2. INTRODUCTION
May be defined as a group of syndromes in
which neuropathy, ischemia and infection
leads to tissue breakdown resulting in
morbidity and possible amputation.
4. NEUROPATHY
Loss of sensation
Limited vasodilatory reserve
Loss of mechanisms regulating capillary
and Av shunt flow and pre capilary
vasoconstriction
Motor neuropathy that leads to clawing of
toes and arthropathy
5. ISCHEMIA
Atheromas, involving the distal arteries
Ulcers on the margins of foot
No claudication b/c of neuropathy and
peripheral involvement
6. Neuropathy and ischemia ~local trauma of
Skin and soft tissue ~ infection~surrounding
bone involvement ~ osteomyelitis
7. SIMPLE STAGING SYSTEM: A TOOL FOR
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Stage 1:The foot is normal. No risk factors of
neuropathy and ischemia
Stage 2:At risk foot. The patient has developed
risk factors, like ulceration, deformity, callus and
oedema.
Stage 3:foot with ulcer. Two main types of
diabetic foot with characteristic ulceration.the
neuropathic foot and the ischemic foot.
Stage 4:Foot with cellulitis
Stage 5:Foot with necrosis, where infection is
the cause.
8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Both elements of neuropathy and ischemia co
exist
NEUROPATHIC FOOT
Warm/dry
Palpable pulses
Calluses, as penetrating ulcers at pressure
points or at sites of minor injury
Painless necrosis of toes
Ulcers on plantar surface, site of mechanical
pressure
Neuropathic joint
11. DEBRIDEMENT
With a scalpel is the central feature
Causes
_conversion of chronic wounds into acute wounds
~removes callus
~decreases bacterial load
~decreases dead tissue
~releases growth factors for wound healing
~wound base swabs for culture
12. MECANICAL RELIEF
Total contact casting for redistribution of
plantar pressure
Use of boots that are removable
~made of fibre glass
~lined by inflatable air cells like a bivalved
cast
14. ANTI MICROBIAL THERAPY
Initial treatment of infected foot should be
with broad spectrum antibiotics followed
by swab results
15. Local signs of infection/mild cellulits in a
neuropathic foot
Patient treated as an outpatient
Amoxicillin - clavunate/erythomycin if
allergic to pencillins
Moderate cellulitis, inj. ceftrioxone 1 gm.
Daily
Follow up
16. Local signs of infection in ulcer with mild
cellulitisin neuroischemic foot
Same treatment
17. Neuropathic/neuroischemic foot with
severe cellulitis
Surgical intervention to be sought
I/V antibiotics,Ceftrioxone/metronidazole
According to swab results
Deep swabs to be taken after initial
debridement,positive culture antibiotic
according to sensitivity
Weekly follow up
21. METABOLIC MANAGEMENT
Control hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and
hypertension
Cessation of smoking to prevent
microvascular and macrovascular injury
22. VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS
Done in patient with peripheral vascular
disease
Antiplatelet tharapy with aspirin
Plantar ulcers that fail to respond, in 6
weeks duplex imaging/transfemoral
angiography
Angioplasty in short vessel occlusion less
than 10 cm.
Widespread disease, arterial bypass
23. PREVENTION
Amputation is preventable
Good care saves legs
Wash feet daily with warm water and dry them
especially between toes
Not to walk bare feet
Dia
Betics tend to get dry feet esp. in winters apply
an emolient cream to prevent cracks esp.
around heels
Toe nails to be cut straight across and filed
smooth
Inspect their feet daily if cannot reach use a
hand mirror
24. RECENT ADVANCES
Use of L arginine cream which improves blood
flow and temperature also wound healing of
ulcers
Early aggressive debridement with exposed
bones down to bleeding vascular base and
grafting of epidermal sheet may improve healing
and dec. rate of amputation
Home monitering of foot skin temp. with hand
held infra red thermometer.inc. temp.inc.risk of
ulceration