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Cell Transport

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Kandahar University Biology Department

Ingestion and excretion of substances into the cell

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1 ‫انتقال‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ته‬ ‫حجرې‬ ( Cell Transport ) ‫وزارت‬ ‫کړو‬ ‫زده‬ ‫لوړو‬ ‫مؤسسه‬ ‫کړو‬ ‫زده‬ ‫لوړو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ماللۍ‬ ‫پوهنځی‬ ‫طب‬ ‫معالجوي‬ ‫څانګه‬ ‫پاراکلينيک‬ ‫استاد‬ : ‫هڅاند‬ ‫حسن‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫پوهنیار‬ ‫ټولګۍ‬ : ( PCB 1 ) ‫ورځ‬ : ‫يکشنبه‬ ‫نېټه‬ : ۱۲ / ۱۰ / ۱۴۰۰ ‫ل‬ .
2 • ‫يوه‬ ‫پرده‬ ‫ده‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫ټول‬ ‫داخيل‬ ‫محتويات‬ ‫ئې‬ ‫احاطه‬ ‫کړي‬ ‫دي‬ . • ‫حجرې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫اړينو‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫خول‬ُ‫د‬ ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫اضافه‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫روج‬ُ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫همدې‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫له‬ ‫الري‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫نييس‬ . • ‫نيمه‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫النفوذ‬ ‫خاصيت‬ ‫لري‬ . ‫غشاء‬ ‫حجروي‬ ( Cell Membrane )
3 ‫نوموړي‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫د‬ ‫الندي‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫تشکيل‬ ‫سوې‬ ‫ده‬ : • ‫شحم‬ 40% • ‫پروټني‬ 55% • ‫قندونه‬ 5% ‫جوړښت‬ ( Structure )
4 ‫د‬ ‫حجروي‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫د‬ ‫جوړښت‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫الره‬ ‫ده‬ . Fluid : ‫ا‬ ‫نفرادي‬ ‫فاسفوليپيډ‬ ‫او‬ ‫پروټني‬ ‫د‬ layer ‫دننه‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫کوالی‬ ‫يس‬ . Mosaic : ‫دايس‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫منحل‬ ‫شويو‬ ‫پروټيني‬ ‫ماليکلونو‬ ‫لخوا‬ ‫توليدي‬ ‫ږي‬ . • ‫د‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ځل‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ ‫په‬ 1972 ‫م‬ ‫کي‬ ‫د‬ Jonathan singer ‫او‬ Garth Nicolson ‫له‬ ‫خوا‬ ‫رامنځته‬ ‫سو‬ . Fluid Musaic Model
5
6 • Lipid ‫يې‬ ‫عموما‬ Phospolipid ‫وي‬ . • ‫فاسفوليپيډ‬ ‫د‬ Hydrophilic “Head” ‫او‬ Hydrophobic “tail” ‫لرونکی‬ ‫دی‬ . • Hydrophilic : ‫اوبه‬ ‫خوښونکي‬ ‫دي‬ . • Hydrophobic : ‫اوبه‬ ‫نه‬ ‫خوښوي‬ . • ‫غشاء‬ Selective ‫جوړوي‬ . Phospholipid
7
8 • Cholesterol : ‫د‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫په‬ ‫مخکنی‬ ‫سطحه‬ ‫کي‬ ‫ځای‬ ‫پر‬ ‫ځای‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫دي‬ ‫چي‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫د‬ ‫اوبو‬ ‫او‬ ‫نورو‬ ‫مايعاتو‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ ‫لږ‬ ‫تېرېدونکي‬ ‫اماده‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫ته‬ ‫تقويت‬ ‫ورکوي‬ . ‫ادامه‬ ...
9 ‫پروټينونه‬ ‫پر‬ ‫حجروي‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫باندي‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫دي‬ ‫او‬ ‫پر‬ ‫دوه‬ ‫ډوله‬ ‫دي‬ : .1 Peripheral Protein : ‫د‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫پر‬ ‫سطحه‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫دي‬ . .2 Integral Protein : ‫د‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫دننه‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫دي‬ . • ‫کېدای‬ ‫يس‬ Hydrophobic ‫يا‬ Hydrophilic ‫وي‬ . ‫پروټينونه‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫حجروي‬ ‫د‬
10 .1 Channel Proteins : ‫د‬ ‫حجرو‬ ‫په‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫کي‬ ‫ځای‬ ‫پر‬ ‫ځای‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫دي‬ ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫د‬ ‫تېرېدلو‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ ‫کوچنی‬ ‫مجرا‬ ‫لري‬ . .2 Carrier Proteins : ‫خپل‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫ته‬ ‫تغري‬ ‫ورکوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫د‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫له‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫اړخ‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫بل‬ ‫اړخ‬ ‫ته‬ ‫انتقالوي‬ . Integral Protein
11 Receptor .1 : ‫سګنلونه‬ ‫تر‬ ‫السه‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫عکس‬ ‫العملونه‬ ‫پيلوي‬ . Cell Recogintion .2 : ‫د‬ ‫حجراتو‬ ‫د‬ ‫پېژندين‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ ‫دي‬ . Enzymatic .3 : ‫ميتابوليکي‬ ‫فعاليتونه‬ ‫رسته‬ ‫رسوي‬ . Peripheral Proteins
12 • Carbohydrates : ‫عموما‬ Oligosaccharides ‫وي‬ ‫د‬ ‫انرژي‬ ‫په‬ ‫توليد‬ ‫کي‬ ‫مرسته‬ ‫کوي‬ . .1 ‫که‬ ‫چريي‬ ‫د‬ Lipid ‫رسه‬ ‫تړل‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫وي‬ ( Glycolipid ) .2 ‫که‬ ‫چريي‬ ‫د‬ ‫پروتني‬ ‫رسه‬ ‫تړل‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫وي‬ ( Glycoprotein ) .3 ‫کله‬ ‫چي‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫نری‬ ‫طبقه‬ ‫تشکيل‬ ‫کړي‬ ( Glyco Calyx ) ‫قندونه‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫حجروي‬ ‫د‬
13 • Hydrophilic : ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫نيس‬ ‫تېرېدلی‬ . • Hydrophobic : ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫په‬ ‫اساين‬ ‫د‬ ‫دې‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫له‬ ‫الري‬ ‫تېريدلی‬ ‫يس‬ . ‫يادونه‬ : ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫په‬ ‫طبعي‬ ‫ډول‬ ‫د‬ ‫لوړ‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫کښته‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫ته‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫کوي‬ . ‫انتقال‬ ( Transport )
14 ‫په‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫د‬ ‫الري‬ ‫له‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫ليپيډي‬ ‫د‬ 3 ‫لري‬ ‫اړه‬ ‫پوري‬ ‫فکتورونو‬ : .1 Lipid Solubility : ‫منحل‬ ‫کي‬ ‫شحمو‬ ‫په‬ ‫په‬ ‫يس‬ ‫تېرېدای‬ ‫اساين‬ . .2 Molecular Weight : ‫يس‬ ‫تېرېدای‬ ‫اساين‬ ‫په‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫لرونکي‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫لږ‬ . .3 Molecular Charge : ‫يس‬ ‫تېرېدای‬ ‫اساين‬ ‫په‬ ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫چارجه‬ ‫بې‬ . ‫ادامه‬ ...
15 ‫کوچني‬ ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫او‬ ‫غټ‬ ‫هایدروفوبيک‬ ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫په‬ ‫اسانی‬ ‫د‬ ‫دې‬ ‫الری‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫کوالی‬ ‫يس‬ . O2 , CO2 , H2O Semipermeable Membrane
16 ،‫ايونونه‬ ‫هايدروفيليک‬ ‫ماليکولونه‬ ‫چي‬ ‫تر‬ ‫اوبو‬ ‫غټ‬ ‫وي‬ ‫او‬ ‫غټ‬ ‫ماليکونه‬ ‫لک‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ګلوکوز‬ ‫او‬ ‫امينواسيدونه‬ ‫د‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫د‬ ‫الري‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫نيس‬ ‫کوالی‬ . Semipermeable Membrane
17 ‫ادامه‬ ... Osmosis Selectively permeable membrane More similar concen- trations of solute Lower concentration of solute (sugar) Higher concentration of solute H2O
18 ‫نييس‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫طريقو‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫په‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫د‬ ‫الري‬ ‫له‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫حجروي‬ ‫د‬ . ‫ادامه‬ ... ‫انتقال‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫د‬ Cell Transport ‫انتقال‬ ‫فعال‬ ( Active Transport ) ‫انتقال‬ ‫فعال‬ ‫غري‬ ( Passive Transport )
19 ‫فکر‬ ‫وکړئ‬ ! ‫الندي‬ ‫تصويرونه‬ ‫د‬ ‫خپل‬ ‫ځان‬ ‫رسه‬ ‫څه‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫لري؟‬ ‫فعاليت‬ ‫صنفي‬ ! Passive: No Energy Needed Active: Energy Needed
20 ‫هغه‬ ‫پروسه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫له‬ ‫الري‬ ‫د‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫په‬ ‫وخت‬ ‫کي‬ ‫انرژي‬ ‫ته‬ ‫اړتيا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫لري‬ . • ‫مواد‬ ‫د‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫په‬ ‫توپري‬ ( Concentration gradient ) ‫رسه‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫کوي‬ . High Concentration ➔ Low Concentration .1 Diffusion .2 Osmosis ۱ . ‫انتقال‬ ‫فعال‬ ‫غري‬
21 ‫هغه‬ ‫عمليه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫چي‬ ‫په‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫کي‬ ‫ماليکونه‬ ‫او‬ ‫ايونونه‬ ‫د‬ ‫يو‬ ‫غليظ‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫رقيق‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫ته‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫تر‬ ‫څو‬ ‫چي‬ ‫تعادل‬ ‫ته‬ ‫رسيږي‬ . • ‫د‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫د‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ ‫انرژي‬ ‫ته‬ ‫اړتيا‬ ‫نه‬ ‫لري‬ ‫طبعي‬ Kinetic Energy ‫لري‬ . ‫ډيفوژن‬ ‫پر‬ ‫دوه‬ ‫ډوله‬ ‫دی‬ : .1 Simple Diffusion .2 Facilitated Diffusion ‫انتشار‬ ( Diffusion )
22 Diffusion Of Liquids
23 • ‫انرژي‬ ‫ته‬ ‫رضورت‬ ‫نه‬ ‫لري‬ . • ‫مواد‬ ‫له‬ ‫غليظ‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫رقيق‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫ته‬ ‫داخليږي‬ . • ‫مثال‬ : ‫اوبه‬ ‫او‬ ‫اکسيجن‬ ‫حجراتو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫همدې‬ ‫عمليې‬ ‫په‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫او‬ ‫کاربن‬ ‫ډای‬ ‫اکسايد‬ ‫ورڅخه‬ ‫خارجيږي‬ . 1. Simple Diffusion
24 • ‫انرژي‬ ‫ته‬ ‫رضورت‬ ‫نه‬ ‫لري‬ . • Transport Protein ‫استعاملوي‬ ‫کله‬ ‫چي‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫له‬ ‫غليظ‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫رقيق‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫ته‬ ‫داخليږي‬ . Ex : ‫ګلوکوز‬ ‫يا‬ ‫امينواسيدونه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ويني‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫و‬ ‫حج‬ ‫راتو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫کوي‬ . 2. Facilitated Diffusion
25 ‫د‬ ‫اوبو‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫له‬ ‫رقيق‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫و‬ ‫غليظ‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫نيمه‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫النفوذ‬ ‫پردې‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫الري‬ ‫عبارت‬ ‫د‬ ‫اسموس‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫دی‬ . • ‫انرژي‬ ‫ته‬ ‫اړتيا‬ ‫نلري‬ . ۲ . ‫اسموس‬ ( Osmosis ) Semi-permeable membrane is permeable to water, but not to sugar
26 ‫ادامه‬ ... High H2O potential Low solute concentration Low H2O potential High solute concentration Diffusion of H2O Across A Membrane
27 Aquaporins : ‫په‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫کي‬ ‫د‬ ‫اوبو‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ ‫چينلونه‬ ‫دي‬ . ‫دا‬ ‫پروټيني‬ ‫سوري‬ ‫دي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ازموسس‬ ‫عمليې‬ ‫په‬ ‫جريان‬ ‫کي‬ ‫د‬ ‫اوبو‬ ‫د‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫له‬ ‫پ‬ ‫اره‬ ‫استعامليږي‬ . ‫ادامه‬ ...
28 Concentration : ‫په‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫کي‬ ‫د‬ ‫حل‬ ‫کوونکو‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫اندازې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫وايي‬ . Solute : ‫په‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫کي‬ ‫حل‬ ‫کېدونکو‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫وايي‬ . Solvent : ‫په‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫کي‬ ‫حل‬ ‫کوونکو‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫وايي‬ . Solution : ‫د‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫يا‬ ‫زياتو‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫يو‬ ‫مساوي‬ ‫مخلوط‬ ‫ته‬ ‫وايي‬ . Concentration gradient : ‫په‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫کي‬ ‫د‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫سطحو‬ ( area ) ‫تر‬ ‫منځ‬ ‫د‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫تغري‬ ‫ته‬ ‫وايي‬ . ‫اجزاوي‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫د‬ ( Solution Parts )
29 ‫د‬ ‫اسموس‬ ‫عمليې‬ ‫په‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫ټول‬ ‫محلولونه‬ ‫په‬ ‫درې‬ ‫ډوله‬ ‫وېشل‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫دي‬ : ‫محلولونه‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫په‬ ‫عمليې‬ ‫د‬ ‫اسموس‬ ‫د‬
30 Hypo : ،‫کم‬ ‫کښته‬ Tonic : ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫غلظت‬ • ‫باندين‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫د‬ ‫داخيل‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫په‬ ‫نسبت‬ ‫کم‬ ‫وي‬ . ‫بهرين‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫داخليږي‬ . 1. Hypotonic Solution CELL 10% NaCL 90% H2O 20% NaCL 80% H2O ENVIRONMENT
31 Hyper : ‫زيات‬ Tonic : ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫غلظت‬ • ‫باندين‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫د‬ ‫داخيل‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫په‬ ‫نسبت‬ ‫زیات‬ ‫وي‬ . • ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫بهر‬ ‫ته‬ ‫خارجيږي‬ . 2. Hypertonic Solution CELL 15% NaCL 85% H2O 5% NaCL 95% H2O ENVIRONMENT
32 Iso : ،‫مساوي‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ډول‬ Tonic : ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫غلظت‬ • ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫دننۍ‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫د‬ ‫باندين‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫رسه‬ ‫مساوي‬ ‫وي‬ . ‫حجرې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫موادو‬ ‫خول‬ُ‫د‬ ‫او‬ ‫خروج‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫نه‬ ‫نييس‬ . 3. Isotonic Solution ENVIRONMENT 10% NaCL 90% H2O 10% NaCL 90% H2O CELL NO NET MOVEMENT
33 • Plasmolysis : ‫کله‬ ‫چي‬ ‫حجره‬ ‫په‬ ‫دايس‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫کي‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫يس‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫خارجي‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫ته‬ ‫کم‬ ‫وي‬ ‫نو‬ ‫په‬ ‫پایله‬ ‫کي‬ ‫حجره‬ ‫اوبه‬ ‫له‬ ‫السه‬ ‫ورکوي‬ ‫دا‬ ‫عملیه‬ ‫په‬ ‫حیواين‬ ‫حجراتو‬ ‫کي‬ ‫ورو‬ ‫ده‬ . ‫کي‬ ‫حالتونو‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫په‬ ‫اسموس‬ ‫نتجه‬ ‫ورکوي‬
34 • Cytolysis : ‫کله‬ ‫چي‬ ‫حجره‬ ‫په‬ ‫دايس‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫کي‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫يس‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫خارجي‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫ته‬ ‫زیات‬ ‫وي‬ ‫نو‬ ‫په‬ ‫پایله‬ ‫کي‬ ‫حجره‬ ‫اوبه‬ ‫جذبوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫ح‬ ‫جره‬ ‫پړسیږي‬ . ‫ادامه‬ ... Cytolysis Plasmolysis
35 • ‫د‬ Transport Protein ‫له‬ ‫الري‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫د‬ ‫رقيق‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫و‬ ‫غليظ‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫ته‬ ‫انتقالوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫انرژي‬ ‫په‬ ‫مرصف‬ ‫رسيږي‬ . • ‫د‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫د‬ ‫توپري‬ ‫په‬ ‫خالف‬ • Ex : ‫سوډيم‬ ‫ايون‬ ‫خارجيږي‬ ‫او‬ ‫پوتاشيم‬ ‫داخليږي‬ . ۲ . ‫انتقال‬ ‫فعاله‬ ( Active Transport )
36 ‫کله‬ ‫چي‬ ‫حجروي‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫احاطه‬ ‫کړي‬ ‫او‬ ‫دننه‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫يې‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫کړي‬ ‫عبار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫اندوسايتوسيز‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫دی‬ . EX : ‫سپني‬ ‫حجرات‬ ( WBC ) ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫معافيتي‬ ‫سيسم‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫برخه‬ ،‫ده‬ ‫بکرتياوي‬ ‫د‬ ‫اندوسايتوسيز‬ ‫په‬ ‫مرسته‬ ‫احاطه‬ ‫او‬ ‫ګیروي‬ . 1. Endocytosis
37 ‫ځيني‬ Integral Proteins ‫پر‬ ‫خپله‬ ‫سطحه‬ ‫د‬ ‫پېژندين‬ ‫له‬ ‫پاره‬ Receptors ‫لري‬ ‫چي‬ ،‫هورمونه‬ ‫کلسرتول‬ ‫او‬ ‫نور‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫تر‬ ‫السه‬ ‫کوي‬ . Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
38 • ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫څيښاک‬ ‫هم‬ ‫ورته‬ ‫وايي‬ . • ‫مايعات‬ ‫يا‬ ‫واړه‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫داخلېدل‬ ‫عبارت‬ ‫د‬ ‫فينوسايتوسيز‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫دي‬ . • Ex : ‫په‬ ‫کوملو‬ ‫کي‬ ‫ويني‬ ‫ته‬ ‫حل‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫غذايي‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫داخلېدل‬ . Pinocytosis
39 ‫د‬ ‫حجرې‬ ‫خوراک‬ ‫هم‬ ‫ورته‬ ‫وايي‬ . ‫حجراتو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫جامدو‬ ‫غټو‬ ‫ذراتو‬ ( ،‫غذا‬ ،‫بکرتيا‬ ‫بشپړه‬ ،‫حجره‬ ‫د‬ ‫تخريب‬ ‫سوي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫سج‬ ‫ټوټه‬ ) ‫داخلول‬ ‫عبارت‬ ‫د‬ ‫فګوسايتوسيز‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫دي‬ . Ex : ‫اميب‬ ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫ليکوسايتونو‬ ‫په‬ ‫مرسته‬ ‫د‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫د‬ ‫مکروبونو‬ ‫خارجول‬ . Phagocytosis
40 ‫هغه‬ ‫عمليه‬ ‫په‬ ‫کوم‬ ‫کي‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫حجراتو‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫غټ‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫لريي‬ ‫کيږي‬ ‫په‬ ‫حجراتو‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ي‬ ‫له‬ ‫مکمل‬ ‫هضم‬ ‫وروسته‬ ‫لږ‬ ‫بيکاره‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫وي‬ ‫چي‬ ‫د‬ ‫اګزوسايتوسيز‬ ‫په‬ ‫واس‬ ‫طه‬ ‫خارجيږي‬ . 2. Exocytosis
41 ‫مننه‬ ‫نړۍ‬ ‫مو‬ ‫پاملرين‬ ‫له‬ !

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