Basic-Computer-Concepts.pptx

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COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING
NC II
INTRODUCTION

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UNDERSTANDING BASIC COMPUTER
CONCEPTS
UNIT II
• At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
• Differentiate the different types of computers;
• Enumerate the three fundamental elements of a computer;
• Identify the different storage, processing, and Input/Output
devices of a computer,
• Describe each of the components of the system unit; and
• Differentiate the hand tools and equipment used in computer
servicing.

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UNDERSTANDING THE COMPUTER
LESSON I
We all know that computers are essential pieces of technology
that we use to make life easier and perform jobs faster.
• A computer increases our productivity, connects us to the
internet, lets us talk with people across the world, helps us
store a lot of information, and even make money!
• In this lesson, we will start with the basics.
• We want to understand how the computer works, how many
types of computers are there, what are the functions of the
computer, and more!

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THE COMPUTER
• In technical terms, the computer is a device that accepts
information in the form of digitalized data, and manipulates it
for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions
on how the data is to be processed.

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

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TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Supercomputer
Most powerful and most advance in terms of
performance and data processing. These computers
are commonly used by large organizations to
conduct specific tasks such as weather forecasting,
research, and exploration.
Ex. IBM’s Mira in United States. IBM’s Sequoia in
United States
• Mainframe Computer
Large and expensive computer capable of handling
thousands of users and programs simultaneously.
Mainframe computers can handle, process, and
store large amount of data. These are commonly
stored in large air-conditioned rooms because of

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• Minicomputer
Also known as midrange computers. It
features all the functions of a large size
computer, but has a smaller size.
Minicomputers can support many users
because of its multi-processing system.
Ex. K-202, IBM Midrange computers,
SDS-92
• Microcomputer
• Most widely used and fastest growing type of
computer. Desktop computers, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones are types of
microcomputers.

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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER

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BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
LESSON II
• A computer system consists of hardware and software
components. As important as the software which are the
programs that run the computer, the hardware is the physical
equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards,
monitors, cables, speakers, and printers that builds up and let
the software run.
• It is important to learn about these components as these will be
the basis before you handle equipment especially in
disassembling and assembling a computer system.

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS
•The complete computer made up of
the CPU, memory and related
electronics (main cabinet), all the
peripheral devices connected to it and
its operating system.
• Computer systems fall into two broad
divisions: clients and servers.
• Client machines fall into three categories
from low to high end: laptop,
desktop and workstation.
• Servers range from small to large: low-end
servers, midrange servers and mainframes.

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PROCESSING DEVICES
Processing devices are the computer’s circuitry in the system unit.
• Motherboard – the circuit board housing the memory and the central processing
unit (CPU)

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• Central Processing Unit (CPU) –
manipulates input data into the
information needed by the users
• Memory – also known as Random Access
Memory or RAM. It is a series of
electronic elements that act as
temporary storage of data and program
instructions while the instructions are
being processed by the CPU.
• Chips – these make up the CPU and the
memory; these are electronic devices
that contain many microscopic pathways
designed to carry electrical currents.

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STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices store data and programs. These hold data,
information, and programs permanently.
• Solid State Drive (SSD) – mass storage device that stores data
in a permanent state even without power. Similar to an
HDD’s function, only the internal components are different.
SSDs do not have moving parts but store data on magnetic
platters making use of flash memory.
• Hard Disk Drive (HHD) – often called hard drive or hard disk.
This is the most common storage device that do not need
power to maintain data; these store data through spinning
platters or magnetic disks, recording individual bits written
into the disk.
• Flash Drive – highly portable small data storage devices
making use of flash memory and a Universal Serial Bus (USB)
port connection
• CD – “compact disc”, this storage device can hold up to 700

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INPUT DEVICES
Input devices allow the user to communicate
with the computer by entering data or
commands.
• Keyboard – primary input device used to
input alphanumeric data and commands to
the computer
• Mouse – primary input device used to
navigate and interact with the monitor output
• Scanner – scans documents and converts
them digitally, which can be edited on a
computer.
• Webcam – small cameras attached to a
monitor or desk that record or broadcast

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OUTPUT DEVICES
Output devices enable the computer to
show the processed data and information
understandably to the user.
• Printer – prints paper documents,
photographs, and other outputs called
hard copies which are physical versions
of the documents.
• Monitor – acts as the primary display of
the unit where the user interface and
programs are reflected.
• Speakers – sound system device that
produce audio output from the

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THE SYSTEM UNIT
• The System Unit is the overall structure that houses the
processor, memory, and electronic components of the
computer that are used to process data. All input and
output devices are connected into the system unit. The
system unit is housed by what is known as system
case or computer case. It holds and protects most
components of a computer.
• The Computer Case contains the framework to support
and enclose internal components of the computer. It
helps to prevent damage from static electricity. It
typically made up of plastic, steel, and aluminum which
are available in a variety of styles. The size and layout of
a case is called a form factor. It is also designed to keep
internal components cool by using airflow vents and
cooling fans.
• Computer cases are referred to in a number of
ways: Computer
chassis, Cabinet, Tower, Box and Housing.

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POWER SUPPLY
• Power supplies serve as the source for electricity to the computer. Attached are vital
hardware cables and buses for transferring power to various components in the
computer.
• The following are the basic connector you can see in a power supply:
• ATX 24 pin main power connector is the standard motherboard power connector
used in nearly every computer.
• SATA 15 pin power supply connector is one of several standard peripheral power
connectors. SATA power connectors only connect to SATA drives like hard drives and
optical drives. SATA power connectors do not work with older PATA devices.
• Molex 4 pin power supply connector is a standard peripheral power connector.
Molex power connectors connect to many different kinds of internal peripherals
including PATA hard drives and optical drives, some video cards, and even some
other devices.
• Floppy drive 4 pin power supply connector is the standard floppy drive power
connector. The floppy power connector, also called a Berg connector or Mini-Molex
connector, is included in even the newest power supplies even though floppy drives
are becoming obsolete.
• ATX 4 pin power supply connector is a standard motherboard power connector used
to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator. This small connector usually
attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.
• ATX 6 pin power supply connector is a motherboard power connector used to
provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator but the 4-pin variety is the

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MOTHERBOARD
• The motherboard is also known as mainboard, system
board, logic board, or MOBO. It holds and allows communication
between the crucial components of the computer such as the
CPU and memory. It also provides connection for other
peripherals. This provides the path which the processor (CPU)
communicates with all the components of the computer.

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There are several components that are attached to the motherboard. These include:
1. Chip – small piece of semiconducting material, where more integrated circuits are
embedded. They have standard-sized pin connectors that allows them to be attached to
the motherboard.
2. Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow between various system components.
3. Integrated Circuit (IC) – contains microscopic pathways that carry electric current. The
IC contains millions of elements such as resistors, capacitators, and transistors. Many
different kinds of chips are located in the motherboard
4. Microprocessor – this is the central processing unit on a chip.
Different variety of chip packages:
1. Dual Inline Package (DIP) – this has two parallel rows of pints that attach the chip
package to the circuit board
2. Pin Grid Array (PGA) – holds a larger number of pins because the pins are mounted on
the surface of the package.
3. Flip Chip-PGA (CF-PGA) Package – higher performance PGA packaging that places the
chip on the opposite sides of the pins.
4. Single Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge – does not use pins but connects to one of the
edges in the motherboard.

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The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape
of the board. It also describes the physical layout of the
different components and devices on the motherboard. Various
form factors exist for motherboards:
• AT – Advanced Technology
• ATX – Advanced Technology Extended
• Mini-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
• Micro-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
• LPX – Low-profile Extended
• NLX – New Low-profile Extended
• BTX – Balanced Technology Extended
The function of the northbridge is primarily a fast path
between the CPU and the video bus and system RAM.
While the southbridge connects with the slow
hardware/components of the system.

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• See the photo below (courtesy of Quora) to understand the
function of these bridges:

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
• Commonly known as the CPU or processor, this is the brain of the computer. It interprets and
carries out the basic instructions to operate a computer.
• It impacts overall computing power and manages most of the computer operations. The
motherboard contains a socket to hold the processor or CPU. The central processing unit (CPU), also
called the processor or microprocessor, does most of the processing of data and instructions for the
entire system. Because the CPU generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be installed on top to
keep it cool.
Nowadays, processors have multiple cores called multi-core processors. This means that the
processor is a single chips that has two or more separate processors. In multi-core processors, each
of the processors run at a slower clock speed as compared to a single-core processor, but this
efficient process typically increases performance. There are two kinds of common multi-core
processors today:
• 1. Dual Core Processor – chip that contains two separate processors
• 2. Quad Core Processor – chip with four separate processors
AMD and Intel are the two most popular brands of processors in
the market nowadays.
Bundled with the processors are the heat sinks. A heat
sink consists of metal fins that draw heat away from a
component. The fan and heat sink together are called the
processor cooler. The photo below shows a CPU with a heat sink

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RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
• The Random Access Memory or RAM acts as temporary storage as long as the
computer is running. The contents of the RAM change as programs are
executed. These are chips that are placed directly on the motherboard. These RAM
consists of switches which are triggered by changes in electric current.
• Three basic types of RAM:
1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – This kind of RAM needs to be recharged by the CPU. If not, it
loses its contents. There are many variations of DRAM such as:
• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) – faster than DRAM because it is synchronized to the system clock
• Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM – faster than SDRAM because they transfer data twice for each
clock cycle
• DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM – faster than DDR SDRAM
• ambus DRAM (RDRAM) – type of DRAM faster than SDRAM that uses pipelining techniques
2. Static RAM (SRAM) – This kind is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM.
Unlike the DRAM, this does not need to be re-energized. However, it is much more
expensive and it used for special purposes.
3. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) – This kind stores data using magnetic charges
instead of electrical charges. It has greater storage capacity, consume less power,

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The RAM chips are housed in a small circuit board called the memory
module, which is inserted into the motherboard.
Three types of memory modules:
1. Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) – this has pins on opposite sides of the
circuit board which connect together to form a single set of contacts. This houses
SDRAM chips along with DIMMs.
2. Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) – the pins on the opposite sides of the
circuit board do not connect and form two sets of contacts. This houses
SDRAM chips along with SIMMs.
3. Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) – this houses RDRAM chips
The computer will need a certain amount of memory to be able to handle
programs, data, and information, depending on the types of applications used.
The more RAM a computer has, the faster the computer will be.
• To be able to use basic application software such as Office Suite, one needs at
least 1GB of RAM.
• Using programs and multimedia should have at least 4GB.
• Playing modern games or using editing software will require at least 8GB.
Today the RAM ranges up to 64GB depending on the programs that will be used

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COOLING TECHNOLOGY
• Cooling technologies are essential in avoiding the computer from
overheating and maintaining a good, well-ventilated system.
Several cooling technologies are present throughout the system unit:
• o Fans are also present in several components such as the power
supply, ports, processor, hard disk etc.
• o Heat sink, on another hand, is a small metal or ceramic
component with fins on the surface which absorbs and distributes
heat produced by electrical components.
• o Heat pipe is used on smaller devices like notebook computers
since this is smaller in size.

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EXPANSION CARDS
• A motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards. An expansion
card, also called an adapter card, is a circuit board that provides more ports than
those provided by the motherboard.
• The photo below shows a Video Card, where it provides three video ports. Notice
the cooling fan and heat sink on the card, which help to keep the card from
overheating. The trend today is for most ports in a system to be provided by the
motherboard (called onboard ports) and less use of expansion cards.
• There are also other variants of expansion cards such as network cards, sound
cards, video capture cards, interface cards, and other expansion cards that cater to
whatever the computer user for his/her needs and improvements for the system.

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STORAGE
A system might have one or more hard drives, an optical drive, a
tape drive, or, for really old systems, a floppy drive.
• A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive (HDD), is permanent
storage used to hold data and programs.
• For example, the Windows operating system and applications
are installed on the hard drive. All drives in a system are
installed in a stack of drive bays at either the front or on the
lower portion of the case. Nowadays, users use Solid State
Drive or SSDs because of its use of flash memory, which does
not use physical disks to write memory/data.
• Each drive has two connections for cables: the power cable
connects to the power supply and another cable, used for data
and instructions, connects to the motherboard.

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PORTS, SOCKETS, SLOTS, & CONNECTORS
• The motherboard has several ports, sockets, slots, and connectors
that link the computers' components, input, and output devices
among each other. First we'll look at the port which are usually found
at the side of the motherboard or the back of the system case.
• The port basically serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices.
• A port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer
ports have many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or
other peripheral devices.
• On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a
piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically,
the several conductors where the port and cable contacts connect,

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FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE FOLLOWING PORTS USUALLY FOUND WITH
COMPUTER SYSTEMS BELOW:

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DIFFERENT PORTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

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DIFFERENT SLOTS FOR THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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SOCKETS
• The following are the most common sockets found in the
motherboard. The CPU socket where the CPU itself is inserted
and the CMOS slot where the CMOS battery (which lets the
motherboard remember the date and time of the computer)
that is replaced after it has worn out.

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DIFFERENT CONNECTORS FOR THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
LESSON III
• Most tools used in computer system servicing are hand tools.
These can be part of a computer repair toolkit as well. In this
lesson, you will learn about the common hand tools and
equipment that you will be using especially in handling
computer equipment such as disassembly/assembly of a
computer, as well as repair and maintenance.

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ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE TOOLS
When working with electronic equipment, it is important to make
sure that there is no static electricity to avoid damage of computer
parts.
Static electricity can be easily generated by friction on carpets,
clothing, hair, fabric, flooring, etc.
Thus, these tools should be utilized:
• Anti-static wrist wrap
Worn to prevent ESD damage to computer hardware
• Anti-static mat
Used to stand on or place tools to prevent buildup of static

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HAND TOOLS
• Pliers – for firmly holding small
parts
• Torx Screwdriver – for
loosening or tightening screws
that have a star-like head
• Precision Tools – for removing
screws of various sizes
• LAN Tester – for testing
connectivity LAN cables

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HAND TOOLS
• Crimping Tool – for locking
RJ45into UTP Cables
• Flat Head Screwdriver – for
loosening or tightening slotted
screws
• Philips Screwdriver– for
loosening or tightening
Philips-head screws(cross-
headed)
• Desoldering Tool – for
removing solder from a
circuit board

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HAND TOOLS
• Wire Stripper– for stripping or
cutting wires
• Brush – for removing dust from
the components
• Magnifying Glass– aids visually
when looking at small
screws/components

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CLEANING TOOLS
•Lint-free cloth – for cleaning
computer parts without leaving marks
or scratches.
•Compressed air – for clearing or
blowing away dust from computer
parts.
•Cable Ties – used to organize and
bundle cable together.
•Parts organizer – for holding and

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DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
• Digital Multimeter – A tool that can be used to
measure amps, volts, and ohms. It can test the
integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity
in computer components. Information is flashed
on the screen.
• Loopback Adapter – Also called as loopback
plug. This tool tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specific to the
port that you want to test.
• Toner Probe – A two-part tool that generates a
tone that travels the length of the cable. The
toner part is attached to a cable at one end using
specific adapters, such as RJ-45, coaxial, or
metal clips. When the probe is near to the cable

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Introduction to Computer Systems Servicing
END

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