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the European debt crisis
What is the European debt crisis? It's the failure of the Europe the currency the
ties together 18 European countries in an intimate but flawed manner. Over the past
three years Greece, Portugal, Ireland Italy and Spain have all teetered on the brink of
financial collapse threatening to bring down the entire continent and the rest of the
World. How did it happen?
For most of Europe's history it's been informed of itself and country's at war with each
other tend to do less business together. Europe was always a continent of trade
barriers tariffs and different currencies. Doing business across borders was difficult.
You needed to pay a fee to exchange currencies and you needed to pay a tariff fee to
buy and sell to companies in other countries. That ended to stifle economic growth.
Then came World War two which devastated Europe. Because the situation was so
dire the fastest way to rebuild Europe was to begin to remove these barriers. Steel
and coal tariffs came down so that a steel mill in one country could sell to a builder in
another. This gave the survivors an idea a unified Europe a union across the continent
that would end all future Wars. Countries began to band together toward this goal,
bringing down trade barriers, lowering the cost of doing business. One of the last
barriers to fall is the Berlin Wall. With a united Germany, Europe was ready. Both
countries signed the Maastricht Treaty and created the European Union. Yhis made
doing business across borders easier but there was still one major obstacle: the
different currencies.
A decade later they had won: the Europe launched on January 1st 1999. Countries
adopting the euro called the euro area discontinued their own currencies. They also
discontinued the road monetary policies giving control to the newly formed
European Central Bank, commonly referred to as the ECB. The euro area now had
one unified monetary policy but it still had many different fiscal policies a key reason
for the current debt crisis.
monetary policy versus fiscal policy
you see it's important to understand the difference between monetary policy and fiscal
policy . monetary policy controls the money supply. literally how much money there is
in the economy and what the interest rates are for borrowing money. fiscal policy
controls how much money a government collects and taxes and how much it spends
. the government can only spend as much as it collects in taxes. anything above that
amount, it has to borrow. this is called deficit spending. before the euro countries like
Greece not only had to pay high interest rates to borrow, but they could only borrow
so much lenders weren't comfortable lending them too much money, but now that they
were part of the euro areas new United monetary policy the amount they could
borrowed skywater. smaller countries suddenly had access to credit like never before.
Greece and other countries, which previously could only borrow at rates around 18%
, could now borrow for the same low rate as Germany.
how ?
Germany's credit card
you see, joining the euro area is a lot like sharing a credit card. Germany's credit card
. lenders now believe that if Greece was unable to repay its loans, Germany and the
other big economies of Europe would step in and repay them because they were now
bound by a common currency. with a new abundance of cheap credit Greece and
other European countries were able to adjust their fiscal policies and increase
spending to previously impossible levels. some countries in marked on huge deficit
spending programs, primarily for politicians to get elected. they made promises such
as more jobs and generous pensions all of it paid for with the new money they could
now borrow. the governments of Greece ,Portugal and Italy accumulated huge debts.
However, they were able to repay these debts with more borrowed money. as long as
the borrowing continued so did the spending and the unbalanced fiscal policies. in
Ireland in Spain cheap credit fueled enormous housing bubbles ,just as it did in the
United States credit flowed ,debt accumulated and the economies of Europe became
tightly intertwined. companies began opening factories and offices across Europe:
German banks lending to French companies ,French banks lending to Spanish
companies and so on and so forth. this made bean business incredibly efficient while
at the same time tying together the collective fate of the euro area. things continued
this way as long as credit was available and credit was available until 2008 .spurred
by the collapse in the US a credit crisis swept the globe, bringing borrowing to a halt.
Everyone
suddenly the Greek economy couldn't function. it couldn't borrow money to pay for all
the new jobs and benefits that created, it couldn't borrow the new money it needed to
pay its old debts .this was a problem for Greece but because of the unified monetary
policy it was also a problem for all of Europe. much of Europe had been on a spending
spree and borrowed more money than it could ever repay. but the problem is
somebody has to pick up the tab or else every country in the euro area will suffer.
since the countries that ran up the bill couldn't repay, everyone look to German.
austerity measures
as the biggest and strongest economy in Europe, Germany reluctantly agreed to help
bail out the debtor countries . in other words Germany agreed to repay the bill but only
if the debtor countries agreed to implement strict austerity measures to ensure that it
would never happen . austerity measures meant sucking it up ,cutting spending
borrowing less and paying back more debt. this sounds like a simple solution .right?
it's not. first of all nobody wants a stearic. austerity means cutting government
spending and since the government is by far the biggest spender in any economy
when the government cuts spending, it cuts the earnings of many of its citizens .
people lose jobs, they get angry, they riot in the streets and austerity also doesn't
automatically balance a country's budget. you see, the government collects taxes
based on people's earnings .so when earnings are reduced, the government collects
less in taxes. they still can't pay down their debts. the pain is so bad that it's almost
politically impossible to accomplish. on top of that there are huge cultural differences
within the euro area: extreme cultural differences.
Germany is very financially responsible. ever since the terrible hyperinflation the
country experienced after World War one it's been extremely inflation averse and
incredibly careful about spending and borrowing .in general, Germans work hard,
expect little, mime state benefits and meticulously pay all of the taxes. many Greeks
on the other hand enjoy generous state benefits and don't pay taxes. Greece has a
terrible problem. it has never collected the majority of the taxes it imposes on its
citizens and it's always been this way. joining the euro, just amplified .the German view
is that doesn't work . if you want our money, you need our morals as the debtor
country's headed towards default, the whole continent of Europe was in danger even
though the economies of the debtor countries are relatively small, they posed a huge
threat because the European financial system is so interconnected precisely because
of the euro. remember the debtor countries borrowed money from banks investors and
other governments throughout Europe as the debtor countries get closer to default
everyone who lent them money becomes weaker and everyone who lent those lenders
money also becomes weaker and so on and so forth. a problem in one country could
reverberate across the whole continent, triggering a chain reaction of default: if Greece
defaults, then Spain defauts,Italiy, France, Portugal air to be next then France then
Germany . pretty soon, it could spread not just across Europe, but across the world .
fiscal union before breakup
the problem is even if the debtor nations adopt austerity measures and even if the
bailout from Germany and the stronger countries helps them pay down their debts and
avoid the immediate crisis, there's no system in place to prevent this from happening
again. this brings us back to that fundamental division of monetary policy and fiscal
policy: ultimately the euro area requires a fiscal Union to match its monetary union or
neither. that is, there must be a political organization with authority to set fiscal policy
within every euro area country. it must have the power to cut spending, raise taxes
and set laws. a fiscal union like this could actually prevent excessive borrowing and
spending. However, this is an enormously complicated and unpopular notion. it means
surrendering sovereignty to a higher power. in essence a United States of Europe.
Yet, without a centralized fiscal union countries will continue to run deficits, accumulate
debt, degrade the value of the euro and threaten stability of Europe.Can Europe take
the necessary steps and create a fiscal union alongside the monetary union or will the
monetary union break up and the Euro disappear?
Ce este criza datoriilor europene? Este eșecul monedei euro, care leagă 18 țări
europene într-o manieră intimă, dar defectuoasă. În ultimii trei ani, Grecia, Portugalia,
Irlanda, Italia și Spania s-au clătinat cu toții în pragul colapsului financiar, amenințând
să doboare întregul continent și restul lumii. Cum s-a întâmplat?
În cea mai mare parte a istoriei Europei, aceasta a fost in razboi, iar țările implicate
tind să facă mai puține afaceri împreună. Europa a fost întotdeauna un continent de
bariere comerciale, tarife și diferite valute, iar comerțul peste granițe era dificil. Trebuia
să se plateasca o taxă pentru a schimba valute și trebuia să plătiți o taxă pentru a
cumpăra și a vinde companiilor din alte țări. Acest lucru s-a încheiat la incetinirea
creșterii economice. Apoi a venit cel de-al doilea război mondial care a devastat
Europa. Deoarece situația era atât de gravă, cea mai rapidă cale de a reconstrui
Europa a fost să elimine acese bariere. Tarifele la oțel și la cărbune au scăzut, astfel
încât o fabrică de oțel dintr-o țară să poată vinde unui constructor din alta. Acest lucru
le-a dat liderilor ideea unei Europe unificate, o uniune pe tot continentul care va pune
capăt tuturor războaielor viitoare. Țările au început să se unească în vederea acestui
obiectiv, doborând barierele comerciale ce a dus la o scadere a costurilor de a face
afaceri. Una dintre ultimele bariere de cădere este Zidul Berlinului. Cu o Germania
unită, Europa era pregătită. Ambele țări au semnat Tratatul de la Maastricht și au creat
Uniunea Europeană. A făcut afacerile peste granițe mai ușoare, dar a existat încă un
obstacol major: diferitele valute.
Un deceniu mai târziu câștigaseră: moneda euro a fost lansată la 1 ianuarie 1999.
Țările care adoptau euro, numite zona euro, și-au întrerupt propriile monede. De
asemenea, au întrerupt politicile monetare proprii, dand controlul catre Banca Centrală
Europeană. Zona euro avea acum o singură politică monetară unificată, dar încă mai
avea multe politici fiscale diferite, un motiv cheie pentru criza actuală a datoriilor.
politica monetara versus politica fiscala
Este important să înțelegeți diferența dintre politica monetară și politica fiscală. politica monetară
controlează masa monetara, adica câți bani sunt în economie și care sunt ratele dobânzilor pentru
împrumutul de bani. politica fiscală controlează câți bani colectează și taxează un guvern și cât
cheltuiește.guvernulnupoate cheltuidecâtatât câtcolecteazăînimpozite.oricepesteaceastăsumă,
trebuie să se împrumute. Acest lucru se cheama cheltuieli deficitare. înainte de a trece la euro,tari
cum ar fi Grecia, nu numai că trebuiausăplăteascădobânzi mari pentrua se împrumuta,dar puteau
doar să împrumute doar daca creditorii eraude acord sa o faca. Dupa ce au inceputsafaca parte din
nouapoliticămonetarăazonei euro,sumape care oputeauîmprumuta aajunslasume uriasesi țările
mai mici au avut bruscacces la creditca niciodată.Greciași alte țări,care anteriorputeauîmprumuta
doar la rate de aproximativ 18%, ar putea acum să se împrumute la aceeași rată scăzută ca și
Germania.
Cum ?
cardul de credit al Germaniei
Vezi tu, aderarea la zona euro se aseamana împărțirea unui card de credit. Cardul de credit al
Germaniei.CreditoriiauinceputsacreadacadacăGrecianuar puteasă-și ramburseze împrumuturile,
Germania și celelalte mari economii ale Europei ar interveni și le-ar rambursa in locul lor pentru că
acum erau legate de o monedă comună. cu o nouă abundență de credite ieftine, Grecia și alte țări
europene au putut să-și ajusteze politicile fiscale și să crească cheltuielile la niveluri anterior
imposibile. unele țări au semnat programe de cheltuieli cu deficit uriaș, în primul rând pentru ca
politicienii să fie aleși. au făcut promisiuni,cum ar fi mai multe locuri de muncă și pensii generoase,
toate plătite cubanii noi pe care îi puteauîmprumutaacum.GuverneleGreciei,Portugalieiși Italieiau
acumulatdatorii uriașe. Cu toate acestea,ei au putut să ramburseze aceste datorii cu mai mulți bani
împrumutați. atâta timp cât împrumutul a continuat, la fel și cheltuielile și politicile fiscale
dezechilibrate. în Irlanda, în Spania, creditul ieftin a alimentat bule imobiliare enorme, la fel cum a
făcut și în Statele Unite,creditul acurs, datoria s-a acumulatși economiile Europei audevenitstrâns
legate între ele.companiile auînceputsă deschidăfabrici și birouri în toată Europa: băncile germane
care acordau împrumuturi companiilor franceze, băncile franceze care acordau împrumuturi
companiilor spaniole și așa mai departe. acest lucru a făcut ca afacerea sa fie realizate incredibil de
eficientși,înacelași timp,alegatsoartacolectivăazonei euro.Lucrurileaucontinuatînacestfel atâta
timp cât creditul a fost disponibil și creditul a fost disponibil până în 2008. stimulată de colapsul din
SUA, o criză a creditului a cuprins globul, punând împrumuturile la oprire.
dintr-odată,economiagreacănuamsi pututfuncționa.nuputeaîmprumutabani pentruaplăti toate
noile locuri de muncăși beneficiiprcare le-aucreat,nuputeaîmprumutabaninoi de care aveanevoie
pentru a-și plăti vechile datorii. Aceasta a fost o problemă pentru Grecia, dar din cauza politicii
monetare unificate afostși oproblemăpentrutoatăEuropa.omare parte aEuropei afostîntr-oconti
de cheltuieliși aîmprumutatmai mulți bani decâtar fi pututsă-i ramburseze vreodată.darproblema
este că cinevatrebuie săridice fila,altfelfiecare țarădinzonaeurova aveade suferit.dinmomentce
țările care au ridicat nota de plată nu au putut rambursa, toată lumea se uită la germană. masuri de
austeritate
ca cea mai mare și mai puternicăeconomiedinEuropa,Germaniaaacceptat fără tragere de inimăsă
ajute la salvarea țărilor debitoare. cu alte cuvinte, Germania a fost de acord să ramburseze factura,
dar numai dacă țările debitoare au convenit să implementeze măsuri stricte de austeritate pentru a
se asiguracă acestlucru nuse va întâmplaniciodată.Măsurile de austeritate auînsemnatretragerea,
reducereacheltuielilorîmprumutândmai puținși rambursarea mai multor datorii.aceasta sună ca o
soluție simplă.nu?nueste.inprimulrandnimeninuvreaunstearic.Austeritateaînseamnăreducerea
cheltuielilorguvernamentale și,deoarece guvernul este de departe cel mai mare cheltuitordinorice
economie atunci când guvernul reduce cheltuielile, reduce veniturile multor cetățeni ai săi. oamenii
își pierdlocurile de muncă,se înfurie,se revoltă în stradă și nici austeritateanuechilibreazăautomat
bugetul unei țări.Vedeți,guvernul colecteazătaxe pe bazacâștiguriloroamenilor,așacă atunci când
câștigurile suntreduse,guvernulcolecteazămai puținimpozite.încănu își potplăti datoriile. durerea
este atât de mare încât este aproape imposibil de realizat din punct de vedere politic. În plus,există
diferențe culturale uriașe în zona euro: diferențe culturale extreme.

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  • 1. the European debt crisis What is the European debt crisis? It's the failure of the Europe the currency the ties together 18 European countries in an intimate but flawed manner. Over the past three years Greece, Portugal, Ireland Italy and Spain have all teetered on the brink of financial collapse threatening to bring down the entire continent and the rest of the World. How did it happen? For most of Europe's history it's been informed of itself and country's at war with each other tend to do less business together. Europe was always a continent of trade barriers tariffs and different currencies. Doing business across borders was difficult. You needed to pay a fee to exchange currencies and you needed to pay a tariff fee to buy and sell to companies in other countries. That ended to stifle economic growth. Then came World War two which devastated Europe. Because the situation was so dire the fastest way to rebuild Europe was to begin to remove these barriers. Steel and coal tariffs came down so that a steel mill in one country could sell to a builder in another. This gave the survivors an idea a unified Europe a union across the continent that would end all future Wars. Countries began to band together toward this goal, bringing down trade barriers, lowering the cost of doing business. One of the last barriers to fall is the Berlin Wall. With a united Germany, Europe was ready. Both countries signed the Maastricht Treaty and created the European Union. Yhis made doing business across borders easier but there was still one major obstacle: the different currencies. A decade later they had won: the Europe launched on January 1st 1999. Countries adopting the euro called the euro area discontinued their own currencies. They also discontinued the road monetary policies giving control to the newly formed European Central Bank, commonly referred to as the ECB. The euro area now had one unified monetary policy but it still had many different fiscal policies a key reason for the current debt crisis. monetary policy versus fiscal policy you see it's important to understand the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy . monetary policy controls the money supply. literally how much money there is in the economy and what the interest rates are for borrowing money. fiscal policy controls how much money a government collects and taxes and how much it spends . the government can only spend as much as it collects in taxes. anything above that amount, it has to borrow. this is called deficit spending. before the euro countries like Greece not only had to pay high interest rates to borrow, but they could only borrow so much lenders weren't comfortable lending them too much money, but now that they were part of the euro areas new United monetary policy the amount they could borrowed skywater. smaller countries suddenly had access to credit like never before. Greece and other countries, which previously could only borrow at rates around 18% , could now borrow for the same low rate as Germany. how ? Germany's credit card you see, joining the euro area is a lot like sharing a credit card. Germany's credit card . lenders now believe that if Greece was unable to repay its loans, Germany and the other big economies of Europe would step in and repay them because they were now bound by a common currency. with a new abundance of cheap credit Greece and other European countries were able to adjust their fiscal policies and increase
  • 2. spending to previously impossible levels. some countries in marked on huge deficit spending programs, primarily for politicians to get elected. they made promises such as more jobs and generous pensions all of it paid for with the new money they could now borrow. the governments of Greece ,Portugal and Italy accumulated huge debts. However, they were able to repay these debts with more borrowed money. as long as the borrowing continued so did the spending and the unbalanced fiscal policies. in Ireland in Spain cheap credit fueled enormous housing bubbles ,just as it did in the United States credit flowed ,debt accumulated and the economies of Europe became tightly intertwined. companies began opening factories and offices across Europe: German banks lending to French companies ,French banks lending to Spanish companies and so on and so forth. this made bean business incredibly efficient while at the same time tying together the collective fate of the euro area. things continued this way as long as credit was available and credit was available until 2008 .spurred by the collapse in the US a credit crisis swept the globe, bringing borrowing to a halt. Everyone suddenly the Greek economy couldn't function. it couldn't borrow money to pay for all the new jobs and benefits that created, it couldn't borrow the new money it needed to pay its old debts .this was a problem for Greece but because of the unified monetary policy it was also a problem for all of Europe. much of Europe had been on a spending spree and borrowed more money than it could ever repay. but the problem is somebody has to pick up the tab or else every country in the euro area will suffer. since the countries that ran up the bill couldn't repay, everyone look to German. austerity measures as the biggest and strongest economy in Europe, Germany reluctantly agreed to help bail out the debtor countries . in other words Germany agreed to repay the bill but only if the debtor countries agreed to implement strict austerity measures to ensure that it would never happen . austerity measures meant sucking it up ,cutting spending borrowing less and paying back more debt. this sounds like a simple solution .right? it's not. first of all nobody wants a stearic. austerity means cutting government spending and since the government is by far the biggest spender in any economy when the government cuts spending, it cuts the earnings of many of its citizens . people lose jobs, they get angry, they riot in the streets and austerity also doesn't automatically balance a country's budget. you see, the government collects taxes based on people's earnings .so when earnings are reduced, the government collects less in taxes. they still can't pay down their debts. the pain is so bad that it's almost politically impossible to accomplish. on top of that there are huge cultural differences within the euro area: extreme cultural differences. Germany is very financially responsible. ever since the terrible hyperinflation the country experienced after World War one it's been extremely inflation averse and incredibly careful about spending and borrowing .in general, Germans work hard, expect little, mime state benefits and meticulously pay all of the taxes. many Greeks on the other hand enjoy generous state benefits and don't pay taxes. Greece has a terrible problem. it has never collected the majority of the taxes it imposes on its citizens and it's always been this way. joining the euro, just amplified .the German view is that doesn't work . if you want our money, you need our morals as the debtor country's headed towards default, the whole continent of Europe was in danger even though the economies of the debtor countries are relatively small, they posed a huge threat because the European financial system is so interconnected precisely because of the euro. remember the debtor countries borrowed money from banks investors and other governments throughout Europe as the debtor countries get closer to default
  • 3. everyone who lent them money becomes weaker and everyone who lent those lenders money also becomes weaker and so on and so forth. a problem in one country could reverberate across the whole continent, triggering a chain reaction of default: if Greece defaults, then Spain defauts,Italiy, France, Portugal air to be next then France then Germany . pretty soon, it could spread not just across Europe, but across the world . fiscal union before breakup the problem is even if the debtor nations adopt austerity measures and even if the bailout from Germany and the stronger countries helps them pay down their debts and avoid the immediate crisis, there's no system in place to prevent this from happening again. this brings us back to that fundamental division of monetary policy and fiscal policy: ultimately the euro area requires a fiscal Union to match its monetary union or neither. that is, there must be a political organization with authority to set fiscal policy within every euro area country. it must have the power to cut spending, raise taxes and set laws. a fiscal union like this could actually prevent excessive borrowing and spending. However, this is an enormously complicated and unpopular notion. it means surrendering sovereignty to a higher power. in essence a United States of Europe. Yet, without a centralized fiscal union countries will continue to run deficits, accumulate debt, degrade the value of the euro and threaten stability of Europe.Can Europe take the necessary steps and create a fiscal union alongside the monetary union or will the monetary union break up and the Euro disappear?
  • 4. Ce este criza datoriilor europene? Este eșecul monedei euro, care leagă 18 țări europene într-o manieră intimă, dar defectuoasă. În ultimii trei ani, Grecia, Portugalia, Irlanda, Italia și Spania s-au clătinat cu toții în pragul colapsului financiar, amenințând să doboare întregul continent și restul lumii. Cum s-a întâmplat? În cea mai mare parte a istoriei Europei, aceasta a fost in razboi, iar țările implicate tind să facă mai puține afaceri împreună. Europa a fost întotdeauna un continent de bariere comerciale, tarife și diferite valute, iar comerțul peste granițe era dificil. Trebuia să se plateasca o taxă pentru a schimba valute și trebuia să plătiți o taxă pentru a cumpăra și a vinde companiilor din alte țări. Acest lucru s-a încheiat la incetinirea creșterii economice. Apoi a venit cel de-al doilea război mondial care a devastat Europa. Deoarece situația era atât de gravă, cea mai rapidă cale de a reconstrui Europa a fost să elimine acese bariere. Tarifele la oțel și la cărbune au scăzut, astfel încât o fabrică de oțel dintr-o țară să poată vinde unui constructor din alta. Acest lucru le-a dat liderilor ideea unei Europe unificate, o uniune pe tot continentul care va pune capăt tuturor războaielor viitoare. Țările au început să se unească în vederea acestui obiectiv, doborând barierele comerciale ce a dus la o scadere a costurilor de a face afaceri. Una dintre ultimele bariere de cădere este Zidul Berlinului. Cu o Germania unită, Europa era pregătită. Ambele țări au semnat Tratatul de la Maastricht și au creat Uniunea Europeană. A făcut afacerile peste granițe mai ușoare, dar a existat încă un obstacol major: diferitele valute. Un deceniu mai târziu câștigaseră: moneda euro a fost lansată la 1 ianuarie 1999. Țările care adoptau euro, numite zona euro, și-au întrerupt propriile monede. De asemenea, au întrerupt politicile monetare proprii, dand controlul catre Banca Centrală Europeană. Zona euro avea acum o singură politică monetară unificată, dar încă mai avea multe politici fiscale diferite, un motiv cheie pentru criza actuală a datoriilor. politica monetara versus politica fiscala Este important să înțelegeți diferența dintre politica monetară și politica fiscală. politica monetară controlează masa monetara, adica câți bani sunt în economie și care sunt ratele dobânzilor pentru împrumutul de bani. politica fiscală controlează câți bani colectează și taxează un guvern și cât cheltuiește.guvernulnupoate cheltuidecâtatât câtcolecteazăînimpozite.oricepesteaceastăsumă, trebuie să se împrumute. Acest lucru se cheama cheltuieli deficitare. înainte de a trece la euro,tari cum ar fi Grecia, nu numai că trebuiausăplăteascădobânzi mari pentrua se împrumuta,dar puteau doar să împrumute doar daca creditorii eraude acord sa o faca. Dupa ce au inceputsafaca parte din nouapoliticămonetarăazonei euro,sumape care oputeauîmprumuta aajunslasume uriasesi țările mai mici au avut bruscacces la creditca niciodată.Greciași alte țări,care anteriorputeauîmprumuta doar la rate de aproximativ 18%, ar putea acum să se împrumute la aceeași rată scăzută ca și Germania. Cum ? cardul de credit al Germaniei Vezi tu, aderarea la zona euro se aseamana împărțirea unui card de credit. Cardul de credit al Germaniei.CreditoriiauinceputsacreadacadacăGrecianuar puteasă-și ramburseze împrumuturile, Germania și celelalte mari economii ale Europei ar interveni și le-ar rambursa in locul lor pentru că acum erau legate de o monedă comună. cu o nouă abundență de credite ieftine, Grecia și alte țări europene au putut să-și ajusteze politicile fiscale și să crească cheltuielile la niveluri anterior imposibile. unele țări au semnat programe de cheltuieli cu deficit uriaș, în primul rând pentru ca
  • 5. politicienii să fie aleși. au făcut promisiuni,cum ar fi mai multe locuri de muncă și pensii generoase, toate plătite cubanii noi pe care îi puteauîmprumutaacum.GuverneleGreciei,Portugalieiși Italieiau acumulatdatorii uriașe. Cu toate acestea,ei au putut să ramburseze aceste datorii cu mai mulți bani împrumutați. atâta timp cât împrumutul a continuat, la fel și cheltuielile și politicile fiscale dezechilibrate. în Irlanda, în Spania, creditul ieftin a alimentat bule imobiliare enorme, la fel cum a făcut și în Statele Unite,creditul acurs, datoria s-a acumulatși economiile Europei audevenitstrâns legate între ele.companiile auînceputsă deschidăfabrici și birouri în toată Europa: băncile germane care acordau împrumuturi companiilor franceze, băncile franceze care acordau împrumuturi companiilor spaniole și așa mai departe. acest lucru a făcut ca afacerea sa fie realizate incredibil de eficientși,înacelași timp,alegatsoartacolectivăazonei euro.Lucrurileaucontinuatînacestfel atâta timp cât creditul a fost disponibil și creditul a fost disponibil până în 2008. stimulată de colapsul din SUA, o criză a creditului a cuprins globul, punând împrumuturile la oprire. dintr-odată,economiagreacănuamsi pututfuncționa.nuputeaîmprumutabani pentruaplăti toate noile locuri de muncăși beneficiiprcare le-aucreat,nuputeaîmprumutabaninoi de care aveanevoie pentru a-și plăti vechile datorii. Aceasta a fost o problemă pentru Grecia, dar din cauza politicii monetare unificate afostși oproblemăpentrutoatăEuropa.omare parte aEuropei afostîntr-oconti de cheltuieliși aîmprumutatmai mulți bani decâtar fi pututsă-i ramburseze vreodată.darproblema este că cinevatrebuie săridice fila,altfelfiecare țarădinzonaeurova aveade suferit.dinmomentce țările care au ridicat nota de plată nu au putut rambursa, toată lumea se uită la germană. masuri de austeritate ca cea mai mare și mai puternicăeconomiedinEuropa,Germaniaaacceptat fără tragere de inimăsă ajute la salvarea țărilor debitoare. cu alte cuvinte, Germania a fost de acord să ramburseze factura, dar numai dacă țările debitoare au convenit să implementeze măsuri stricte de austeritate pentru a se asiguracă acestlucru nuse va întâmplaniciodată.Măsurile de austeritate auînsemnatretragerea, reducereacheltuielilorîmprumutândmai puținși rambursarea mai multor datorii.aceasta sună ca o soluție simplă.nu?nueste.inprimulrandnimeninuvreaunstearic.Austeritateaînseamnăreducerea cheltuielilorguvernamentale și,deoarece guvernul este de departe cel mai mare cheltuitordinorice economie atunci când guvernul reduce cheltuielile, reduce veniturile multor cetățeni ai săi. oamenii își pierdlocurile de muncă,se înfurie,se revoltă în stradă și nici austeritateanuechilibreazăautomat bugetul unei țări.Vedeți,guvernul colecteazătaxe pe bazacâștiguriloroamenilor,așacă atunci când câștigurile suntreduse,guvernulcolecteazămai puținimpozite.încănu își potplăti datoriile. durerea este atât de mare încât este aproape imposibil de realizat din punct de vedere politic. În plus,există diferențe culturale uriașe în zona euro: diferențe culturale extreme.