gallblader

1. By
RN . Naseem mahmoud
altawareh

2.  Definition of gallbladder
 Type of gallbladder stone
 Cause of gallbladder stone
 Sign and symptoms
 diagnosis
 Risk factor
 Complications
 Prevention
 treatment

3.  Identify the gall bladder.
 Discuses type of gallbladder stone.
 Explain the cause of GBS.
 Know sign and symptoms.
 Describe complication and prevention.
 Explain the risk factor.
 Discuss treatment.

4.  Septoplasty (SEP-toe-plas-tee) is a surgical
procedure to straighten the bone and
cartilage dividing the space between your
two nostrils (septum). When the septum is
crooked, it's known as a deviated septum. A
deviated septum can make it harder to
breathe through your nose and can increase
the risk of sinus infections due to poor
drainage

5. During septoplasty, your nasal septum is repositioned to the middle
of your nose. This may require your surgeon to cut and remove parts
of your nasal septum before reinserting them in the proper position.
Once a septoplasty is healed, you'll likely find it's easier to breathe.
Your surgeon can discuss what septoplasty can achieve for you

6.  Risks
 As with any major surgery, septoplasty carries risks, such
as bleeding, infection and an adverse reaction to the
anesthetic. Other possible risks specific to septoplasty
include:
 Continued symptoms, such as nasal obstruction
 Excessive bleeding
 A change in the shape of your nose
 A hole in the septum
 Decreased sense of smell
 Clotted blood in the nasal space that has to be drained
 Temporary numbness in the upper gum, teeth or nose
 You may need additional surgery to treat some of these
complications. You may also need additional surgery if the
outcome of septoplasty doesn't match your expectations.
Talk to your doctor about your specific risks before surgery

7.  Who needs septoplasty?
 People with a deviated septum and have
nasal obstruction may need a septoplasty. In
addition, healthcare providers may
recommend septoplasty to:
 Remove nasal polyps.
 Treat chronic sinusitis.
 Stop recurrent (chronic) nosebleeds (less
common).
 Address other conditions that block your
nasal airway.

8.  What happens before septoplasty?
 You’ll meet with your healthcare provider to
discuss your septoplasty. They’ll give you a list of
preoperative instructions, which you should
follow closely.
 Your provider will need to know about all
medications you’re currently taking, including
nonprescription drugs, supplements and herbs.
Before surgery, you should stop taking drugs
like aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen and
certain herbal supplements, which make it
harder for blood to clot. You should also tell your
provider if you have allergies or bleeding
problems.

9.  What happens during septoplasty?
 Septoplasty is usually performed on an outpatient basis, so most
people go home the day of their surgery. In most cases, a
healthcare provider will place you under general anesthesia. This
means you’ll be asleep during the operation. Local anesthesia,
which numbs the part of the body targeted for surgery, might be
an option.
 The procedure takes place entirely inside your nose. Your surgeon
creates an incision (cut) on one side of your nose and lifts the
mucosa (a thin membrane that covers and protects the septum).
This allows your surgeon to reshape the septum’s bone and
cartilage. Sometimes your surgeon will remove parts of the bone
and cartilage, then reshape and reposition your nose’s underlying
structures. Afterward, they’ll reposition the mucosa back over
the septum. Your nose is not broken during surgery. The operation
takes between 30 and 90 minutes.


10.  What happens after septoplasty?
 After your septoplasty, your medical team will
keep a close eye on you while the anesthesia
wears off. Once you’re awake and doing well,
you’ll be able to go home.
 Your surgeon will give you a list of postoperative
instructions, which will help you manage pain,
bleeding and swelling after your septoplasty. You
should avoid exercise and heavy lifting during
your recovery. This is because an increase in
your heart rate and blood pressure could lead to
additional bleeding, pain and swelling. Your
surgeon will tell you when it’s safe to resume
your normal routines

11.  What’s the septoplasty recovery timeline?
 Initial septoplasty recovery usually takes
about one week or less. But, overall healing
of the bone and cartilage will continue for
several months to one year.

12.  Recovering from a septoplasty
 Septoplasty is usually performed as an outpatient
procedure unless major complications arise. This means
that you’ll be able to go home on the same day as the
procedure, once the anesthesia has worn off. Your nose
will be swollen, painful, and packed with cotton to control
bleeding. The packing can be removed a day or two after
surgery. Your doctor will also prescribe pain medication as
needed.
 Your doctor will likely ask you to avoid aspirin, ibuprofen,
and other drugs that thin the blood. This is done to lower
the risk of bleeding problems after the procedure.
 You should also limit your physical activity for several
weeks after surgery to minimize swelling and promote
healing. This includes most forms of intense exercise, such
as running, lifting weights, and playing contact sports.
These activities can increase your blood pressure and lead
to heavy bleeding.

13.  Tips for a quicker recovery include:
 elevating your head at night to keep the
swelling down
 not blowing your nose for at least three days
after surgery
 wearing shirts that button up in the front so
you won’t have to pull clothing over your
head