was just concerned with maintaining the integrity of the medication inside. The pharmaceutical sector is the ideal setting for packaging innovation. The majority of sectors use product packaging as a way to protect and preserve goods as well as share marketing and legal information with consumers. Efficiency and intelligence in packaging, including compliance packaging, anti-counterfeit packaging, etc., have more promise in the pharmaceutical industry than in any other sector, if not more so. One of the key goals of pharmaceutical packaging firms is to keep pharmaceuticals safe from youngsters while still being accessible to elders. Self-filling a syringe can be a laborious process that takes a lot of time and increases the risk of incorrect dosages and spills. Self administered medications become more convenient and accurate with the use of prefilled syringes. NFC tags are placed to all packaging so that a customer can touch the code with an NFC-enabled mobile phone and have the audio play back on their device. The pharmacy personnel will also speak the dosage instructions to anyone who is blind or visually challenged. Robotics are typically used to automate manual processes that already exist, such as loading cartoners, horizontal form fill seal machines, or blister machines. In these situations, the benefits include greater speed, efficiency, and equipment efficacy as a whole. Additional benefits could include cheap cost, reduced injury, and eliminating rework. Robots that are incredibly consistent and accurate work around-the-clock and include features like line tracking and vision. Today's pharmaceutical sector is undergoing a lot of changes. The government and patients put pressure on medicine manufacturers to cut costs. Due to the desire for affordable medications, the market's growth has shifted from the beginning to the mature phase. Price reduction results from this. Poor patient compliance is another issue that drives up healthcare costs, and in response, drug producers and investors want to see
significantly lower failure rates and larger returns on investment.
Changing scenario of packaging in pharmaceutical industriesakash mitra
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.
Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification , information, convenience ,compliance , integrity and stability of the product .
Changing scenario of packaging in pharmaceutical industriesakash mitra
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.
Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification , information, convenience ,compliance , integrity and stability of the product .
Access Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ACCP.OB) – a drug delivery company with late-stage products for cancer, diabetes and hormone replacement. Several products are based on Access’ proprietary drug delivery platform technologies.
Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Packaging TechnologySUMIT KOLTE
The science, art, and technology of packaging involve confining or safeguarding goods for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Pharma packaging now accounts for a sizable share of the entire Indian medication market. Earlier, it was just concerned with maintaining the integrity of the medication inside. The pharmaceutical sector is the ideal setting for packaging innovation. The majority of sectors use product packaging as a way to protect and preserve goods as well as share marketing and legal information with consumers. Efficiency and intelligence in packaging, including compliance packaging, anti-counterfeit packaging, etc., have more promise in the pharmaceutical industry than in any other sector, if not more so. One of the key goals of pharmaceutical packaging firms is to keep pharmaceuticals safe from youngsters while still being accessible to elders. Self-filling a syringe can be a laborious process that takes a lot of time and increases the risk of incorrect dosages and spills. Self administered medications become more convenient and accurate with the use of prefilled syringes. NFC tags are placed to all packaging so that a customer can touch the code with an NFC-enabled mobile phone and have the audio play back on their device. The pharmacy personnel will also speak the dosage instructions to anyone who is blind or visually challenged. Robotics are typically used to automate manual processes that already exist, such as loading cartoners, horizontal form fill seal machines, or blister machines. In these situations, the benefits include greater speed, efficiency, and equipment efficacy as a whole. Additional benefits could include cheap cost, reduced injury, and eliminating rework. Robots that are incredibly consistent and accurate work around-the-clock and include features like line tracking and vision. Today's pharmaceutical sector is undergoing a lot of changes. The government and patients put pressure on medicine manufacturers to cut costs. Due to the desire for affordable medications, the market's growth has shifted from the beginning to the mature phase. Price reduction results from this. Poor patient compliance is another issue that drives up healthcare costs, and in response, drug producers and investors want to see
significantly lower failure rates and larger returns on investment.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
