its a presentation slide on Clarification which is used in pharmaceutical industry in the beginning for preparation of pharmaceutical products

1. Presented By
Group 04
Presentation on:
Clarification

2. Clarification:
Separation of solid from a fluid or a fluid from another fluid.
Clarification process is mainly done by
 Filtration
 Centrifugation.
Main reasons:
1. To remove unwanted solid particles from liquid
2. To collect the solid as the product itself.
Classification of filtration
1. Solid/fluid filtration
2. Solid/gas filtration
3. Fluid/fluid filtration

3. Solid/fluid filtration
The separation of an insoluble solid from a fluid by means of a porous medium.
Solid/fluid filtration subdivided into two types,
• Solid/liquid filtration
• Solid/gas filtration.
Applications of solid/liquid filtration in pharmaceutical processing:
• Improvement of the appearance of solutions, mouthwashes etc. for clarifying product.
• Removal of potential irritants
• Production of water of appropriate quality for pharmaceutical production
• Recovery of desired solid material from a suspension or slurry
• Sterilization of liquid or semi-solid products
• Detection of microorganisms present in liquids

4. Solid/gas filtration.
Two main applications of solid/gas filtration in pharmaceutical
processing.
• Removal of suspended solid material from air
• To remove particulate matter generated during a manufacturing
operation from the process air in order to prevent the material being
vented to the atmosphere.

5. Fluid/fluid filtration
Flavoring oils are added to liquid preparations in the form of a spirit, i.e. dissolved in
alcohol. When these spirits are added to aqueous-based formulations some of the oil
may come out of solution, giving the product a degree of turbidity. Removal of the oil
droplets by passing them through an appropriate filter (a liquid/liquid filtration process)
is used to produce the desired product appearance.
Compressed air is used in a number of pharmaceutical processes, e.g. film-coating
spray guns bottle-cleaning equipment and fluid energy mills. Before use, the
compressed air needs to be filtered to ensure that any entrained oil or water droplets
are removed. This is an example of a fluid/gas filtration process.

6. Factors affecting Rate of Filtration
The chosen filtration process must remove the contaminants from the
product
• At an acceptably fast rate
• Economically

7. Darcy’s Equation
• All the factors that affect the rate of filtration is compiled into one equation by Henry Darcy
(1830)
• The equation represents rate of flow through the capillaries of the filter medium and the filter
cake.
• V = Volume of filtrate
• t = Time of filtration
• A = Area of filter medium
• ∆𝑃 = Pressure drop across filter medium and filter cake
• 𝜇 = Viscosity of the filtrate
K is a constant representing the • l = thickness of the cake resistance of the filter
medium and filter

8. Mechanism of filtration:

9. Methods used to increase the rate of filtration:

10. Application
• Blood plasma can be processed to
remove alcohol and water and prepare
concentrated purified albumin.
• Recovery of antibiotics from
fermentation media
• Production of liquid dosages
• Production of bulk dosage

11. ADVANTAGES
 Construction of the filter press is
simple and variety of materials can
be used.
 It is provided a large filtering area in
the relatively small floor space.
 The sturdy construction permits the
use of the considerable pressure
difference.
 Efficient washing of the cake is
possible.
 It produces dry cake in the form of
slab.
DISADVANTAGES
 It is a batch filter so there is a good deal of
down time which is non productive.
 The filter press is an expensive filter.
 Operation is critical as the frames should
be full other wise the washing is inefficient
and the cake is difficult to remove.
 The filter press is used for the slurries
containing less than 5% solids.

12. Centrifugation:
Centrifugation is a technique of separating substances which involves
the application of centrifugal force. The particles are separated from a
solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
and rotor speed.
Types of centrifugation
1. Low speed centrifuge
2. High speed centrifuge
3. Ultracentrifuges
4. Analytical centrifuge
5. Micro centrifuge

13. Principle of centrifugation:
A centrifuge is a device for separating particles from a solution according
to their
 Shape
 Size
 Density
 Viscosity
In a solution, particles whose density is higher than that of the solvent
sink (sediment). And particles that are lighter than it float to the top.
The greater the difference in density, the faster they move. If there is no
difference in density particles stay steady.

14. To take advantage of even
tiny differences in density
to separate various
particles in a solution,
gravity can be replaced
with the much more
powerful “centrifugal
force” provided by a
centrifuge.

15. Factors influencing on
centrifugation:
1. Density of both samples and solution
2. Temperature or viscosity
3. Distance of part6icles displacement
4. Rotation speed

16. Centrifuge equipment
Liquid/liquid separation centrifuges
conical bowl
• give smoother flow and better separation.
• Whereas liquid phases can easily be removed
from a centrifuge, solids present much more of a
problem.

17. Liquid/solid separation centrifuges
Liquid/solid centrifuges
(a) telescoping bowl, (b) horizontal bowl, scroll discharge , ( c) nozzles

18. Application of centrifugation
• Aspirin is separated from its mother liquor by centrifugation
• separation of bloods cells
• purification of insulin by selectively precipitating other fraction of proteins
• separation of most of the proteinaceous drugs drugs and macromolecules.
• Separation of blood plasma from whole blood
• Examining the stability of emulsions
• Auton’s pharmacutics the design and manufacture of medicins

19. Advantages Disadvantages
1. Faster and reliable
2. Several specimens can be
separated at ago e.g. blood and
urine
3. Safe once the specimen are
enclosed into the machine
1. The capacity is limited
2. Time wasting
3. Cost of the equipment is high
4. Specimens may spill out of the
test tube

20. Difference between filtration and centrifugation

21. References
 Auton’s Pharmaceutics
- The Design and Manufacture of Medicines (3rd Edition)
 https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/raiuniversity/bsc-bioech-ii-bat-unit-2-
centrifugation
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22. Thank you!