This document discusses power quality standards, including the role of the Energy Commission in Malaysia regarding power quality implementation and enforcement based on the Electricity Supply Act 1990. It provides an update on the relevant Malaysian Standards (MS) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards regarding power quality, specifically the IEC 61000 series. Key points covered include definitions of power quality in the standards, compatibility levels, and issues with applying and enforcing power quality standards.

1. -5-t
*n"ru.yETBnagE
POWER QUALITY
STAN DAR DS: APP LI CATI O N
AND ENFORCEMENT ISSUES
HJ ABDUL AZTZ BIN HJ ABDUL RAHMAN
_$*srt r anlayra Tenaga
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Fr*n"nr.y"*n"e" P0INTS 0F DISCUSSION$
The rote ol Enerov commlsslon under the Electrlclty-supply Act.1.990 regaidlng to powsl
iiii iiiit tiliiJ"lh lmplementlng and onlorcemenl of power qualltv'
LJDdate on the Malavslan standards (MS) and lntsrnatlongl Electrotechnlcal Commlsslon
Yi"i?i",i! ire"ci fi;ilifii;6ilfi; iiiii{rty or rinowii as Erectromasnetlc compatlblllty
standards (EMC)'
Whal ls the Power Quallty Standards say and dellne on power quallty?
what ls the compatlblllty level set by the power quallty standards?
:Sffitffiiil;'$TeLfvE!RELEcrBlc(rheunlonoltheElectrlcltvlndustry)lorEuropean
5. lssues ln aPpllBilon, lmplementlng and enlorcemsnt ot power quallty standards'
7, Resommendatlon.
B. Concluslon.
-C;-s*h"',uY'r'n'e' 1. THE R0LE oF ENERqy ggryr:MISSIoN uNDER ,,
ELECTRICI]"TSUPPLY ACT 1990 REGARDING TO POWER QUALITY.
1. Cunently there is no clear definition in the Act of EC role regarding to power quality'
2. There exist provisions of elements of power quality under the Act that need further
definition and clarification such as below:
i) Section 4(d) to promote the interests of consumers of electricity supplied by
licensees in resPect of-
a) the prices to be charged and the other conditions of elecVicity supply'
b) the continuity ot electricity supply, and
c) the quality of the electricity supply services provided'
il) Subsection 26(4) power to fixed taritfs and licensee shall not show undue
relerence or discrimination as among consumers or persons similarly situated
havingregardtotheplaceandtimeofsupply,thequantityofelectricity
supplied, the consumer load and power factor, and the purpose of for which
the supplY is taken.
-fs*n.nt"r"r"n1e. L THE ROLE OF ENE
@cr 1990 REcARDING T0 PowER QUALITY'
lii) Sectlon 46 in respect of electrlcal lntsrference with government slgnal
Iines and the provision of subsection 46 (2) in respect of compliance to
electrical lnterlerence regulatlon relatlng to telegraphs'
ihT'ix;*i"'$ji}jil{i:fi ii:{tfi",rufi ifl{|,l:l,fi iif jik,"r"t,*"^{l
Legal issues on Power qualitY.
There is no delinltlon o{ power quallty ln the Electriclty Supply Act 1990'
l*;ffliit#,*str-'rir*n{q***ihttiil,,Hiitf$[li{i'-}i"*'lr"

2. ..fu'T rPv!ftni5i 2. update.on the [4glay.sian standard.f (MS) and lEc
-standards
regarding to power quality.
MS standards and IEC standards on power qualliy are.Ms 18C 61000 series and
lEc 61OOO series, are known as generic EMC standards according to the lollowing
structule:
- Part 1: General: General conslderatiohs (introduction, fundamental principles)
Def inilions, terminology
Part 2: Envlronment: Description ol the environment, Classilicatlon of the
environment, Compatibility levels'
Part 3: Llmits: Emission limits, lmmunity limits (in so tar as they do not fall under the
responsibility ol the product committees)
Part 4: Testlng and measurement technlques: Measurement techniques
Testing techniques.
Part 5: lnstallation and mitigatlon guidellnes: lnstallation guidelines
Mitigation methods and devices
Part 6: Generlc standards
Part g: Miscelianeous
Product {amilv/Droduct EMC standards: relate to a group of similar prort-uct or a .
part'rcular type bl product with speci1c conditions under the responsibility ol the progucl
committees,
lEC60050-101: lnternational Electroteohnical Vocabulary (lEV) Chapter 101:Mathematics'
iEceooso.tet: lnternational ElectrotechnicalVocabulary (lEV) Chaitel 161: Electromignetic
compatibilitY
IEC 60050-551: lnternational Elecirotechnical Vocabulary (lEV) Chapter 551 I Power
electronics.
IEC 61000 Part 1: General.
lEc/TR 61OOO.1-1: 1992: Electromagnetio compatibility (EMC) - Part 1: General ' section 1:
Application and interpretation o{ iundamental delinitions and.terms'
15"',fl"'rs|139i;11"'33il1',1'#gfli1?ltsii""3,ixBal'31',g.r'#9t ;,?sX,l;3;3tli,!11i.
"q,ip,.nr
riiin regird'io etectromagnetic phdnomena.
tEc/TB 61000.1 .3t2l}z:Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part l-S:'Generd - The
irttEtiibi hlgi-ittitid. EMP (HEMP)-on civil eqUipment and svstems'
":,-H5""',"1ifl'Ji,*,?i,P"T.=J?T{,?#i,U:,':":iTEixS[HJE]lP";[11,]#3?XS!?l;xiiJfl{'.,|
equipment, ln the lrequency iange up to 2 kHz.
lEc/TR 61000-1-5: 2004: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 1-5: General - Hlgh
power electromagnetic (HPEM) etfects on civil systems.
#****** r.',rnttl"a:
:;,ff;H,fi';'ffi ';:*yir#$ft y=, ""0, ="
IEC 61000 Part 2i Environment.
10) IEC/TR 61000-2.8: 2002: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2-8: Environment -
i,;'it&;;ii;Jffiifi'o't iii"rruplioniiirii"tiu-iii elJciiic iiow6r'suppfv svslems with statistical
measurement results.
tl) Ms lEc 61000-2-9:2002:Electromagnetic qrmpatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment -
s;tiffi'9lG$ription ot Hettlp envkonirent - Radiated disturbance'
IEC 61000.2.10: 1998: Part 2-1 O: Environment - Description ol HEMP environment -
Conducted disturbance
lEc 61000-2-11:
.1999:
Part 2-1'l: Environment - classification ol HEMP environments
12) IEC 61000-2-1212003: Environment - compatibility levels for low-frequency conducled
;i"ffibfi;;":il tTd;;lri'.; fi;Li;iil'-,.','|aiur.'riiifibG dowei supptv svstems' Atuaitlng
Ministry
"pprorlf
on MS tEC 61000-2-12:XXXX, whlch is identical with IEC 61000'2'12: 2003)'
lEc 61000.2-13:2005: Part 2-13: Envkonment - High-power electromagnetic (HPEM)
environments - Radiated and conducted
Dralt IEC/TR 61000.2.'l4l Pad2-14:Overvoltages on public electricity distribution networks
standards regarding to Power qual
IEC 61000 Part 2: Environment.
4) IEC/TR 61000.2..1 :1990: Environment - section 1 : Description of the environment -
Electromagnetic environment lor low-frequerlcy conducted disturbances and signalling in
public power supply systems.
5) IEC 61000-2-2:20021 Environment - compatibilily levels lor low-lrequency conducted- -.
ifuiilui,iJ"-r-"-n3;id;ifis fi;;,jbri-ciow-r6rftsitpo'wer suppty sysrem! (Ms version 1seg).
6) ]EC/TF3 61000-2-3: 1992: Environment - Description of the environment - Radiated and
n6n-network- lrequency-related conducted phenomena.
7) IEC 61000-2-4: 2OO2: Environment - compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-
lr'equency conducted disturbances (MS version 1 994)
IEC/TS 61000.2-5:1995: Electromagnetic compatibiiity (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section
5: Classif ication of electromagnetic environments.
8l lEc/TR 61000.2- 6: 1995: Environment - section 6: Assessment of the emission levels in
iri€;fiffi;Jpii ot iir'OuilriitEanti ii rCgards low-lrequency conducted disturbances'
9) IEC/TR 61000-2-7: 1998: Environment - section 6: Low frequency magnetic lields in
various environments.

3. .,iri*h'nr"Fr""s" 2. update on the rllelavsian standarqs MS and IEC
rEC 6i000 part 3: Limits,
standards regarding to power quality'
. Draft lEc/TH 61OOO-3-1 : Part 3-1: Llmits - overview ol emlsslon standards and guides -
.
Technical Report
. 13) MS IEC 61000-3-2: 2003 Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current
<='1 6A per phase).
14) lEc 61OOO-3-3: 2OO2: Limitation ol voltage changes, voltage fluctuation-s and ilicker in
il6i';i";7j;lt';iiriiitv'svlieml' ioi equipirint wiih rdted cu-nent <= l6 A per phase and t
!ubiect to conditionalioirnection (MS veision 1994).
. 15) IEC/TS 61000-3-4: 1998: Limits - Limitation of emission of harmonic currelt9 il-l.!qw _
;;G;;r;"t,il;u-F,ptv svltemsloibquipment witn rated cunent greater than 16 A (MS 1555:
2002).
. 1 6) IECffS 61 000-3-5: 1994: Limitation of voltage lluctuations and flicker in low volta-qe power
ilipiy;isr"iliorlquipmlntwith rated cunenigreaterthan 16 A (Ms version 1994).
. .t7) tEc/TR 51000-3-5: 1996: Assessment of emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV
poiuerlystems - Basic EMC publication (MS Verslon 1996).
. Dralt IEC/TR 61000-3-6: Part 3: Limits - Section 6: Assessment of harmonic emission limits
,
ior t'neionneciion ol distorting installations to MV' HV and EHV power systems
.-5bd"nr"vt*n.s. 2. Updatp oI the Mal3vsian standardq.ltils) and IEC
lEc 61000 part 3: Limits. standards regarding to polver quality'
. .tEl IEC/TR 61000-3-7: 1996: Assessment of emission limits for tluctuating loads in MV and
rff i,owdiiisiem!'Basic EMC publication (MS version 1996)'
. Dralt IEC/TB 61OOO-3.7: Part 3-i: Llmltg : Asse-s-sm-ent of etnlsslon llmits lor the
ionn,iEtioii btliuiiuattrig load lnstallatlons to MV, HV and EHV power systems
' l,:lt'.?.:;333;::ll"?J;,?J'J#li"1i3t3ilil3ll3g:"1SB:',ifiuliJ#il1,"i'ntf.*n'''n
revers'
. Draft lEc 610003-9: Part 3.9: Llmits lor lntorharmonlc, current emisslons (eq.ttlPment
;iliti,nt 6Giij ro A pei pt-ilEana prone to produce tnterharmonrcs.by deslgn)
Dralt IEC 61000-3.10: Emlssion llmits ln the lrequency range 2 "'
g kHz
33tilE?$193,?;3-J:,1,',3,"T,:'13*1:tilYp"*1'.?fii1ft?g?&l?Tff.it',="it'x"l;fs,1bl['J?['
bonditional connection,
22) lEc 61OOO.3-12t2OO4t Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-12: Limits lor
haimonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input
current < 75 A per phase and subiect to restricted connection'
' #1,l:3f,h?,113?','#:t.El??lsTa?[",'t?efl#s','lll]i,[E]L?';'nifl';]';ffE?T!3[,!?'
.-fi^h"n,"v"r"nts* 2. Update on the lll,alavsian standards MS and IEC
standards regarding to power quality.
, IEC 61000 Part 4: Testinq and measurement techniques.
24) MS IEC 51000-4-l : 2OO2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Parl 4-1 : Testing and
mdasurement techniques - Overview of IEC 61 000-4 series.
25) MS lEe 61000-4-2: 2000: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMc) - Part 4: T_esting and
f,;ilr"*;;"i i;;#iiueJr siction'z-: ele"Ctiostatic oischarge' immunitv test' (New edition:
2oo1).
26) Ms lEc 61000.4-3: 2001 : Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Parl 4: Testing. and
;H;;;-dti;&niorLi I Suiiion sl Ridiatea, radioJreq'uencv, electromagnetic iield
immunity test (New edition: 2002).
27) MS IEC 61000-4-4: 2000 :Electromagnetic compatibility (E-Mc) -. Part 4: Testing and
mdasurement lechniques -: Section 4: Eleclrical fasl lransienVbUrsl lmmunlly IesI.
28) MS IEC 61000.4-5: 20OO: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMc) - Part 4: Testing and
;H;i',ffi;;t'G;nniqirel:lSeiiion 5: Suise immunitv tes{' |New edition: 2001)'
ffiffi:E,,"",fJgo"fl;i.'#T"'"El?,,";l'Bif,nffi'l?,r"?f3#l?,lt%!3'?;!fiX.1;l?llHtl*r.'
frequency lields (New edltion: 2003).
.5#',"v"r"n"s- z. update on the lvlalaYsian standarCs MS) and IEC
standards regarding to power quality'
IEC 61000 Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques'
30) tEC 61000-4.7iz}OziTestinq and measurement techniques - General guide on harmonics
inb inter-harmonics measuremehts and instrumentalion,_lor power supply syslems ano
3t38ei+ifi?If:l;*'Ifiltijillu"yi,l,illi't%'?a[ti'"1'n$tinistw
alpiovaron MS rEC
31) IEC 61000-4€: 2001: Testing and measurement techniques - Power lrequency magnetic
/fiefd immunity test (MS verslon 1993).
32) MS IEC 61000-4-9: 2002: Electromagnetic compalibility (EMc) - Part 4:Testing and
mdasurement techniques -: Section 9:Pulse magnetic field immunlty lest'
l,?#,1Ji?fJ33fl;iil,',":',-",9,,+'#',3$fip"tsll';:gll&l}i',i[JF,lfh,ii}"f ?|BJ%'J!?FJP
2001).
34) lic 61000-4_11:2001: Testing and measurement techniques_--v.ottage dips, short
ini6iriptioirl in,i v6ttae iiriiiion-s immunity tests (MS version 1994)'
35) MS IEC 61000-4-12:2000: Electromagnetic compatibility.{EMC) -.Part 4'12:Testing and
,iEliriu'"iJnt t"-Ctiniques - oscillatory waV-es immuniiy tesl-'(New edltion: 2001)'

4. IEC 61000 Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques'
36) lEc 61000-4.13: 2002: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMc) - Part 4.1 3:.Testing and
mdas-uiement techniques - Harmonici and interharmonics including mains signalling at a.c'
power port, low lrequency immunity lests .
3il MS tEG 51OOO-rt-l4:2003: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4'1a: Testing and
mdasurement lechniques - Voltage lluctuation immunlty tesl'
38) rEc 61000-4-1s: 2oQ!: f[cker meter - Functionaland t"'Jglfi8:iil}?fii'fi8
{ff;[",i-Tfr,
ii'iiriitrv ippiovai on Ms IEc 610004'1s:XXXX, whlch lsir
2003).
39) IEC 61 000.4.16: 2OO2: Test for immunity to conducled, common mode disturbances in the
treiquency range 0 Hz to 150 kHz (MS version 1998).
40) lEc 61OOO-4 -17lzlu2iTesting and measurement techniques. Ripple on d'c input power
port immunity test.
I
standards regarding to Power
--(5imn-nravar."as. 2. Utd.ate"on the tu.alaysiqn standarg-s MS) and IEC
-standard$ regarding to power quality'
lEc 61000 Part 4: Testing and measuremenl techniques'
f i#,?,:F,?fJ33fl;ifrL':310=Ji'i'f,T:gl?*'&f;S["11bJllHJ"i,l$9)d;5:5,"r"1"'ilftb",.o
conducted disturbance.
42)lEc610oo.4-27,!2oooiElectromagneticcompatibility(EMC)--Part4:Testingand
rirZa'iuieniJnitecnhiques' Section 2Z Unbalanie, immunity tests'
43) lEc 61000-4.2812002: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMc).- Part.4-28: Testing and
mtlasurement techniques - Variation ol power Irequency' lmmunlry IesI'
44)lEc61o0o-4.29:2ooo:Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC).Pan+2g:Testingand
#d;;dffit r,;;-fiiqlriJ--notii6i, oifll srrort-inieiruptioris'and rioltase variations on d.c.
input power port immirnitY tests'
4$tEC610OO-4-30:2003:Electromagneticcompatibility(EMG).Part4-30:Testingand
mdasuring techniques - power quality measur€menl melnoos'
l?JS,9,fJ?3;fl"i1i331'v"5',:3'lTltt?'i'n"fu?'filil'JJ5l5'J",,InT,ti"'ti"''iillln ili,,".o
lor equiprient witli input current more than 16 A per pnase'
IEC 61000 Part 5: lnstallation and mitigation guidelines'
47) Ms lEc 61ooos:2002: Electromagnetlc compatlbllity (EMc) - Part 5: lnstallation and
iliiriliili"ei,'ra""iiFi';;j;;;$;;rf f;ifi iipi[icctrvda]evrcisf orHEMPconducted
dlstuftance.
IEC 61000 Part 6: Generic standards.
48lMslEcG1ooosa2000:ElectlomaghetlGcompatlbility(EM.c).-Part6:'Generic
sti'naitas - Sictton 1: lmmunlty foruesidentlal, commercial and light{ndu$rlal
envlronments.
49)MslEc610o$G2:2oo*Electromagneticcompatlbllity(EMc).Part.6-2:Generlc
standards - lmmunlty for industrlal envuonments'
50) MS IEC 6100$6€: 2OOO: ElectromaElnetic compatlblllty (EMC) - Part.6: Generlc . . .
It-Jni:iri-r---Sl-dr-on i'emGi""
"tindari
for resldehtlal coinherclal and llElht'lndustrial
environments,
511 MS IEC 61OOG,G4: 2000: Electromagnetlc compatlblllty (EMC)- Part 6: Generlc
"r"hiirrii--
5i"1ton 4: Emlssion standard for lndustrial envltonments'
*Fr.ir,"nt "r"n"l" r. UOOU,'
rn ,n" t.,ur',"n "r"nOrrOU,
,n,"rn",,tn",
- $tA;AaEs resarding to power quality.
. Product lamily/product EMC standards. I
I
1) MS IEC 60601 '1-22 2f,(J2=Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-2: (eneral
requirements lor salety - collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility'
Requhements and tests.
2) tEC 60725:198i: Considerations on reference impedances for used in detern'fining
disturbance characteristics of household appliances and similar electrical equiprirent'
.52)MSlEC61326-1:2002:Electricalequipmentfprmeasurement'controland
lakioratory use - EMC requirements.
. 53) MS IEC 61547: 2002: Equipment for general lighting purposes - EMC immunity
requirements,
.56)MslEc6.1800.3:2002:Ad,iustablespeedelebtricalpowerdrivesystems.Part3:
EMC product standald including specitic test melnoos'
. 59) Ms IEC 62040'2: 2OO2: Uninteruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 2:
Eirictromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirem€nts'

5. !5t**'****"'-u,frti:r:"0:t:#*'n',"i'ft
*:lHi:l;iJ"'.'"""""''
Tvne of oower qualitv EMC documents available such as MS standards' IEC EMC
iiinaaldi, iEciechriicat Report, IEC Technical specification'
Currently 3 type ol power quality or EMC documents:
1)MalaysianstandardswithMslEc6looo,MslEc6lxxx,MslEc62xxx'MslEc
60XXX series Publications.
2) IEC standards with IEC 61 000, IEC 61XXX' lEc 62XXX, IEC 60XXX series
publications.
3)lECtechnicalreport(TR)andtechnica|specificationos)withlEcffB61000,
tEc/TR 61xxx, lEcffR 62xxx, lEcffH 6oXXX, IEC/TS 6't000, lEc/Ts 61XXX,
lEc/Ts 62XXX, tECiTS 6OXXX, series publlcations. The dralt document becomes
technical report due to not enough voting and support from 30 members country
of Technical Committee to become an IEC standard.
F,."n*,rytt ntg" 2. Urda,r aa thr Mrhr*jrr ttaadrtda, Ir,*taa,ia.rl
-=tanaeEs resrrding to power quality.
Product family/product EMC standards versus generic power quality EMC
standards.
When there ls a dlscrepancy ol levels or llmlts sefting between Product
irrnltytproUu"t EMC stindaids and generlc powei quality EMC standards' the
f"r"fi ir limits set by Product tamily/product EMC standards shall prevailed.
lf there is no such product lamily/product EMC standards available, the ievels or
limits set by generic power quallty EMC standards shall be use'
-$-u^n.n,,rraTEnasa 3. What is the Power Quallty standards say and define on power quality'
INTRODUCTION
51",",1i1",','Li3s$!'#El8;i'{il:B3i.ifn?"T"#s:'"tilii}:ffi!x'd#fi':Jtl.!ilidis.{jg
il',]ffii"h;'bl]ffril,iiiir'inliiniij [.e. i trigh tev.eLor'conrinulty) and also to enable.
Lilt"nt?",i!rrriiriiie-dtriciilqriliiiidiiliJ*oiti tkeiy and satisrabiorily (i.e. a high level
of power qualitY).
Electricitv - nowadays reterred to as a product -- is.rather a unique product because
5i.;1! ii,i.H"iotl'"i]il,i.iJ"iii"ti,ii srr'rctly,lt iii proouct which exists'only tor.an
i'i"'ii,ii'i"i iir-irJ fti;i';f a;iiv;t, ana Coiries into existence at the same instant at
vi?:il;",J.Fi!:#il [ii*t]?*fi::',irt*il!,,'; l;x E'""JJ,!Iy$ l?Til$"$:"il:
[";",s;i;il[i: bf ':fltsxrn;"';;i*'**:[ilil":"'u['l"t:'I:"?t** *** n"'"'"
equipment of multiple users.
Ouality related terms'
*:.t':,'l'm#i:ii;fi'Ji?ye;',tBBy,ff"':ifil[:,:!'i""iH[1Y[Hv"""ff 3li:'ftj"#1""
primary componenis ol supply quality are:
- Contlnuity (lreedom lrom interruption): the degree to which the user can rely on its
Availabillty at all times.
- Volias" ter"t: the degree to which lhe voltage is mainlained at all times within a
specified range.
fs"r*ropvaTEna'a 3. What is the Power Quallty Standards say and deflne on power quality'
Quality related terms.
5l","JJ's,""',:[Pd:q'.i",g"Jll%fi8 Hxfftr^'"?liislliY;gT,'x?Xll"#"iu]'Ji.flffi?,3i9**
Irequency, wavelilrm and unbalance'
Asaloadlsconnectedtoasupplysystem,itwillatlectthebefore.mentionedparameters
unless conective measures are taken.
*,f#'.H",'"%1*t:ll;;*'+g'll1?fl3ili?':'#",tffEl?,1y3[i"'t"1l5[,'in"?'oo''
tunCtioning of sirme utilisation equipment.
Ii:,:",',T,' J,'""ysi fl tt HJi ?^},'ii
Utll$iti,ii*1,"{#j"#$'##,
p",",,
fl SSSilliSllX
g)* Tfl'XX?, JSJI
electromagnetlc dlsturbance.
9"",ffi1 1t?i1ry"i113f, 8f,liifi 30,3*X r.gifiSi,
"t
iil,'f iBl[i',i3ii"&"+",rue:
i,i'i[iJn riiiirr-t],n',iiirrli-tion-unE'aittvery ot etectrtc power aflects the perlorm
ol electrlcal equlPment.
lEc610oo.4.3o:2003definespowerqualityas-.'Thecharacteristicsotlhe
Li:i:,,i$i"it*;ll"'""J*,{:iif*:*,fn'ii'=:m;,,f,,",,ltif,,tg$lij,fij,"J.S',,,n*,
i; ;;ft;EEi.'ie-rit'e tiiiiie-6bmiliibilitiGtwCirn.6lectrlcltv suf plied on a
network and ttie loads connectsd to that networK'J'

6. $*r*n*pv.TEhegE. g, what ls the Power Quality Standards say and define on power quality'
g?HIilY:HHBP,i';"'o"El,l"i"&|'I",Xtfi[1]"b1g:E'T"1H['Slii,fili]'i'3y,,?,'.8?l"{Jt,
:[inx*:"*
"m,'":t
",frxffB
ll"':;i3y"'1"#i :l']TJ;ii1'"'""*i'3; ff8iifl iiiflrl"
E',f,,?"l:ili$fff i,';::'"liliil'"i"iil""$5r""11["Jiiilsxl331i',t"#i?l,""T:l"1l,i""r
equipireht to deirart lrom its intended perlormance
disturbance level ls delined as the amou-nt or ma.gnitude ol an elecpomagnetic
Jiiiurbance, measured and evaluated in a specilled way'
Electromagnetic disturbance
The electroinagnetic disturbances phenomena considered are:
. voltage fluctuations and flicker;
. harmonics up to and including order 50; ,r
. inter-harmonics up to the 50th harmonic;
. voltage distortions at higher lrequencies (above the soth harmonic);
. roft"6" dips and short iupply inierruptions having a duration up to 3 minutes; I
. voltage unbalance;
. transi-rent over voltages; " 1e
. power lrequency variation;
. d.c. components;
. mains signalling,
Sr.^nruryafenaga o. What is the power Quality standards say and deJine on power quality'
Ouality related terms.
. Electromagnetic compatibllity (EMC)
. EMc is detined as "rhe abirity or an equ-ipm-en!.9,flf,t3f,
{fiil",if"ift]'iJjJiru
lunction satlslactorily in its electromagnetic envl
iiiir'iiiiritie Crecti"*;isii;ffi iiiiuluri'nctiio Jnyttrtns ln that environment"'
il$Ilf
,[r;i*i-$lffi'*-'g;f
"18gj;"li],.1'f,
fiiiilrftii,tl-,n'3n'r"i}nn,l3r3"'
' [,"J5,,,"=J3:ll3ii]T1:,'ii iflxltf,xol';l',"1",'i,:ltxlr:3 ii,I'{ {&"::'.ifl1}idTs'll,J
!"v!i!"ri'-aiiiii;-i6i?,t6-ri'i'ii' ridi ;ibe;d;d' bv lhe disturbance level. at .
that.
iriiiiiiiii rEluriiis ];,i#'td;unx;htiv! emGsi6ns ol all sources and other.lactors
;ri.ri;; ii,c,iitimpeiin'iIs.-ciinie-irlionaily, compatibility is s-aid to exist il the
ffibabiiiry';Iiii;
-d;Effii; f6m' inGnded berlorinance is suflicientlv low'
.NoTEsWherethecontextrequiresit,compatibilitymaybeunderstoodtorefertoa
single disturbance or class ol disturbances'
' IPJ,UE $
"Fl?fg"slg?,T?'s3ffifX3il':{'J'"fi":?IH,'#o:f,oc"8
g;iiJ'*:"1':#'
;i"ii-trr.{ fi d;t*gilrb-m iicn ott'er- or f rom electromagnetic phenomena'
_ffi*,*i.hr*v.r..*re. 3. What is the power quallty standards say and define on power quality'
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
. Electromagnetlc compatlbility therelore h8s two requ.lrements:
. _ To ensu6 that emlssions oi electromagnetic dlsturbances are limited to a
sutlicient degree
. :i;;;"rt" itt"t equipment has a sullicient level ol immunity to maintain
A,*lXii".["",]+f""
'i;if i]eldil oi ihe electromagnetic disturbances to
rhese requirementsconcern both,llfl[li??3,.ilil"0,11'J:3!:fi'd
f,llT,lfll%::H!:illll
t:l',f$:liJisLjlo*.1":3::[i[:{i.s equipmenr utirisins enersy ,jiaii,iib-,iitrE.;i,it]tv
netrivorks in general.
H:l?Hi"g'f,i"1ftilr!.gf ,"1.iix"i#ffff H[i"r]itiis.,,ixyii,ilft :"d:::
Effiiilil;n;i6'iiCtuiuances' the emission ol wh-lch nee
i;ffi;iilffiftii;[E;;;;Grv ior the proper lunctionlng ol equipment'
*',i8f; !t1lX ii,ll3?i3f'"lt',BH"'f,'.lfiSSffit":''jffff"p'',$!:X{if:iliilJiH:V
-
ll"i[tioii'iro,ii ridii;eq-uibment is as vital lor PQ as itls for EMC'
tn tact. it has alwavs been a condition ol the contract.for.electricity supply that the
iiiei6iiiitV ir-ser mu'si tvoid disturbing the network and other users'
.--Si:.. urrarilav.r"nase 3. What ls the Power Quality Standards say and doflne on power quality'
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
Thus, meeting of the 2002-2700-oOoS 4 February 2002 requkements of the EU EMC
oireaiveanoiherelore the correct application ol EMC standards lor emission is very
important lor power quality.
Equally, given the technical as well as the economic reality.that power quality can.never
u'..oerr.e-ct,,.itisimportantthattheEMcimmunitystandardsbeimplemented,s.othat
ir1i Sqli'i-rJ"i rririri"g th".r"&ricity supply can continueto operate satislactorilv in the
ieal coniitions ot the;lectromagneiic enviionment' ol which the supply networks are a
signilicant part.
Therefore, the etlective implementation ol the EU EMC Directive' the essential
*qrit"rlnit ol which are'focussed on enabling the consu.mer to be provided with
eouioment which neither generates disturbance excessively nor is excessively
sjsceptible to disturbance, is very important lor power quality'
lndeed, the need to protect the electricity networks lrom disturbance is recognised quite
explicitiy in the recitals ol that EU EMC Direotive'

7. !!ru*n..1.yaTenaEa 3. What is the Fower Quality standards say and clefine on power quality'
. Electromaonetic comoatlbilitv Ievel is delined as "the specified electromagnetic
disturbanc-e level useil as a r6lerence level in a specilied environment lor co-
ordination in the setting ol emission and immunity limits"'
. NOTE1: the comDatibilitv level is the level of the disturbance which can expected in
L,irir6^"iijtii'inoieii''s,j-itratltieie-is onlv a small probabilitv of lessthanS%
that it will tje exceeded by the actual disturbance level.
. NOTE2: it is a disturbance level which can be maintained by implementing
practicable limits on emissions;
. NoTE3: it is the level of disturbance hom which, with a suitable margin, equipment
operating in the relevant environment must have immunity.
. ntsnnino level is defined as a level of a particular disturbance in aParticular
Environirent, adopted as a relerence.value lor the limits to b" i."-t-1o-r^tl^e-^ ,,-,
;ffi;i;;;i;;;*ta?iJtoias ino installations,.in order lo co'ordinate those limits
;iiiG[ l#limits-idoptea ior equipmenr'inrended to be connected to the
power suPPlY system
. NOTE The olanninq level is locally specific, and is adopted by those responsible
loi planning_'and. op-erating the poger supply network in the relevant area ano are
inteinal qualitY obiectives.
ooint of common csuplino PCC (abbreviation) is defined as the. point.on.a
bublic oower suoply ne[work, electrlcally nearest to a panicular loao, aI
iuhich o'ther loads hrb, or could be, connected
.fiu*n"ntv"r"nrnr 3. What ls the Powet Quallty Standards say and de{lne on power quallty'
Electromagnetic compatlbility levels
ln-plant point. of coupling IPC is defined as. point on 3.netrygrk inside a syltel 9,r-fl1
insiiitati<in, electricallf nedrest to a particular load, at which other loads are, or coulo oe'
connected
Emission is delined as phenomenon by-which electromagnetic energy emanates
from a source ol electrd,magnetlc disturbance.
NOTE: Emission relers to phenomena or conducted electromagnetic disturbances
that can distort the supply voltage wavelorm.
Emission limits is defined as the maximum emisslon level specilied.by the system
opeiator or owner tor a particular device, equlpment, or system or disturblng
iristallation as a whole.
NOTE: lt aimino at maintainino the sum ol disturbances, being generated by. electrical
eouioment. bel5w a level ensu=rinq that customers' equipment may be operateo wlln a
iu-ffibient retiaOility, limits for the cbnducted disturbances caused by the slngle equlpment
are defined per phenomenon.
Emission level is defined as the level ol a given electromag,netic.disturbance.,
Jmitted lrom a Darticular device, equlpment, or system or dlsturbing lnslallallon
as a whole, ass'essed and measured ln a specilied manner'
-f;ruhanJayaTen.qa 3, What is the Power QH.allty Standards say and define on power quality.
' Electromagnetic compatibility levels - ''
. Immunity level is defined as the maxlmum level ol a given
etectroniaonetic disturbanco on a particular device, equipment or system
for whlch it remains capable ot operating with a declared degree ol
perlormance.
rino the reliable f unction ol customers'
re-comoalibilitv level as well as an apF
ardino an economic desiqn, immunity requirements are
rstomers'equiPment oI
as an applopriate
immunity requirements
Note: lt aimino at ensurino the reliable f unction ol cuslomers' equlpmenl
iv-dtem!. coniiderinq the-compalibility level as well as an applopriate
fJnctionil reliabiliW r!qarding an economic design, immunlty requlreme{
defined Der Dhenoineion. The design of the margin petryqqn lmmunlry l'
.^.{ ^^;n,rihilitu lcvpl clenends on lhe environment In which the felaleo
level as well as an appropriate
rmic desion. immunity requirements E
:f the malgih letrygel immunity level
and compatibllity Ievel depends on
and comDatibilitv level oepenos on Ine envlronlllellt lll wrrrurr trrE ruratcu
Eijririiijfiii,ilt'u"'iiimitli opetii"d and on the normallv required functional
reliabilitv.
eoulDmer
reliabitity.
lmmunitv (lrom disturbance) is delined as the ability of a.devlce'
eouiomEhi or svstem to pedorm without degradation in the presence oI
eri electromagn-etic disturbance.
Relation between compatibillty level and immunity levels
For each disturbance phenomenon, the compatibility .level must be
;;";;-r1;i;;the Iar'ei oi iJveritv which ca'n exisi in the relevant
;"""rir'dffi;t.- Ait
-equipmeni
lntenbed f or operation in.that environment
I"L',jii"!"i""i ir; i;];it;;iti-'ai
'leaiiat-tnai
level ol disturbance'. Normallv
;il;;i^'iiri'u" ii6niEed' b;twan the compatibilitv and immunitv levels,
approEriate to the equipment concerned'
.fiu".rt.n,"yrl"n"g. 3. What is the power Qualitystandards say and define on power
Relation between compatibility level and immunity levels
Moreover. the comDatibilitv levels have been set for the indivldual dlstupance
i]ffi ;;Hrl';il.' ifiil-;'"#';t triiionics ana interharmonics,- f or. individual
fi|oiieiiciesl lt must ue recognised, however,.that it is normal for several
;i-i;,f,;;;' didiionieni io ctliist' tn ttre'enitronment, and that it is possible that the
Iiirt'.jiminJeifiomilouipmentcanbedegradedby a particular combination or
tiJi;bffi;,:[6;i,;h';5;ii-6 it i lereT less than the co6patibilitv level'
For examole. ln th. ."r" of harmonics and interharmonilr, ,"i"in combinations of
irffii* i'nffiriiiuAi,l-inO pniiing iin substantialy. alter the.. magnitude oI the
;;li;,;,; 6A;LA;d7;iitre polfii of z-ero crossing. Fuiher complications can be
adde-d by the presence'ol otherdisturbances.
Because the number of permutations is infinite, it is not possible to set compatibility
levels lor combinations of disturbances.
Therelore if. within the compatibility levels, there is some. combination of
;il"hl;#:,;i iiiiidn ii,i,tJ[efirabi i6e pertoimance ol a particular product, thal.
|i-riUiniiion needl to be ideniified for the product concerned, so that its immunrty
requirements can be considered accordingly.
Felation between compatibility l6vel and emission limits
It must lirst be noted that some disturbances have their sources in atmosphe.ric
phenomena, especially lightnino, or ln the normal and unavoldable resDonse or a
ile'ii:li1#i<iir?aTuppty'svii"m id'eteciiicii-raults or to the switchins of load or of
particulai devices.

8. "S*"*rnl"yate"aga
g. what ls the Power Quallty standards say and define on power quallty.
Electromagnetic, compatibility levels
Relation belween compatlbility level and emlssion limits
The orincioal.disturbances in this category are transient over-voltages, voltage dips
and ihort'suoolvinterruptions. Emissioh limits cannot be assigned lqr Inese.. '
6iiEno'i.riiia.-ifi6e ihe bmission sources are largely un-controllable. ln this case, the
bompatibility level is intended to retlect the level of severity which can be expecleo ln
pracilce.
Manv disturbances. however, have their sources in the equipment by which the
;i,6iic;eadiciit-iubpV is utiiised, or, to a small extent, in equipmentilorming p
bf the supply systemlfitsell.
';iri
The disturbance ariiis when such equipment draws a current which is not .a .
"il,"rrIi-iii
ilir-,sraii-tinciiii oi t[e vdtiige Jupplied, but .contains abrupt variations
or-fails tb lollow thd complete cycle of the voltage waveJorm. .lhese lrregular
"iriEiiis
'ttdw
tiiroGn
-ire'impeaeinces
ol the supply nFtu{orks and create
correspondino irregu-larities in the voltage. 'r -r I
, !.liir.i
S**,pyaTErltioe 3' what ls tho Power Quality standards say and
tit -
. Electromagnetic compatibility levels
r Relation between compatibltlty lgvsl 3ndrlp.iltlission limlts
o{s{ry
. The volfage irregularities, in turn, .are. conducted. to other equipment' some of
wrrictr itr'ei candi.tuiSline ii,iiritvlev6ls at which they rdach the other
:gttffiti ,fl:'i*,et #,y,gf; i."[:ttETs[#i'B[J?lti [?ir,{i5i!![iir", *o
on how the emissions from these diverse sources,Combinercgemerloylelo
pirtiii,tliii,ner iii?idiuruance arparticg!3r tocarions. Th6se levels should not
. exceed the comPatibilitY level'
-Sr-o,rty*t"*"" s. what is the Power eualtty standards gay and deflne on
Electromagnetic compatibility levels
Relatlon beh^reen compatibility level and emission limits
;"t#i"-fJiio,l:B!'i.'%o1i.8li8:,*?l?isllfr"#?il^?'1!iIfJI
'""t,l3ll,li"lY"|fi[-"*-,.
fi,;';d#;? r.l]sh 6ired oi-6w hequencv disrurbances. This equipment is purchased
iin ttre 6ollr martrEt and is generatly- instailed and. operated without reference to .the
:LitH,l$#gsr
jn"";riffi ft:t#s.eryi3ulff 1"?!.":Hf n:il3Ti,eyfl :iii"
56,'i:? iidiiriaehino. Moreover,forouch.ot thisequipment the emissions are
Lljgi i*",,""*p"i[*:P,g"t:xi';]6i:"Jru*l'i,:Lrg"?t.TuiflT:11,'iEl=iui3".[]1n30
larEe and increaSinO SOUTCe Ol IOW lrequen'ydlstufllan.eg. lnegnlyleaslole rlr'uruu
oi Eontiollino these e-missions is to ensure that the equiPmenl is oeslgneo ano
manulacturdd in compliance with appropriate emission llmlls'
Thus. in order to maintain the compatibility level as a true indication of the maximum f
"il.6-'juiLjLr-,it
'"t";i;il;1ffi;;-i^ the elel:romasnetic envkonment, it is necessary.
i.i"i[IilaliLi" I; il;hffi;i;Iniiii t66-"niiisiSnti'mits iaoptea foi this wide range of
iis':,. itiiltffi *:liiii*i*ml*lw,:ltlnff f, ,H!"x'nl'l'l?,ill3"i?l's?*",{
discretion,
NOTE lnstallations which are considered speciflcally by the electricity supplier may
-
;".H. iffiilil-,f.A ;i uw powei profe'ssional equipment' ln that case' however'
Iilillil#';;;;',i"-iblrib iri' ieiiii-dn"to'ine lnJiariaiion as a whore, without imposin!
emisiions Ere considered i
limits on the individual items.
So*t".1av.t n*o" 3. what ls the Power Quality Standatd$ say and deline on power quality.
El!ctromagnetic compatibility levels
Relation between compatibility level and emission llmits
Thismeansthatemissionlimitsforequipmentofanyparticulartypecannotbe
iliiuiii'i'Jli i.oEp,r-'.liE"iiv, uri iilirit, toi'e-icn oiiruruanie i,henomen!n, be co-ordinate
iiliiti" iiritrii,iior itl 'ritner iouibel ot the same disiurbance. The co'ordination
ilJ;ii;""ffiiji,iiwrr'in'Iiisourieiiomptywith rheir individuar rimirs, and are .
llii,io-ti,o]"jr'dr'io'tiiJ-oesre-tihai-cin tie'expected in.the relevant environment,
*',i"l?,sntil"ii,jisiurbance-Ievel is less than ttie compatibility level'
The sources of emission are extremely diverse, but it is useful to divide them
into two broad categories:
- Laroe eoulnment and installations: at one time these were almost the only
"iiiiiiBinili'ri,i|i'ot'liiw-iieqiienCiimisiions
such as harmonics and voltage ..
ly'1lfs'si:"[X'.-r'itSiti.m* i'Jil"! *'$l*'J?.'!1t{'?" sl'r"Xyfil,:,'!"',f:}
ix','1"'ff.lrmi*s,'""H3!iJ,lii,,fliii't['t'E,1,jHfifi1iJ::fii'T il""'fr3i1!?t:',"r"[l
ilh'i;ii;; ;ffifl ifti -en
iliioni wtttrin rhose_limirs are unlikely to disturb other
iliii'ii,mi,ni i6nnbitia io tne-ititpti n6i*ii*. tniilotution is spricific to the location
inriolved.