MB Dissertation MBA

Distributed actors collaborating in research, experimentation and innovation:
Collaboratories and Living Labs.

Submitted
by:

Michael
Bassett

As
part
of
the
degree

Master
of
Business
Administration

School
of
Management

University
of
Bath

Graduation
Year:

2016

Supervisor:

Michael
Lewis

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Word
count:
21,914

Bucs
ID:
MB392

Student
Reference
Number:
119435618

1

Acknowledgements

This
Dissertation
is
dedicated
to
the
memory
of
Bob
Gilmore,
a
sorely
missed
mentor

and
friend.

I
would
like
to
extend
my
sincere
thanks
to
my
Academic
Advisor
Mike
Lewis
for
his

support
in
the
work
toward
this
dissertation.
In
addition,
I
wish
to
express
my

appreciation
to
Rachel
Freeman
and
Chris
McMahon
for
their
support
and
advice.

Special,
heroic
proofreading
thanks
to:
Cheryl
Pierce,
Kevin
Fitzgerald
(Dr.
Fitzcookie),

Scott
Bassett
and
Julia
Hammid.

Finally,
I
would
like
to
thank
all
of
the
interviewees
and
respondents
for
their
time
and

effort
in
contributing
toward
the
research
for
this
project.

Bucs
ID:
MB392

Student
Reference
Number:
119435618

May,
2016

Distributed
actors
collaborating
in
research,
experimentation
and
innovation:

Collaboratories
and
Living
Labs.

Abstract

Two
prominent
approaches
involving
groups
of
distributed
actors
collaborating
on

research,
experimentation
and
innovation
are
collaboratories
and
living
labs.
This

dissertation
finds
that
these
two
methods
of
working
can
be
collapsed
into
a
single

category.

The
single
category
containing
collaboratories
and
living
labs
can
be
visualised
on
a
two

dimensional
coordinate
system
created
for
this
dissertation
called
the
Innovation

Orientation
and
Geographical
Distribution
Plane
(IO&GD
Plane).

This
dissertation
contains
primary
research
in
the
form
of
case
studies
of
seven
different

organisations
(three
collaboratories
and
four
living
labs).
The
hybrid
categorisation
arose

from
the
recognition
of
relationships
and
commonalities
between
collaboratories
and

living
labs,
based
on
information
from
case
studies.

The
dissertation
concludes
in
a
discussion
of
like
characteristics
amongst
the

organisations
in
the
hybrid
category,
and
potential
for
shared
theoretical
and
practical

outcomes,
which
may
arise
from
situating
the
organisations
in
a
single
grouping.

Table
of
Contents

i

p.
01

Chapter
1:
Introduction

p.02
Research
Question

p.03
Scope
and
Limitations

p.04
Structure
of
Dissertation

p.05

Chapter
2:
Literature
Review

p.05
Etymology:
Lab,
Collaboration
and
Living

p.06
Collaboratory
(including
typology)

p.09
Living
Labs
(including
typology)

p.16
Innovation
Orientations

p.16
Social
Innovation

p.19
Technical
Innovation

p.25
A
Slight
Return

p.26

Chapter
3:
Research
Methodology

p.26
Philosophical
Considerations

p.27
Precautions

p.28
The
Case
Study
Approach

p.30
The
Interviews

p.34

Chapter
4:
Visualising
Relationships:
Innovation
Orientation
and
Geographical
Distribution

p.35
Innovation
Orientation

p.37
Geographic
Distribution

p.39
Locations

p.43

Chapter
5:
Case
Studies

p.43
Smart
Village
Living
Lab:
How
it
works

p.47
Observations:
SVLL

p.48
NCIP-‐Hub:
How
it
works

p.52
Observations:
NCIP-‐Hub

p.53
Manchester
Living
Labs:
How
they
work

p.56
Observations:
Manchester

p.58
City
Lab
Coventry:
How
it
Works

p.62
Observations:
CLC

p.63
CSEP:
How
it
Works

p.66
Observations:
CSEP

p.67
City
Observatory
Living
Lab:
How
it
works

p.71
Observations:
COLL

p.72
LIGO:
How
it
Works

p.75
Observations:
LIGO

p.77

Chapter
6:
Conclusions

p.81
Another
recognition

p.82
In
closing

p.85

References

TABLES
&
CHARTS

p.19
Innovation
Publications
Chart
(Fagerberg,
Verspagen
2009.
p.220)

p.34

Case
Study
Table

p.38

IO&GD
Plane

p.51
Image
of
NCIP-‐Hub
Dashboard

p.74
Innovative
Technology
Table,
LIGO
Caltech
website

p.80
IO&GD
Plane
including
ENoLL

Michael(Bassett(
michael@roadglyph.com((
( 1(
Introduction(
Scientific(endeavour(has(long(been(recognised(as(collective(effort(to(produce(and(refine(
human(knowledge.((Franck,(2002;(Rolin,(2008,(etc.)(Working(collaboratively(to(research,(
experiment(and(innovate(is(not(a(new(endeavour.(
(Beaver(&(Rosen,(1978,(etc.)1
(However,(
a(new(dynamic(has(emerged(over(the(past(twenty(to(twentyNfive(years.(The(availability(
and(increasing(presence(of(digital(technology(has(eased(and(enhanced(scientific(
collaboration.(Distributed(actors(are(able(to(work(across(dispersed(geographical(
locations(for(the(purpose(of(collaborative(research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(
(e.g.(G.(Olson,(Zimmerman,(&(Bos,(2008;(etc.)(Two(prominent(approaches(to(this(kind(of(
work(are(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(This(paper(finds(that(these(two(methods(of(
working(can(be(collapsed(into(a(single(grouping.((
(
A(collaboratory(is(a(means(of(collaboration(facilitated(via(electronic(platform,(through(
which(geographically(dispersed(actors(engage(in(scientific(research(and(collaboration;(a(
way(to(facilitate(“globally(distributed(knowledge(work.”((Cogburn,(2003(p.86)(A(
collaboratory(may(also(entail(the(use(of(shared(of(scientific(instruments,(and(can(
facilitate(the(storage,(retrieval(and(dissemination(of(data.(Recently,(living(labs(have(
emerged(that(perform(these(functions(and(an(example(is(included(as(a(case(study(for(
this(paper.((
(
In(essence,(a(living(lab(is(a(research(methodology(in(which(people(use(various(kinds(of(
technologies((digital(and(otherwise)(while(acting(as(coNcreators(with(technologists,(
designers(and(other(specialists(in(finding(and/or(creating,(developing,(and(the(
refinement(of(innovative(technologies.(These(people(are(called(“users”(in(the(living(lab(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
1
(The(study(referenced(merely(looks(at(coNauthored(publications(listing(scientific(collaboration(found(in(the(historical(record.(The(
earliest(example(found(by(the(researches(is(a(paper(published(in(1665(by(Hooke,(Oldenburg,(Cassini(and(Boyle((in(France).(It(seems(
reasonable(to(assume(collaborative(work(in(scientific(endeavor(took(place(much(earlier(than(any(published(work(would(indicate.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 2(
paradigm.(As(we(will(see,(a(living(lab(can(manifest(itself(in(any(physical(space(that(
humans(occupy(or(pass(through;(homes,(campuses,(offices,(neighbourhoods,(villages,(
cities(and(counties(or(provinces.(Any(and(all(of(the(people(in(these(spaces(are(potential(
users(and(therefore(may(also(be(contributors(to(the(living(lab(method.(With(the(living(
lab(approach,(people(take(part(in(research((gathering(of(data),(experimentation((use(of(
technologies),(making(observations,(and(passing(on(what(they(have(found(to(the(
designers(and(technologists(who(will(incorporate(findings(in(future(iterations(or(new(
devices.((Mulder,(2012)(This(descriptor(teases(out(the(relationship(of(a(living(lab(to(
scientific(method:(Hypothesise,(experiment,(gather(data,(examine(and(repeat(the(
process(with(what(has(been(learned(in(mind.(((
(
Stepping(back(to(this(more(distanced(and(abstract(position(brings(the(relationship(
between(collaboratories(and(living(labs(into(stark(relief.(These(organisations(are(
engaged(in(the(same(kind(of(work:(Collaboratories(and(living(labs(are(organisations(in(
which(distributed(actors(collaborate(in(research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(This(
was(a(key(finding(from(the(research(performed(for(this(study.((
(
Research(Question(
The(main(trust(of(this(paper(is(to(examine(groups(of(distributed(actors(collaborating(in(
research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(Collaboratories(and(living(labs(were(chosen(
as(prominent(examples(of(this(kind(of(work,(and(thus(are(the(focus(of(this(study.(The(
basic(research(question(was(as(follows:(Distributed(actors(collaborating(in(research,(
experimentation(and(innovation:(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(What(are(they?(Where(
are(they(located?(How(do(they(work?(
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 3(
Many(writings(have(been(produced(dealing(with(living(labs(as(a(single(category(of(
organisation.((BergvallNKåreborn,(Holst,(&(Ståhlbröst,(2009;(Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(
Stokes,(2016;(Lepik,(Krigul,(&(Terk,(2010;(Schuurman,(Marez,(&(Ballon,(2015;(Schuurman,(
2015;(etc.)(The(same(is(true(of(collaboratories(as(a(single(category(of(organisation.((Bos(
et(al.,(2007;(Finholt,(2003;(George(Chin(&(Lansing,(2004;(G.(M.(Olson(et(al.,(2002;(
Rosenberg,(1991;(Wulf,(1993;(etc.).(However,(there(does(not(appear(to(be(any(literature(
that(considers(the(two(approaches(in(relation(to(the(other(prior(to(this(dissertation.(
(
Scope(and(Limitations((
This(dissertation(offers(case(studies(as(an(overview(of(collaboratories(and(living(labs,(and(
established(patterns(and(similarities(amongst(the(varying(cases.(In(this,(the(scope(of(the(
paper(was(tightened(considerably,(to(encompass(representative(samples(of(
collaboratories(and(living(labs.(Given(this,(the(work(contained(within(is(not(intended(as(a(
deep(examination(of(detailed(design(principles,(organisational(structures,(
implementation(or(a(fineNgrain(examination(of(work(taking(place(in(the(particular(
organisations.(The(main(observations(arising(form(this(research(is(that(collaboratories(
and(living(labs(essentially(reside(in(a(single(category(of(organisation.(Further(research(
lies(ahead(concerning(other(types(of(organisations,(which(may(belong(in(the(same(
grouping(modelled(in(this(paper.(
(
Structure(of(this(dissertation(
In(order(to(answer(the(research(question,(the(structure(of(the(dissertation(is(in(six(
successive(chapters,(inclusive(of(this(introduction,(which(constitutes(the(first(chapter.(
Chapter(Two(is(a(literature(review(that(deals(with(the(question(of(“what(they(are,”(
discussing(nature(of(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(The(Literature(Review(splits(into(

Michael(Bassett(
( 4(
subsections,(beginning(with(the(etymological(background(of(the(terms(“lab”(
“collaboration”(and(“living.”(This(is(followed(by(subsections(discussing(the(literature(
surrounding(collaboratories,(living(labs,(social(innovation,(and(technical(innovation.(The(
literature(review(ends(with(brief(mention(of(Open(Science.(Chapter(Three(describes(the(
Research(Methodology(undertaken(for(this(dissertation:(a(qualitative(approach(was(
chosen,(and(primary(research(was(conducted(with(case(studies(via(interview(and/or(
questionnaire(by(email((or(some(combination).(The(justification(for(this(approach(is(
discussed(and(data(collection(techniques(are(laid(out.(Chapter(Four(presents(a(model(to(
depict(relationships(amongst(organisations(that(serve(as(case(studies.(The(model(is(titled(
the(Innovation(Orientation(and(Geographical(Distribution(Plane((IO&GD(Plane).(A(table(
is(also(presented(to(clarify(the(rationale(for(the(placement(of(organisations(in(the(IO&GD(
Plane.(Locations(of(the(organisations(surveyed(as(case(studies(are(also(discussed(in(this(
chapter.(Chapter(Five(contains(information(gathered(from(individual(case(studies,(and(
connecting(tissue(between(each(case(study(discussing(the(relationships(between(all(of(
the(sample(organisations.(Chapter(Six(is(the(concluding(chapter,(which(summarises(the(
findings(across(all(of(the(case(studies,(illustrating(contributions,(and(discussing(
limitations(of(the(study(and(opportunities(for(future(research.((
(
(
*(
(
(
(
Literature(Review(

Michael(Bassett(
( 5(
This(chapter(is(a(review(of(literature(relevant(to(the(research(area(of(this(paper.(The(first(
section(discusses(the(etymology(of(terms(“laboratory”,(“collaboration”(and(“living”(
relating(them(back(to(living(labs(and(collaboratories.(This(is(followed(by(a(look(at(
literature(concerning(living(labs(and(collaboratories,(with(each(section(ending(with(
typologies.(Following(on,(there(is(a(survey(of(literature(concerning(innovation,(which(will(
be(intrinsic(to(mapping(the(relationships(and(similarities(between(living(labs(and(
collaboratories((research,(experimentation,(innovation(and(scientific(collaboration).((
(
Etymology:(Lab,(Collaboration(and(Living(
Among(the(shared(attributes(of(Living(Labs(and(collaboratories(is(the(use(of(the(
shortened(term(“lab”(in(lieu(of(“laboratory.”(When(surveying(the(term(from(an(
etymological(perspective(it(becomes(clear(why(“lab”(may(evoke(connotations(related(to(
research,(innovation(and(scientific(collaboration.(“Laboratory”(can(be(traced(from(circa(
1600(to(the(Latin(root(“laborare,”(which(refers(to(“labour.”2
(According(to(the(Oxford(
Dictionary,(the(current(English(definition(for(the(noun(form(of(“laboratory”(is(“A(room(or(
building(equipped(for(scientific(experiments,(research,(or(teaching,(or(for(the(
manufacture(of(drugs(or(chemicals.”3
((
(
“Collaboratory”(is(a(combination(of(the(word(“collaborate”(with(“lab.”((Wulf,(1993)(The(
Oxford(Dictionary(traces(the(origins(of(the(term(“collaboration”(from(the(Latin(root(
“collaborare”(in(the(midNseventeenth(century.4
(The(modern(English(definition(covers(
both(“the(action(of(working(together”(and(“something(produced(in(collaboration(with(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
2
(“laboratory.”(2016.(2016.(http://oxforddictionaries.com(2016.(Viewed(March(16,(2016(11:00.(
3
(Ibid.((
4
(“collaboration.”(2016.(http://oxforddictionaries.com(2016.(Viewed(March(16,(2016(11:00.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 6(
someone.”5
(In(this,(the(coining(of(the(term(“collaboratory”(is(intended(for(the(purpose(
of,(and(successfully(conveys(a(means(equipped(for(collaborative(scientific(experiments.((
(
The(use(of(the(adjective(“living”(indicates(a(thing(having(life,(or(being(alive((as(in(living(
creature)(The(word(“living”(also(indicates(“active,(functioning.”6
(((
(
We(can(view(the(moniker(“living(lab”(as(involving(a(poetic(allusion(intended(to(evoke(
“being(alive”(and(perhaps(more(literally(referring(to(the(“active(functioning”(of(a(place(
for(scientific(experiments,(research(and/or(teaching.(
(
Collaboratory(
The(term(“collaboratory”(produced(over(521,000(returns(in(a(Google(search(in(August(
2015.(The(term(has(been(used(to(name(a(wide(array(of(things(and(activities.(However,(
the(object(of(study(for(this(paper(falls(under(a(range(of(definitions(specifying(a(
collaboratory(as(an(electronic(platform(for(the(facilitation(of(collaborative(scientific(
research(amongst(researchers(who(are(geographically(dispersed.((
(
In(1989,(Wulf(offers(the(earliest(definition(of(a(collaboratory(as:((
…"a"center"without"walls,"in"which…"researchers"can"perform"their"
research"without"regard"to"physical"location"–"interacting"with"
colleagues,"accessing"instrumentation,"sharing"data"and"computational"
resources,"[and]"accessing"information"in"digital"libraries."(Wulf,"1989)""
(
Building(on(Wulf(in(1991,(Rosenberg(offers(a(descriptor(of(collaboratories(as(“…(
experimental(and(empirical(research(environments…”(where(scientists(“…(design(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
5
(Ibid.(The(English(term(also(carries(the(meaning(“traitorous(cooperation(with(an(enemy.”(
6
(“living.”(MerriamNWebster.com.(2016.(http://www.merriamNwebster.com(Viewed(16(March,(2016.(14:16((&(‘living.”(
Oxforddictionaries.com.(2016.(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com(Viewed(12(March,(2016.((

Michael(Bassett(
( 7(
systems,(participate(in(collaborative(science,(and(conduct(experiments(to(evaluate(and(
improve(the(systems”((Rosenberg,(1991(p.83)((
(
Wulf(returns(to(the(topic(in(1993,(saying:(((
The"physical"infrastructure"of"the"collaboratory"is"the"worldwide"
collection"of"networked"computers"augmented"by"instrumentation"
interfaced"to"the"network"(such"as"that"at"Sondre"Stromfiordin"
Greenland)."The"essence"of"the"collaboratory"however,"is"not"this"
physical"infrastructure."Rather,"it"is"the"software"that"enables"scholars"
to"use"remote"libraries,"collaborate"with"remote"colleagues,"interact"
with"remote"instruments,"analyze"data"and"test"modelsIall"with"nearly"
the"facility"they"now"enjoy"locally."(Wulf,"1993"p.854)""
"
In(1998,(Bly(offered(a(definition(of(collaboratory(as:((
…"a"system"which"combines"the"interests"of"the"scientific"community"at"
large"with"those"of"the"computer"science"and"engineering"community"
to"create"integrated,"toolIoriented"computing"and"communication"
systems"to"support"scientific"collaboration…"(Bly,"1998,"p.31)"
"
In(2003,(in(the(context(of(an(evaluation(of(collaboratories,(Sonnenwald(et(al.(tell(us((
…"scientific"collaboratories"provide"remote"access"to"scientific"data,"
specialised"instruments"and"documents,"was"well"as"group"work"and"
information"and"communication"tools"to"support"collaboration"among"
scientists."(Sonnenwald,"Whitton,"&"Maglaughlin,"2003)"
"
The(bulk(of(other(literature(dealing(with(collaboratories(fitting(the(definitions((above)(
and(typology((below)(addresses(an(array(of(concerns(including;(organisation(and(
operations(of(collaboratories,(socioNtechnical(considerations(arising(around(
collaboratory(work,(deteriorating(user(bases(of(collaboratories(over(time,(and(other(
issues.7
(A(webpage(dedicated(to(keeping(track(of(collaboratories(and(surrounding(
literature(was(kept(fresh(until(2010,(when(updates(were(discontinued((link(provided(in(
footnote).8
(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
7
(Science(of(Collaboratory(website(bibliographical(list(for(writings(concerned(with(collaboratories:(
http://soc.ics.uci.edu/Resources/biblist.php(Viewed(14:00,(April(22,(2016.(
8
(Please(see(PDF(of(an(email(exchange(with(Emily(Navarro(in(appendix(titled(“Suggestions(for(info(on(collaboratories?”(dated(15,(
April(2016.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 8(
(
In(2007,(Bos(et.(al.(produced(a(typology(which(includes(seven(categories(of(
collaboratories:(Shared(Instrument,(Community(Data(Systems,(Open(Community(
Contribution(System,(Virtual(Community(of(Practice,(Virtual(Learning(Community,(
Distributed(Research(Centre,(and(Community(Infrastructure(Project.((Bos(et(al.,(2007(
p.658)(Definitions(are(offered(for(each(category,(along(with(examples(of(collaboratories(
occupying(each(category,(and(a(synopsis(of(technical(and(organisational(issues(at(play(in(
the(category.((Bos(et(al.,(2007b)((
Shared"Instrument"
[the]"main"function"is"to"increase"access"to"a"scientific"instrument."
…often"provide"remote"access"to"expensive"scientific"instruments"such"
as"telescopes,"which"are"often"supplemented"with"videoI"conferencing,"
chat,"electronic"lab"notebooks,"or"other"communications"tools."(Ibid.(
p.659)"
"
Community"Data"Systems""
…"an"information"resource"that"is"created,"maintained,"or"improved"by"
a"geographicallyIdistributed"community."The"information"resources"are"
semiIpublic"and"of"wide"interest…"(Ibid.(p.660)"
"
Open"Community"Contribution"System""
…"an"open"project"that"aggregates"efforts"of"many"geographically"
separate"individuals"toward"a"common"research"problem."It"differs"
from"a"Community"Data"System"in"that"contributions"come"in"the"form"
of"work"rather"than"data."It"differs"from"a"Distributed"Research"Center"
in"that"its"participant"base"is"more"open,"often"including"any"member"
of"the"general"public"who"wants"to"contribute."(Ibid."p.660)"
"
Virtual"Community"of"Practice"
…"a"network"of"individuals"who"share"a"research"area"and"
communicate"about"it"online."Virtual"Communities"of"Practice"are"
different"from"Distributed"Research"Centers"in"that"they"are"not"
focused"on"actually"undertaking"joint"projects."The"term"‘‘community"of"
practice’’"is"taken"from"Wegner"and"Lave"(1998)."(Ibid.(p.662)""
"
Virtual"Learning"Community"
…"[the]"main"goal"is"to"increase"the"knowledge"of"participants"but"not"
necessarily"to"conduct"original"research."This"is"usually"formal"
education,"i.e.,"provided"by"a"degreeIgranting"institution,"but"can"also"
be"inIservice"training"or"professional"development."(Ibid.(p.663)"
"

Michael(Bassett(
( 9(
Distributed"Research"Center"
This"collaboratory"functions"like"a"university"research"center"but"at"a"
distance."It"is"an"attempt"to"aggregate"scientific"talent,"effort,"and"
resources"beyond"the"level"of"individual"researchers."These"centers"are"
unified"by"a"topic"area"of"interest"and"joint"projects"in"that"area."Most"
of"the"communication"is"humanItoIhuman."(Ibid.(p.664)"
"
Community"Infrastructure"Project"
Community"Infrastructure"Projects"seek"to"develop"infrastructure"to"
further"work"in"a"particular"domain."By"infrastructure"we"mean"
common"resources"that"facilitate"science,"such"as"software"tools,"
standardized"protocols,"new"types"of"scientific"instruments,"and"
educational"methods."Community"Infrastructure"Projects"are"often"
interdisciplinary,"bringing"together"domain"scientists"from"multiple"
specialties,"private"sector"contractors,"funding"officers,"and"computer"
scientists."(Ibid.(p.666)"
(
Living!Labs!!
A(living(lab(is(a(framework(in(which(people(using(digital(technology((users)(are(treated(as(
coNcreators(in(the(development(and(application(of(the(technology.(Living(labs(can(exist(
across(an(array(of(physical(spaces:(Any(place(that(people(inhabit(or(move(through,(such(
as(a(home,(office,(campus,(neighbourhood(or(even(an(entire(city(can(serve(as(a(living(lab.(
The(central(approach(of(a(living(lab(is(to(bring(digital(technology(into(the(contexts(users(
already(inhabit.(Often,(the(living(lab(setting(enables(users(to(manipulate(the(tech(in(situ,(
while(also(influencing(its(development(in(conversation(with(the(technologists(and(
designers(of(the(tech.(The(living(lab(may(even(facilitate(user(appropriation(of(the(
technology(N(to(incorporate(it(into(own(digital(tools(and(environment.(It(is(an(
experimental(paradigm(for(users(and(researchers,(essentially(uniting(them(as(designers(
and(technologists;(this(is(essentially(a(collaborative(research(and(experimentation(
approach.((
(
A(practical(predecessor(of(living(labs(has(been(noted(as(a(project(from(the(early(1990s(in(
which(Drexel(University(students(and(staff(worked(on(real(world(public(problems(in(

Michael(Bassett(
( 10(
Philadelphia(such(as;(traffic(flows,(people(moving,(trash(removal,(etc.((Bajgier,(et(al.(
1991;(Leminen,(Westerlund,(&(Nyström,(2012)(!
(
However,(The(core(conceptual(foundation(and(coining(of(the(term(“living(lab”(is(
attributed(to(Professor(William((Bill)(Mitchell.9
(At(MIT,(Working(with(Sandy(Pentland(and(
Kent(Larson,(Mitchell(founded(this(first(permutation(of(a(living(lab(in(a(purposeNbuilt(
space(where(participants((students)(voluntarily(resided(on(a(temporary(basis.(
(Schuurman,(2015)(The(project(was(a(user(centred(research(approach(to(smart/future(
housing.(Everyday(activities(were(carried(out(in(this(living(space,(in(which(technology(
and(data(capture(tools(were(constantly(running.(The(data(was(used(to(examine(
performance(of(embedded(technologies,(which(were(tested(and(adapted(for(better(
integration(into(the(environment(of(a(home.((Svensson,(Eriksson,(&(Ebbesson,(2010(p.2)(
This(original(Living(Lab(was(about(fostering(a(platform(where(users(are(central(to(the(
method(of(research;(to(detect,(prototype(and(refine(solutions(to(complex,(evolving,(realN
life(situations.((
(
Pentland,(Larson(and(Mitchell(assembled(the(first(research(consortium(dedicated(to(
Living(Labs.(Since(the(founding(of(the(MIT(Lab(and(consortium((now(titled(“The(City(
Science(Initiative(at(the(MIT(Media(Lab”),(a(number(of(living(lab(definitions(and(
descriptors(have(been(developed.((Kusiak,(2007:(Commission(European,(2009,)(The(
Living(Labs(MIT(website(states:(
The"convergence"of"globalization,"changing"demographics,"and"
urbanization"is"transforming"almost"every"aspect"of"our"lives."We"face"
new"choices"about"where"and"how"we"work,"live,"travel,"communicate,"
and"maintain"health."Ultimately,"our"societies"are"being"transformed."
MIT"Living"Labs"brings"together"interdisciplinary"experts"to"develop,"
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
9
(Bill(Mitchell(referred(to(as(“father(of(Living(Labs”(at(ENoLL(in(an(obituary(notice(here:(http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/news/billN
mitchellNfatherNlivingNlabNconceptNpassedNawayNweekend((

Michael(Bassett(
( 11(
deploy,"and"test"I"in"actual"living"environments"I"new"technologies"and"
strategies"for"design"that"respond"to"this"changing"world."Our"work"
spans"in"scale"from"the"personal"to"the"urban,"and"addresses"
challenges"related"to"health,"energy,"and"creativity."(MIT(Living(Labs(
[website](n.d.)"
(
On(the(basis(of(his(work(at(MIT(work,(Mitchell(served(as(an(expert(advisor(for(European(
user(driven(project(concerning(innovation(titled(“Intelligent(Cities(–(Intelcities”((ICI).(The(
Intelcities(project(ran(from(2002(to(2005,(and(was(the(direct(predecessor(of(the(
European(Network(of(Living(Labs((ENoLL),(founded(in(2006.(((Hirvikoski(et(al.,(2016)(
(
Early(European(permutations(of(living(labs(differed(from(the(purposeNbuilt(approach(at(
MIT.(The(actual(homes(of(users(became(the(lab(where(data(was(captured(and(new(
technologies(and(techniques(were(tested(and(refined.(This(European(shift(for(Living(Labs(
has(been(traced(back(to(three(tributaries(of(user(involvement(and(ICT(innovation:(
participatory(design((1960s(and(70s),(socially(based(IT(experiments((1980s),(and(the(
Digital(City(paradigm(of(the(1990s.((Ibid.(p.2)((
(
In(a(2016(document(published(by(ENoLL(tilted(“Introducing(ENoLL(and(its(Living(Lab(
Community”(Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(Stokes(argue(that(the(European(permutation(of(
the(Living(Lab(is((
"
“…"a"set"of"methods"and"a"milieu"for"leveraging"userI"technology"
reactions"and"interactions"in"the"innovation"process…”"(Hirvikoski,(
Schuurman,(&(Stokes,(2016(p.17)""
(
The(writing(lists(five(core(attributes(in(Living(Labs(found(in(both(the(predecessors(of(
living(labs(and(the(European(home(labs.(These(are;(active(user(involvement,(realNlife(
settings,(multiNstakeholder(participation,(multiNmethod(approaches,(and(coNcreation.(
(Ibid.)(

Michael(Bassett(
( 12(
(
In(a(2008(literature(review(of(Living(Labs(for(ICT,(Følstad(divides(emergent(types(of(Living(
Labs(in(two(basic(categories;(Contextualized(coNcreation(and(Testbed(association.(
(Følstad,(2008)(In(both(categories(Følstad(notes(an(emphasis(of(approaches(involving(
users(as(a(key(part(of(the(innovation(process.(User(innovation(remains(a(key(aspect(of(
approach,(even(where(Følstad(identifies(divergences(between(different(types(and(sizes(
of(living(labs.((Følstad,(2008(p.118)((
(
BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.(describe(a(living(lab(as(similar(in(nature(to(other(open(
innovation(approaches(such(as(crowdsourcing(and(the(involvement(of(lead(users.(The(
living(lab(is(intended(“…(to(open(company(boundaries(toward(their(environment(and(
harvest(creative(ideas(and(work(capabilities(existing(among(different(stakeholder(groups,(
such(as(customers,(competitors,(providers,(and(the(public(in(general.”((BergvallN
Kareborn(et.(al.(2009(p.1)((Further(on,(a(Living(Lab(is(described(as((
"
“…"a"gathering"of"public–private"partnerships"in"which"businesses,"
researchers,"authorities,"and"citizens"work"together"for"the"creation,"
validation,"and"test"of"new"services,"business"ideas,"markets,"and"
technologies"in"realIlife"contexts."The"purpose"of"a"Living"Lab"is"to"
create"a"shared"arena"in"which"digital"services,"processes,"and"new"
ways"of"working"can"be"developed"and"tested"with"user"representatives"
and"researchers."Hence,"a"Living"Lab"is"an"environment"in"which"people"
and"technology"are"gathered"and"in"which"the"everyday"context"and"
user"needs"stimulate"and"challenge"both"research"and"development,"
since"authorities"and"citizens"take"active"part"in"the"innovation"process.”"
(BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.(2009(p.1)"
(
However,(The(European(Commission(and(The(European(Network(of(Living(Labs(have(put(
forth(a(definition(Living(Labs(which(closely(aligns(with,(but(nevertheless(differs(from(
BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.((
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 13(
The(European(Commission((EC)(defines(Living(Labs(as(PublicNPrivateNPeople(Partnerships(
(PPPP).((European(Commission(online)(Developing(on(the(EC’s(approach,(the(European(
Network(of(Living(Labs((ENoLL)(define(a(Living(Lab(as(“…(a(realNlife(test(and(
experimentation(environment(where(users(and(producers(coNcreate(innovations.”(
(EnoLL(online)(Here,(four(primary(activities(of(a(Living(Lab(are(put(forth;(CoNCreation(
(users(and(producers(coNdesigning),(Exploration((identifying(emerging(usages,(
behaviours(and(market(opportunities),(Experimentation((live(testing(by(and(in(
communities(of(users),(and(Evaluation((concept(assessment,(considering(products(and(
services(against(socioNergonomic,(socioNcognitive(and(socioNeconomic(criteria).((ENoLL(
online)((
(
The(EC/ENoLL(approach(constitutes(a(subtle(shift.(There(is(an(apparent(commercial(
assumption(underpinning(the(BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.(definition,(which(deploys(terms(
such(as(“company(boundaries,(“(“customer,”(and(“competitors.”((BergvallNKareborn(et.(
al.(2009(p.1)(
(
The(EC/ENoLL(definition(has(a(very(different(emphasis(as(indicated(by(the(use(of(the(
descriptor(“PublicNPrivateNPeople(Partnerships,”(and(the(later(deployment(of(the(terms(
“users”((perhaps(replacing(“customer”),(“producers”((replacing(“companies”)(and(“coN
create”((rather(than(“harvesting(creative(ideas”).(((EC(online,(ENoLL(online(and(BergvallN
Kareborn(et.(al.(2009(p.1)(These(two(positions(constitute(distinct(conceptions(of(a(Living(
Lab.((
(
Leminen(et.(al.((2012)(present(a(typology(of(Living(Labs(with(four(categories(based(in(a(
network(perspective.(The(categories(were(defined(around(the(notion(that(a(particular(

Michael(Bassett(
( 14(
actor(drives(the(activities(of(the(Living(Lab.(The(categories(are(as(follows:(UtilizerNdriven,(
EnablerNdriven,(ProviderNdriven,(UserNdriven.((
UtilizerIdriven"Living"Labs"
Utilizers"are"companies"that"launch"and"promote"living"labs"to"develop"
their"businesses."The"focus"in"utilizer"driven"living"labs"is"on"developing"
and"testing"firm"products"and"services."Consequently,""living"labbing""
creates"value"predominantly"for"utilizers,"because"the"whole"network’s"
operation"is"based"on"reaching"objectives"and"resulting"in"concrete"
outcomes"that"will"facilitate"the"utilizers’"operations."Utilizers"use"living"
labs"as"a"strategic"tool"to"collect"data"on"users"or"user"communities"of"
their"products"or"services."User"information"on"use"experiences,"trends,"
or"even"competitors"is"collected"to"support"the"firms’"business"
development"in"both"the"short"term"and"the"long"term."(Leminen(et.(al.(
2012(p.8N9)((
(
The(above(category(would(likely(hold(a(living(lab(fitting(closely(under(the(BergvallN
Kareborn(et.(al.(definition((above).((
EnablerIdriven"Living"Labs""
Enablers"include"various"publicIsector"actors,"nonIgovernmental"
organizations,"and"financiers,"such"as"towns,"municipalities,"or"areaI
development"organizations."Living"labs"initialized"by"enablers"are"
typically"publicIsector"projects"that"pursue"societal"improvements."
Development"work"builds"on"regional"or"societal"needs."For"example,"
enablerIdriven"living"labs"aim"at"developing"a"specific"region"or"city"
area"in"terms"of"reducing"local"unemployment"or"by"solving"diverse"
social"and"structural"problems."The"enabler"has"the"largest"interest"in"
these"kinds"of"living"labs,"and"the"activities"strive"at"results"that"are"far"
reaching,"such"as"the"development"of"rural"areas."Activating"
collaboration"among"the"key"actors"may"be"a"key"outcome"by"itself,"
because"regional"development"necessitates"multiIparty"cooperation"for"
an"extended"period"of"time."(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.9)"
"
ProviderIdriven"Living"Labs"
ProviderIdriven"living"labs"are"launched"as"a"result"of"actions"by"various"
developer"organizations"such"as"educational"institutes,"universities,"or"
consultants."The"openIinnovation"network"in"provider"driven"living"labs"
organizes"itself"around"those"providers."They"aim"at"promoting"
research"and"theory"development,"augmenting"knowledge"creation,"
and"finding"solutions"to"specific"problems."(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.9)"
"
UserIdriven"Living"Labs"
UserIdriven"living"labs"are"established"by"user"communities"and"focus"
on"solving"users’"everydayIlife"problems."The"aim"is"to"solve"specific"
problems"in"a"way"that"is"consistent"with"the"values"and"requirements"
of"users"and"user"communities."UserIdriven"living"labs"build"upon"a"

Michael(Bassett(
( 15(
significant"problem"or"a"specific"community"of"interest,"such"as"a"local"
housing"community"or"a"hobby"group,"and"they"stress"their"
development"needs."Value"is"(coI)created"mainly"for"the"user"
community,"but"the"companies"and"society"in"general"also"benefit"
indirectly."UserIdriven"living"labs"are"longlived,"because"they"are"built"
around"the"user"community"(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.9N10)"
(
Innovation!Orientations!
The(economist(Joseph(Schumpeter(is(recognised(as(perhaps(the(earliest(theorist(and(
researcher(to(be(concerned(with(innovation.((Martin,(2008:(Fagerberg(&(Verspagen,(
2009:(Godin,(2010:(Anderson,(2012,(etc.)(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen(discuss(
Schumpeter’s(work(“The(Theory(of(Economic(Development”(as(primarily(concerned(with(
innovation(as(central(to(economic(forces.((Schumpeter,(1961)(In(short,(Schumpeter(
treated(innovation(as(the(main(driver(in(the(cycle(of(economic(expansion.((
!
Social!Innovation!
Schumpeter’s(writings(on(innovation(carried(implications(concerning(innovation(in(the(
social,(as(well(as(the(technical(sphere.((Hillier,(Moulaert,(&(Nussbaumer,(2004;(Mcneill,(
2012;(Sanders,(2008;(etc.)(This(thread(of(Schumpeter’s(thinking(can(be(traced(into(areas(
of(study(including;(diffusion(of(inventions(through(societies,(strategic(approaches(to(
foster(innovation,(and/or(the(study(of(multiNagent(systems((artificial(intelligence(work,(
with(applications(in(areas(such(as(logistics,(transportation,(graphics,(defence,(etc.).(
(Hillier(et(al.,(2004(p.11)(Freeman(observed(the(interplay(of(social(and(policy(spheres(
with(technical(innovation.((Fagerberg,(Fosaas,(Bell,(&(Martin,(2011;(Freeman(&(Soete,(
1997;(etc.)((
(
The(focus(on(social(innovation(is(increasingly(intense,(and(is(reflected(in(the(following;(
institutions((e.g.(Said(School(Oxford,(Kennedy(School(Harvard,(etc.),(periodicals((e.g.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 16(
Stanford"Social"Innovation"Review),(and(an(increasingly(large(body(of(academic(literature(
(Groot(&(Dankbaar,(2014;(B.(Sanders,(2008,(etc.).((
(
A(working(paper(on(social(innovation(from(Oxford’s(Said(School(of(Business(points(out(
that(“radical(innovation”(underpins(many(of(the(social(policies(and(means(of(service(
delivery(we(see(in(our(era.((Mulgan,(Tucker,(Ali,(&(Sanders,(2007(p.10)(Historical(
examples(of(social(innovation(given(include;(national(heath(services,(the(advent(of(trade(
unions(and(cooperatives((collective(insurance(to(address(illness(and(poverty,(and(the(
introduction(and(adoption(of(kindergarten.(Mulgan(et(al.(offer(examples(of(social(
innovation(from(various(spheres;(civic((microNcredit,(building(societies,(reading(clubs,(
etc.),(social(movements((ex.(antiNslavery(movement(and(methods(associated(with(it,(
NGOs,(etc.),(governments/states((systems(of(schools,(welfare(states,(credit(banks(for(
farmers),(in(media((community(television(and(radio),(religion.((And,(they(discuss(the(
intertwined(nature(of(technical(and(social(innovation:((
Improvements"in"healthcare"depended"on"innovations"in"medicine"
(including"antibiotics)"and"surgery"(from"sterilisation"to"keyhole"
surgery)"but"also"on"a"host"of"other"innovations"including:"public"health"
systems"to"provide"clean"water"and"sewers;"changing"home"habits"to"
promote"cleanliness"in"kitchens"and"new"methods"of"measurement."
(Ibid.(p.12)"
(
We(should(also(be(conscious(of(the(notion(that(social(innovation(may(come(from(normal,(
profit(oriented(business(entrepreneurship(and(that(fresh(ideas,(products(or(services(may(
be(used(as,(or(foster(social(innovation(without(having(been(intended(for(this(purpose.(
(Groot(&(Dankbaar,(2014)(
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 17(
The(Stanford(Journal"of"Social"Innovation(offers(the(following(definition(of(social(
innovation(that(has(been(adopted(for(the(sample(framework(presented(later(in(the(
discussion:((
A"novel"solution"to"a"social"problem"that"is"more"effective,"efficient,"
sustainable,"or"just"than"existing"solutions"and"for"which"the"value"
created"accrues"primarily"to"society"as"a"whole"rather"than"private"
individuals."(Phills,(Deiglmeier,(&(Miller,(2008)"
"
Research(in(Social(Innovation(has(been(performed(with(Living(Labs(serving(as(case(
studies.((EdwardsNSchachter,(Matti,(&(Alcántara,(2012)(and(it(can(be(argued,(particularly(
in(the(case(of(Living(Labs(under(the(ENoLL(banner,(there(is(a(social(innovation(thrust(to(
all(Living(Labs.(In(addition,(Social(Innovation(clearly(underpins(the(work(of(many(
collaboratories,(including(two(dealt(with(as(samples(for(this(paper((CSEP(&(NCIP(Hub).((
(
Before(moving(on(to(technical(innovation,(some(thought(should(be(given(questions(
around(social(innovation(itself(and(the(kinds(of(distributed(collaborative(research,(
experimentation(and(innovations(that(may(lend(themselves(to(it.((
(
It(is(clear(from(the(above(that(social(innovation(generally(relates(to(collective,(
organisational(approaches(to(societal(problems(and(or(concerns.(In(this,(we(can(keep(a(
clear(delineation(in(mind(between(social(organisational(structures(and(approaches,(and(
technical(innovations(intended(to(produce(positive(social(outcomes.(However,(with(this(
delineation(in(mind,(we(should(also(give(consideration(to(the(fact(that(all"of"the"case"
studies"presented"in"this"paper"are,"in"fact,"organisational"approaches"to"achieve"
particular"outcomes."Many"(if"not"all)"of"these"organisations"are"pursuing"outcomes"that"
are"explicitly"or"implicitly"intended"to"manifest"themselves"in"addressing"issues"in"the"
social"sphere."In(this,(we(can(view(the(organisations(reviewed(for(this(study(as(residing(

Michael(Bassett(
( 18(
on(a(gradient(between(social(and(technical(innovation;(some(more(overtly(oriented(
toward(contending(with(social(issues(than(other.(Therefore,(each(organisation(will(reside(
someone(on(a(gradient(between(social(and(technical(innovation.((
(
Technical!Innovation!
(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen(show(that(despite(Schumpeter’s(longNterm(concern(with(the(
topic(of(innovation(in(the(early(twentieth(century,(scholarship(in(this(area(began(to(
develop(later;(from(about(1960.((Fagerberg(&(Verspagen,(2009)(From(that(time,(interest(
developed(gradually,(becoming(intense(during(the(1990s.((Ibid.(p.219)(The(chart(below(
depicts(the(pattern(described(by(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen.(It(was(assembled(by(
calculating(the(percentage(of(social(science(articles(with(the(term(“innovation”(in(the(
title(between(1956(and(2006(in(the(Social(Science(Index(at(the(ISI(Web(of(Science.(
(Fagerberg,(Verspagen(2009.(p.220)(
(
Fagerberg(and(Verspagen(describe(the(developing(focus(on(innovation(in(the(late(1950s(
and(early(1960s(as(related(to(cold(war(tensions.(In(the(United(States,(there(was(a(shared(
view(that(innovation(in(technology(served(as(a(fulcrum(for(military(power/supremacy.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 19(
Hence,(there(was(support(for(research(focused(on(R&D(and(innovation(by(the(US(
defence(industry(and(its(accompanying(interests.(As(an(example,(Fagerberg(and(
Verspagen(cite(the(founding(of(the(RAND(Corporation(by(the(US(Air(Force.((Ibid,(p.220)((
Numerous(researchers(dealing(with(innovation(and(R&D(from(an(economics(perspective(
were(affiliated(with(this(organisation.(There(were(other(areas(of(concern(in(the(study(of(
innovation(in(the(US(during(the(1960s,(such(as;(seeking(to(understand(drivers(behind(the(
spread(of(innovation,(resource(allocation(toward(the(creation(of(new(knowledge,(what(
role(science(plays(in(industrial(research(and(development,(the(origins(of(invention,(etc.(
(Ibid,(p.220)(
(
The(focus(on(innovation(in(the(States(was(later(echoed(in(Europe.(In(1965,(Sussex(
University(in(the(UK(formed(the(Science(Policy(Research(Unit((SPRU),(with(a(crossN
disciplinary(research(staff(drawn(from(engineering,(psychology,(sociology(and(economics.(
Along(with(the(offering(of(research(degrees(and(posts((Masters,(PhD(level(and(
postdoctoral),(external(researchers(took(part(and(institutional(exchanges(were(fostered.(
The(SPRU(unit(served(as(a(model(for(other(research(projects(across(Europe,(which(began(
thriving(in(the(middle(1980s.((Ibid,(p.220)((
(
From(the(beginning(of(the(focus(on(innovation(in(the(early(1960s,(users(are(recognised(
as(initiating(innovation((particularly(in(the(US).(We(can(trace(threads(of(research(
concerning(users(and(innovation(from(the(early(1960s(through(to(the(literature(dealing(
with(Living(Labs(and(further(to(the(conceptual(underpinnings(for(the(consultation(of(
users(for(the(purpose(of(innovating.(For(instance:(In(a(1962(article(concerning(the(origin(
of(inventions(resulting(from(innovations(in(products(and(processes,(Willard(F.(Mueller(
showed(that(between(1920(and(1950(at(the(chemical(firm(Dupont,(14(out(of(25(

Michael(Bassett(
( 20(
significant(product(and(process(innovations(originated(beyond(the(bounds(of(the(firm.(
(Mueller,(1962,(p.342)(In(1974,(the(Mueller(paper(was(cited(and(built(upon(by(Utterbank(
in(an(article(titled(“Innovation(in(Industry(and(the(Diffusion(of(Technology,(Science,”(
where(the(author(tells(us(that(his(research(showed(that(“…(most(of(the(ideas(
successfully(developed(and(implemented(by(any(firm(came(from(outside(the(firm.”(
(Utterback,(1974(p.623)(Later,(Utterbank(extends(“…(while(highly(developed,(internal(
technical(channels(are(vital(to(success(in(problem(solving,(information(flow(from(the(
environment(is(also(critical(to(technical(solutions.”((Ibid(p.623).(In(1976,(Utterbank’s(
work(was(recognised(and(picked(up(by(Professor(Eric(von(Hippel.((
(
Eric(von(Hippel(is(a(Professor(of(Technological(Innovation(at(the(MIT(Sloan(School(of(
Management(and(Engineering(Systems(Division.(His(work(currently(deals(with(the(
economics(of(Distributed(Innovation(and(what(has(come(to(be(discussed(as(User(and(
Open(Innovation.(Early(in(his(tenure(as(associate(professor(at(MIT,(von(Hippel(began(to(
extend(the(work(of(Utterbank(and(Mueller(concerning(the(user’s(role(in(innovation.(In(
1976,(von(Hippel(produces(a(paper(stating(the(following(the(key(finding:((
…"approximately"80%"of"the"innovations"judged"by"users"to"offer"them"
a"significant"increment"in"functional"utility"were"in"fact"invented,"
prototyped"and"first"fieldItested"by"users"of"the"instrument"rather"than"
by"an"instrument"manufacturer."(Hippel,"1976"p.212)"
(
This(1976(paper(is(von(Hippel’s(first(on(the(topic(of(user(influence(and(involvement(with(
innovation.(He(continues(to(generate(work(relevant(to(this(subject(through(to(the(time(
of(the(writing(of(this(paper((2016)(including;(over(twenty(academic(papers((all(available(
at(von(Hippel’s(website,(link(provided(in(footnote),(a(book,(numerous(articles(and(a(
number(of(lectures(available(for(public(viewing(on(Youtube(and(Vimeo.(In(some(respects,(
von(Hippel(is(the(key(researcher(preparing(the(way,(and(continuing(to(shape(the(Open(

Michael(Bassett(
( 21(
Innovation(and(User(innovation(philosophy(and(approach,(which(are(major(underpinning(
aspects(of(the(theory(and(practices(of(living(labs.((Kouroupetroglou,(2014a(p.289:(
Chesbrough(2003:(Howlett,(2011(p.258:(etc.)10
(
(
In(2003,(Henry(Chesbrough(coined(the(term(“Open(Innovation”(citing(the(work(of(von(
Hippel.((Chesbrough’s(book,(titled(Open"Innovation:"The"New"Imperative"for"Creating"
and"Profiting"from"Technology(offers(the(definition:((
…"a"paradigm"that"assumes"that"firms"can"and"should"use"external"
ideas"as"well"as"internal"ideas,"and"internal"and"external"paths"to"
market,"as"the"firms"look"to"advance"their"technology."(Chesbrough,"
2003"p.5)""
"
Further(on,(Chesbrough(tells(us(“Consulting(with(customers(who(are(lead(users(can(
provide(firms(ideas(about(discovering,(developing(and(refining(innovations.”11
(
(Chesbrough,(2003(p.7)(
(
A(large(majority(of(current(literature(dealing(with(Living(Labs(is(strongly(oriented(toward(
User(and(Open(Innovation(with(numerous(citations(of(von(Hippel(and(Chesbrough.(
(Marsh(et(al.,(2013(p.295:(Kouroupetroglou,(2014a(p.289:(Howlett,(2011(p.258:(
Schuurman,(Mechant,(&(De(Marez,(2014,(p.2(etc.)(This(literature(treats(User(and(Open(
Innovation(as(the(primary(underpinning(principle(of(the(living(lab(approach.((
(
A(paper(was(written(by(Schuurman,(Marez(&(Ballon(for(OpenLivingLab(Days(on(August(
25th(2015,(hosted(by(ENoLL(in(Istanbul,(Turkey.((Schuurman(et(al.,(2015)(Here(again,(
Living(Labs(are(portrayed(as(firmly(rooted(in(User(and(Open(Innovation.(For(the(
purposes(of(their(work,(Schuurman(et(al.(delineate(between(Open(Innovation(and(User(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
10
(https://evhippel.mit.edu(Viewed(19:46,(April(2,(2016.((
11
(Here,(Chesbrough(cites(von(Hippel(1988.((

Michael(Bassett(
( 22(
Innovation:(Open(Innovation(relates(to(a(firm(or(organisation;(the(central(idea(is(that(
companies(gain(benefit(by(opening(innovation(processes(via(exchanges(of(knowledge(
and(techniques.12
(Schuurman(et(al.(define(User(Innovation(as(a(perspective(that(focuses(
on(users(themselves;(the(central(idea(is(that(users(begin(the(innovation(process(
themselves(and/or(later(make(constructive(contributions(to(innovation(processes.((Ibid.)(
Again,(it(is(worth(pointing(out(that(von(Hippel’s(research(and(observations(strongly(
correlate(with,(and(appear(to(undergird(these(positions.(Schuurman(et(al.(take(the(
position(that(Living(Labs(share(characteristics(in(their(approach(to(innovation;(each(
involving(multiNmethod,(realNlife(experimentation,(active(user(involvement((coNcreation),(
multiNstakeholder((publicNprivateNpeople(partnership(organization).(This(is(directly(in(line(
with(the(European(Network(of(Living(Labs(conception,(which(is(currently(the(dominant(
body(and(gravitational(centre(of(living(lab(practice(worldwide.((
(
Other(concepts(discussed(in(relation(to(the(living(lab(approach(are(numerous(and(
include;(coNcreation((Prahalad(&(Ramaswamy,(2004:(Scharmer,(2010),(coNdesign(
(Szebeko(&(Tan,(2010),(community(informatics((Gurstein,(2007)(and/or(participatory(
design((Sanders(&(Stappers,(2008).13
(Each(concept(emerges(from(its(own(history(and(sets(
of(precedents.(Each(has(its(own(proponents(and(adherents.(There(has(been(some(
debate(over(these(concepts(dealing(with;(which(amongst(them(is(the(preferable(
approach,(if(how(and(when(they(should(be(deployed(or(used(as(a(descriptor,(and/or(
what(methods(approaches(and(practices(are(attached(to(a(particular(historical(
precedent.(However,(some(consensus(seems(to(be(emerging,(and(all(of(the(above(can(be(
understood(to(overlap(with,(but(are(probably(better(discussed(as(subsumed(by(the(basic(
premises(of(User(and(Open(innovation.((
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
12
(Here(Schuurman(et,(al.(cite(Lichtenthaler(&(Lichtenthaler,(2009(and(van(de(Vrande(et(al.,(2009(
13
(Often(discussed(as(a(synonymous(and/or(preceding(term(for(coNdesign(

Michael(Bassett(
( 23(
(
This(dissertation(will(provide(a(model(that(subsumes(these(debates(with(a(more(abstract(
view(of(the(living(lab(as(a(means(to(pursue(innovation(via(the(scientific(method(
(collaborative(research(and(experimentation)(–(and(this(conception(is(a(critical(factor(in(
dissolving(categorical(distinctions(between(collaboratories(and(living(labs.((
(
A(Slight(Return14
((
There(is(a(final(note(in(this(section,(which(swings(us(back(to(collaboratories(prior(to(
ending(this(literature(review:(It(seems(important(to(turn(our(attention(back(to(the(work(
of(a(major(proponent(of(Open(Innovation;(Henry(Chesbrough.(Chesbrough’s(recent(
paper(From"Open"Science"to"Open"Innovation(is(essentially(a(call(to(begin(to(integrate(
more(of(the(operating(principles(of(Open(Innovation(into(the(increasingly(occurring(
phenomena(of(Open(Science.((P.(H.(Chesbrough(&(Chesbrough,(2015)(Other(writers(are(
advocating(strongly(for(more(Open(Science(initiatives(and(approaches(in(various,(if(not(
all(fields(of(science.((Boulton(et(al.,(2012)(
(
As(we(proceed(through(the(case(studies(in(Chapter(Five,(we(will(see(that(three(of(the(
organisations(surveyed(are(engaged(in(Open(Science((NCIPNHub(Collaboratory,(City(
Observatory(Living(Lab(and(LIGO).(It(also(seems(fair(to(argue(that(living(labs(are(already(
engaged(in(Open(Science.(It(would(seem(that(things(are(in(motion(culturally,(which(will(
make(clear(the(unity(of(the(approaches(discussed(here.((
(
(
(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
14
(Yes.(I(did.((Hendrix,(J.(1968)((

Michael(Bassett(
( 24(
Research(Methodology(
This(study(relies(on(a(qualitative(research(method,(using(case(studies(through(semiN
structured(interviews((verbal(via(Skype(and/or(phone)(and(written(questions(exchanged(
with(members(of(living(labs(and(collaboratories.(In(addition,(the(author(took(part(in(
observations(of(the(development(phases(of(both(a(Living(Lab(and(Collaboratory(at(the(
University(of(Bristol(Engineering(Department(for(a(project(titled(“Distributed(
Manufacturing(and(the(Resilient,(Sustainable(City”((RDM/RSC).((
(
Philosophical(Considerations((
The(nature(of(qualitative(research(technique(is(constructivist(and/or(interpretivist.(The(
perspective(is(taken(that(the(reality(people(experience(is(a(cultural(construction(and(
therefore(fluid:(that(which(is(known(is(constructed(by(social(settings,(relationships(with(
other(people(and(negotiated.((Miles(&(Huberman,(1994;(Saunders,(Lewis,(&(Thornhill,(
2009)(Hence,(the(ontological(perspective(taken(in(qualitative(research(is(subjectivist,(
giving(rise(to(the(understanding(that(the(phenomena(in(the(social(realm((“…(are(created(
through(the(perception(of(social(actors.”15
((Saunders,(2009(p.123)(In(terms(of(
epistemology,(this(has(implications(for(understandings(of(what(and(how(things(are(
known.(The(interpretivist/constructivist(epistemological(perspective(could(be(described(
as(follows:(A(person((researcher)(is(not(separate(from(their(knowledge(–(there(is(a(
linkage(between(the(research(and(the(researcher.((Ibid.)(These(interlaced(
understandings(of(how(the(world(operates(are(potentially(problematic(for(qualitative(
research.(As(a(useful(starting(point,(this(needs(to(be(acknowledged(N(and(this(
acknowledgement(may(begin(to(create(a(level(of(safeguard.((Creswell,(2003;(Saunders,(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
15
(Risking(overN(simplification,(subjectivism(is(oppositional(to(the(objectivist(notion(that(there(is(an(objective,(fixed(reality(that(can(be(
apprehended(–(which(resides(“out(there”(beyond(the(bounds(of(human(subjectivity.(It(is(not(clear(either(account(stands(alone(on(its(
own(merit,(but(that(is(another(paper.((

Michael(Bassett(
( 25(
2009).(However,(careful(thought(needs(to(be(applied(to(the(design(of(qualitative(
research(methods(in(order(to(control(for(bias(–(and(to(gain(a(more(objective(perspective(
in(the(research(process,(analysis(phase(and(conclusions.((
"
Precautions((
InNdepth(and(semiNstructured(interviews(are(sometimes(viewed(as(unreliable.(Often,(this(
critique(focuses(on(the(notion(that(two(researchers(interviewing(identical(sets(of(
participants(may(reach(different(conclusions.(In(Saunders(et(al,(three(types(of(bias(are(
discussed(as(possible(during(an(interview.(In(a(case(of(“interviewer’s(bias”(the(
researcher’s(vocal(timbre((tone(of(voice)(and/or(body(language(may(influence(an(
interviewees(response,(if(there(is(a(perception(that(the(researchers(own(beliefs(lie(in(
one(direction(or(another.(“Interviewee(bias”(may(occur(when(a(researcher(is(perceived(
to(lack(credibility(or(is(unable(to(establish(trust,(leading(the(interviewee(to(withhold(
information(pertinent(to(the(study(or(possibly(provide(inaccurate(information.(
Interviewee(bias(may(also(present(itself(if(the(interview(is(perceived(as(invasive,(and(the(
interviewee(may(seek(to(limit(the(information(they(share(or(refuse(to(provide(
information.(In(a(case(of(“participation(bias,”(due(to(frustration(over(the(amount(of(time(
involved(in(an(exhaustive(interview,(an(interviewee(may(avoid(answering(the(full(range(
of(questions(deliberately.(((
(
Steps(were(taken(to(avoid(the(biases(described((above)(through(the(adoption(of(
approaches(advocated(by(Saunders,(et(al.(((2012):(The(interviews(were(kept(crisp(and(
relatively(short((under(40(minutes).(In(addition,(the(interviewer(prepared(in(advance,(
obtaining(significant(prior(knowledge(concerning(the(organisation(for(the(interview.(This(
was(achieved(through(extensive(consultation(with(literature(relating(to(the(type(of(

Michael(Bassett(
( 26(
organisation(involved((collaboratories(and(living(labs)(as(well(as(the(particulars(
concerning(the(specific(organisations(respondents(were(asked(to(discuss((websites,(
articles,(etc.).(Interviewees(were(prefaced(on(the(topic(of(discussion(with(draft(questions(
and(the(rationale(behind(the(interview(in(advance.(The(tone(of(voice(used(by(the(
interviewer(was(friendly(and(straightforward,(and(body(language(was(not(an(issue(due(
to(the(use(of(Skype(or(phone.(This(preparation(was(useful(in(demonstrating(credibility(to(
the(interviewees,(and(appeared(to(foster(the(provision(of(very(precise(and(specific(
information(on(the(subjects(broached.(In(addition,(other(areas(of(discussion(were(
opened((history(of(organisations,(precedents,(suggestions(for(areas(of(research(to(
consider,(etc.)(which(proved(useful(to(the(dissertation.((
"
The(Case(Study(Approach((
The(case(study(method(is(an(approach(allowing(the(researcher(to(develop(an(
understanding(of(a(subject(and(how(it(works((operates)((Foster,(2000).(This(is(achieved(
by(systematically(gathering(information(about(a(particular(person,(event,(group(or(
organisation((Berg(&(Lune,(2014).(Case(studies(are(understood(as(useful(in(analysing(
both(simple(and(complex(objects(of(study.(A(case(study(should(involve(the(compiling(of(
information(from(multiple(sources(and(methods((Ibid).(This(approach(can(facilitate(the(
capture(of(nuance(and(patterns(that(might(be(missed,(and(some(knowledge(can(be(
gained(when(considering(these(things(in(relation(to(one(another((Ibid).(
(
Given(the(above,(a(case(study(approach(fits(this(dissertation,(which(seeks(to(grasp(the(
workings(of(collaboratories(and(living(labs(and(the(relationships(between(them.(The(
objects(of(study(are(numerous(and(growing(in(number,(and(dispersed(across(the(globe.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 27(
In(this,(looking(at(particular(cases(allows(for(some(generalisation(and(understanding(of(
the(nature(of(work(carried(out(in(these(contexts.(
(
Sample(organisations((living(labs(and(collaboratories)(were(chosen(on(the(basis(of(their(
spread(in(subject(and/or(geography.(Another(consideration(was(their(length(of(
functioning:(A(range(of(organisations(were(consulted,(from(relatively(new,(to(those(
operating(for(longer(periods(of(time.(This(approach(was(adopted(to(obtain(surveys(from(
organisations(in(different(parts(of(their(life(cycle,(situated(in(different(parts(of(the(world(
and(to(collect(data(from(organisations(working(in(a(wide(range(of(disciplines.((
(
The(organisations(and/or(nodes(of(the(organisations(from(which(interviews(and/or(
written(responses(were(gathered(are:(Smart(Villages(Living(Lab((Bhubaneswar,(Odisha,(
India),(The(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Lab(at(Manchester(Metropolitan(University,(
The(Collaboratory(for(the(Study(of(Earthquake(Predictability((node(at(University(of(
Bristol,(UK),(Manchester(Digital(Development(Agency(Living(Lab((MDDA),(The(National(
Cancer(Informatics(Program(Hub((NCIPNHub(node(at(Maryland,(USA),(The(City(
Observatory(Living(Lab(at(Strathclyde(University(in(Glasgow,(Coventry(University(Living(
Lab((as(a(part(of(Enterprise(&(Innovation),(a(former(Director(of(a(Living(Lab(and(council(
member(of(ENoLL,(and(2(contributing(node(organisations(involved(in(the(Laser(
Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((LIGO);(MaxNPlanckNInstitut(fuer(
Gravitationsphysik((AlbertNEinsteinNInstitut),(and(The(California(Institute(of(Technology(
(Caltech).(One(respondent(has(retired,(but(remained(involved(in(the(Living(Lab(milieu(in(
various(ways(in(the(UK(and(across(Europe.(((

Michael(Bassett(
( 28(
Over(40(organisations(in(total(were(contacted,(and(14(survey(respondents(were(able(to(
contribute.((The(sample(size(is(ample(for(the(purposes(of(this(dissertation((Baker(&(
Edwards,(2012).(
"
The(Interviews(
Interviews(were(semiNstructured(in(order(to(afford(flexibility.(This(allowed(for(shifts(in(
topic,(where(the(researcher(could(follow(the(train(of(thought(of(interviewees.(Such(
malleability(leaves(room(for(unanticipated(information(and(fresh(insights(can(be(
captured(during(interview((Foster,(2000).((Cachia(and(Millward(tell(describe(this(
approach(as:((
A"fixed"set"of"sequential"questions"is"used"as"an"interview"guide"but"
additional"questions"can"be"introduced"to"facilitate"further"exploration"
of"issues"brought"up"by"the"interviewee,"thus"almost"taking"the"form"of"
a"managed"conversation."(Cachia"&"Millward,"2011"p.268)"
"
Saunders(tells(us(that,(in(circumstances(where(the(research(area(is(fresh(and/or(there(is(
uncertainty,(an(exploratory(approach(is(seen(as(suitable.(Interviewees(who(are(experts(
in(their(field(may(produce(fresh(perspectives(and/or(insights((Saunders,(2009).(
Exploratory(study(is(suitable(if(there(is(uncertainty(about(the(issue.(Subject(expert(
interviewees(are(a(viable(way(to(develop(insight(on(particular(topics((Cachia(&(Millward,(
2011).(
(
Classifications(of(interviews(approaches(were(put(forward(by(Saunders(et(al.(in(2012.(
The(formality(and(level(of(structure(of(the(interviews(conducted(for(this(dissertation(
were(nonNstandardised,(and(conducted(on(a(one(to(one(basis.((
(
In(the(interviews,(key(subjects(were(established(and(covered,(but(the(interviewer(was(
able(to(omit(or(add(questions(on(the(basis(of(pertinence(to(the(organisation(and(to(

Michael(Bassett(
( 29(
investigate(areas(of(interest(emerging(from(the(answers(given(by(the(interviewee.(The(
main(thrust(of(the(interviews(was(to(gain(an(understanding(of(the(situation(s).((
(
This(approach(was(highlighted(as(suitable(for(gathering(information(about(the(context(
from(the(interview(process.(Saunders(et(al.(describe(this(as(exploratory,(based(on(an(
inductive(approach(with(qualitative(research((2012).(
(
In(the(semiNstructured(interview(approach,(the(researcher(is(understood(as(attempting(
to(grasp(the(logic(underpinning(decisions(and/or(the(rationale(for(opinions(given.((The(
SemiNstructured(interviews(were(conducted(with(people(working(at(living(labs(and(
collaboratories.(Interviews(were(held(on(the(phone(or(Skype(and(recorded(for(
transcription.(The(transcriptions(were(sent(to(the(respondents,(all(signed(off(on(the(
material(contained(within.(Written(questions(were(solicited(and(answered(via(email.(All(
of(the(information(was(analysed(for(the(purposes(of(this(study.(Some(responses(have(
been(anonymised(to(protect(the(identities(of(the(interviewees(and(the(organisations(
discussed.(Respondents(were(drawn(from(core(teams(at(each(organisation.(In(most(
cases,(the(respondents(were(directors(or(deputies,(though(some(further(down(in(the(
organisational(structure(were(also(consulted.(Transcripts(of(interviews(and(copies(of(the(
emails(exchanged(are(contained(in(the(appendix(of(this(paper.(Some(materials(proved(
more(useful(than(others.(Hence(several(are(cited(or(discussed(less(often(than(others.((
(
One(of(the(prime(limitations(encountered(in(the(research(was(dependence(upon(the(
ability(and/or(willingness(of(the(organisations(to(participate(in(the(survey(within(a(
timeframe(allowing(for(integration(of(the(data(gathered.(Some(participants(were(more(
forthcoming(than(others.(Some(organisations(did(not(respond.(((

Michael(Bassett(
( 30(
(
The(work(of(the(author(in(the(context(of(the(RDM/RSC(project(at(The(University(of(
Bristol(sometimes(veered(from(observer(to(participant((Buchanan(&(Bryman,(2008;(
Labaree,(2002;(etc.).(This(raises(potential(complications(of(an(ethnographic(nature,(and(
specifically(related(to(participant(observation.(However,(as(per(the(guidance(offered(by(
Bernard,(the(researcher’s(role(was(kept(oriented(toward(Moderate(Participation,(which(
allows(for(a(good(degree(of(detachment(and(objectivity,(and(establishing(a(good(balance(
between(“outsider”(and(“insider”(roles.((Bernard,(2006;(Dewalt,(Dewalt,(&(Wayland,(
1998;(etc.).(In(addition,(the(data(gathered(via(the(RDM/RSC(project(proved(mainly(useful(
in(forming(questions(that(were(eventually(put(to(the(other(organisations(surveyed,(and(
this(tends(to(minimise(questions(arising(around(participant(observation(at(Bristol.((
(
A(sample(framework(has(been(created(to(visualise(relationships(between(collaboratories(
and(living(labs(is(discussed.(This(concept(was(developed(from(of(the(research(for(the(
paper,(and(heavily(influenced(by(information(gathered(in(the(surveys(conducted.((
(
There(are(other(upsides(to(qualitative(research(methodologies.(Miles(and(Huberman(
believe(a(qualitative(approach(allows(opportunities(for(researchers(to(gather(more(inN
depth(and(possibly(better(information(about(organisations.(Hence,(this(mode(is(being(
adopted(in(researching(organisations(more(often,(allowing(the(capture(of(“…(the(
complexity,(mess(and(contradictions…”(present(in(the(real(world,(while(allowing(the(
researcher(to(make(sense(of(patterns(in(a(meaningful(way.((Miles(&(Huberman,(1994(
p.224)((
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 31(
The(qualitative(method(of(inquiry(has(been(a(useful(choice(of(approach.(It(has(been(
noted(that(more(is(learned(through(this(means(than(simply(reading(literature(concerning(
the(object(s)(of(study((Saunders(et(al.,(2009).(This(proved(to(be(the(case(for(the(research(
behind(this(paper.(The(interviews(and/or(information(exchanges(with(respondents(for(
this(work(were(conducted(to(gain(a(grasp(how(their(particular(organisation(works.(Even(
when(perceiving(themselves(as(presenting(simple(facts,(the(answers(obtained(were(
presented(in(situated,(subjective(terms.(The(basic(question(behind(the(interview(was(
“how(does(it(work.”((However,(the(participants(took(the(opportunity,(or(felt(the(need(to(
situate(themselves(and(their(organisation(both(physically(and(historically(in(the(wider(
world.(Questions(of(“how”(tended(to(raise(questions(of(“why”(and(this(produced(useful(
information(for(analysis.((
(
Amongst(the(findings(of(this(paper,(a(notion(arose(that(distributed(forms(of(research,(
experimentation,(collaboration(and(innovation(are(the(factors(that(link(Living(Labs(and(
Collaboratories.(This(notion(was(arrived(at(through(induction(based(on(case(studies;(
which(is(an(inherent(feature(of(the(qualitative(approach.(For(this(author(of(this(research,(
these(factors(produced(what(Braun(describes(as(“new(meaning”((Braun,(2013(p.3)(
(
(
(
(
*(
(
(
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 32(
(((Visualising(Relationships:(Innovation(Orientation(and(Geographical(Distribution(
For(the(purposes(of(this(paper,(a(means(to(visualise(relationships(between(Living(Labs(
and(collaboratories(has(been(created.(In(the(diagram(below,(the(YNaxis(depicts(
Innovation(Orientation;(one(end(of(the(gradient(represents(Social(Innovation(orientation(
and(the(other(Technical(Innovation.(The(XNaxis(depicts(Geographical(Distribution,(with(
one(end(of(the(spectrum(depicting(geographical(proximity(of(people(involved(with(the(
research(of(the(organisation,(and(the(opposite(indicating(distance.((
"
The(Table(below(is(intended(to(summarise(the(organisations(surveyed(for(this(paper(as(
relating(to(the(parameters(described(above.((
(
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 33(
Innovation(Orientation(
In(the(diagram((below),(the(Innovation(Orientation(has(been(conceived(as(a(gradient,(
recognising(that(Living(Labs(and(Collaboratories(are(oriented(toward(producing(both(
Technical(and(Social(Innovation.(Technical(Innovation(and(research(outcomes(are(likely(
to(have(impacts(as(Social(Innovations(in(one(form(or(another.(For(instance,(we(can(
consider(the(deployment(of(various(technical(innovations(developed(through(space(
exploration(in(socially(innovative(ways((Hardash(et(al.,(2014;(Roberts,(2007;(Yowell(&(
Thomas,(2011;(etc.).(We(should(also(keep(in(mind(that(pure(research((no(specific(
practical(outcome(intended)(is(responsible(for(numerous(unexpected(benefits.(
(Bergström,+2012;+Marc+A.+Kastner,+2015;(etc.)(
(
Further(to(the(above,(in(large(majority((if(not(all(cases),(the(work(in(the(technological(
sphere(at(a(living(lab(has(a(clear(and(explicit(focus(on(social(innovation:(All(of(the(living(
labs(surveyed(for(this(paper(presented(strong(social(innovation(orientations.(For(
example,(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(has(recently(completed(work(used(to(reduce(crime(
in(its(immediate(region,(and(Smart(Villages(Living(Lab(work(to(find(ways(to(improve(
water(quality(and(improve(education(regionally.(As(per(The"Stanford"Review"of"Social"
Innovation"definition(discussed(above,(these(are(clearly(social(innovation(outcomes(
sought(through(technological(means.(In(addition(to(this,(ENoLL,(as(an(overarching(body(
for(living(labs(clearly(orients(toward(innovation(as(a(means(to(produce(positive(social(
outcomes,(describing(an(aspect(of(its(own(launch(as(an(“…(aspiration(for(innovation(
towards(job(creation(and(growth…”((Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(Stokes,(2016(p.15)(
(
At(first(glance,(collaboratories(may(seem(primarily(oriented(toward(Technical(Innovation.(
The(shared(data(and(instruments(between(the(organisations(surveyed(for(this(paper,(

Michael(Bassett(
( 34(
and(the(research(and(innovations(arising(from(these(organisations(are(both(highly(
specialised(and(technically(oriented.(The(NICPNHub’s(position(on(innovation(is(made(
clear(in(the(“About”(section(of(the(hub:(((
“…"to"foster"collective"innovation"and"democratize"access"to"data,"tools"
and"standards"across"the"cancer"research"community.”"16
"
"
However,(the(outcomes((actual(and(potential)(may(also(be(viewed(as(oriented(toward(
Social(Innovation.(The(names(of(the(National(Cancer(Informatics(Program(Hub((NCIPN
Hub)(and(the(Collaboratory(for(the(Study(of(Earthquake(Predictability((CSEP)(speak(to(a(
socially(innovative(orientation.(Cancer(diagnosis,(prevention(and(treatment,(and(
earthquake(prediction(have(an(obvious(social(innovation(orientation.(The(value(gained(
by(society(from(successful(innovation(in(cancer(diagnosis(and(treatment(is(selfNevident.17
(
It(is(the(same(for(successful(prediction(of(earthquakes:(people(as(individuals(and(
communities(can(be(served(by(allowing(appropriate(measures(in(advance(of(
earthquakes(such(as(preparing(for(temporary(shelter(requirements,(medical(preparation,(
moving(people(from(more(dangerous(locations(in(advance,(and(assembling(food(stores,(
etc.).((Even(with(The(Laser(Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((LIGO),(in(
which(the(research(of(a(collaboratory(is(focused(far(outside(of(earthly(bounds,(the(
innovations(produced(may,(at(some(stage,(be(deployed(in(socially(innovative(ways.(
LIGO’s(Caltech(arm(has(an(entire(webpage(section(dedicated(to(discussing(innovations(
developed(as(part(of(the(research:((
"LIGO"has"already"spawned"innovative"technology"and"invention."
Innovations"in"areas"as"diverse"as"lasers,"optics,"metrology,"vacuum"
technology,"chemical"bonding,"and"software"algorithm"development"
have"resulted"directly"from"LIGO’s"pioneering"work."Some"of"these"
‘spinIoff’"technologies"are"listed"in"the"table"below."More"about"each"
one"can"be"found"in"the"Advanced"LIGO"Technology"Transfer"page.18
"
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
16
(https://nciphub.org/aboutus(Viewed(01:00,(April(26,(2016(
17
(Biological(and(pharmaceutical(research(is(noted(to(have(well(documented(linkages(to(innovation(outcomes.((Lim,(2004)(
18
(https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/ligoNtechnology?highlight=innovative(Viewed(14:56,(March(25,(2016(
(

Michael(Bassett(
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(
In(this(respect,(each(of(the(collaboratories(can(be(conceived(of(as(residing(on(the(
Innovation(axis:(each(in(different(parts(of(the(spectrum.((
(
It(seems(intuitive(that(NCIPNHub(would(have(a(more(socially(based(orientation(than(LIGO.(
The(innovation(outcomes(from(work(done(via(NCIPNHub(are(intended(to(have(a(more(
immediate(social(impact.(Innovations(arising(from(research(at(LIGO(are(likely(to(require(
more(time(to(manifest(themselves(as(in(a(social(orientation.(In(this(respect,(CSEP(would(
seem(to(reside(somewhere(between(NCIPNHub(and(LIGO:(The(work(at(CSEP(is(about(
digital(testing(earthquake(prediction(models(for(accuracy,(and(therefore(seems(
somewhat(more(toward(the(technical(end(of(the(spectrum(than(NCIPNHub.((
(
Geographic(Distribution((
Living(Labs(and(collaboratories(cover(geographic(regions(on(various(scales.(Smart(
Villages(Living(Lab((SVLL)(reaches(across(a(portion(of(the(state(of(Odisha(in(India.(The(
CSEP(collaboratory(has(collaborating(researchers(and(institutions(across(the(globe,(and(
uses(data(collected(from(seismometers(on(every(continent(and(on(ocean(floors.(Taking(
these(two(examples,(we(see(that(SVLL(will(reside(in(the(proximity(side(of(the(
Geographical(Distribution(axis,(and(CSEP(on(the(opposite(end.((
(
In(considering(differences(amongst(collaboratories,(we(can(conceive(of(CSEP(as(having(a(
wider(geographical(spread(than(LIGO.(The(latter(has(collaborators(on(all(continents(with(
the(exception(of(Antarctica((and(does(not(receive(or(share(data(with(instruments(based(
on(ocean(floors).(
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 36(
Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab(is(oriented(on(the(geographical(region(of(
Manchester,(hence(it(resides(further(on(the(proximity(side(of(the(spectrum(that(SVLL.(
However,(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(is(a(different(case(and(shows(several(
characteristics(of(a(collaboratory((to(be(discussed(later),(including(sharing(and(receiving(
data(from(other(major(cities(worldwide.(Given(this,(COLL(will(reside(more(toward(the(
distance(end(of(the(geographic(distribution(axis.((
"
(
(
Each(of(the(individual(organisations(surveyed(has(been(placed(in(the(framework,(based(
on(where(it(resides(on(the(combined(axes,(establishing(a(placement(in(the(overall(graph.(
This(visual(representation(is(heuristic.(The(evaluation,(selection,(creation(or(adoption(of(

Michael(Bassett(
( 37(
metrics(for(this(table(is(for(future(consideration(and(research.(For(the(moment,(the(
image(below(serves(to(visualise(part(of(the(underlying(concept(involved.((
(
(
Locations(
The(Location(of(a(Living(Lab(tends(to(be(very(straightforward(compared(to(a(
collaboratory.(The(most(comprehensive(list(of(Living(Labs(worldwide(is(available(through(
the(website(of(The(European(Network(of(Living(Labs((ENoLL).(The(tally(is(current(at(388.19
(
Taking(it(by(continent,(there(are(322(ENoLL(certified(labs(in(Europe,(28(in(South(America,(
16(in(Africa,(11(in(Asia,(2(in(North(America,(and(2(in(Australia.(A(number(of(Living(Labs(
on(the(list(have(been(historically(recognised(by(ENoLL(but(do(not(currently(maintain(
official(organisational(ties(to(ENoLL.(In(searches(for(a(number(of(the(organisations(listed,(
but(no(longer(tied(directly(to(ENoLL,(many(appear(to(remain(functional,(and(their(
current(ways(of(working(continue(to(fit(to(the(Living(Lab(approach(or(suggest(a(strong(
legacy(of(the(work(which(resulted(in(ENoLL(accreditation.((
(
Living(Labs(are(located(in(particular(regions,(reaching(across(a(specific(geographical(area.(
As(an(example,(we(can(consider(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab,(which(has(a(
geographical(spread(described(by(the(Director(as(“…(the(city(centre(and(in(close(
proximity(to(many(digital(businesses(as(well(as(being(on(a(university(campus(the(
geographical(reach(is(quite(small((say(city(centre)…”20
(and(another(example(is(SVLL(
(discussed(above),(which(covers(villages(in(Nischintakoili(Block,(Cuttack(in(the(state(of(
Odisha,(India((approximately(225(square(kilometres).((
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
19
(The(full(ENoLL(list(can(be(found(at(the(following(link,(which(includes(more(granular(breakdowns,(offering(specific(counts(and(
locations(of(Living(Labs(in(particular(countries,(and(links(to(each(of(the(individual(labs(listed:(http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/livinglabs(
Viewed(13:09,(April(2nd,(2016.((
20
(Email(exchange(with(Director(Paul(Bason,(May(4,(2016,(contained(in(the(appendix(of(this(paper.((

Michael(Bassett(
( 38(
(
Collaboratories,(both(historically(speaking,(and(during(the(time(this(paper(was(
researched((early(2016)(functioned(with(huge(majority(of(participating(institutions(and(
researchers(based(in(North(America(and(Northern(Europe.(This(dynamic(was(present(In(
2003,(when(Cogburn(wrote(of(a(need(for(greater(understanding(of(the(technical(and(
social(factors(required(to(increase(partnerships(and(participation(between(developing(
and(developed(countries(able(to(contribute(to(onNgoing(“globally(distributed(knowledge(
work”(which(the(collaboratory(model(can(facilitate.((Cogburn,(2003(p.86)(To(a(large(
degree,(his(suggestion/observation(has(yet(to(be(fulfilled.((
(
The(Science(of(Collaboratories((SoC)(website,(based(at(the(University(of(California,(Irvine,(
holds(the(most(comprehensive(list(of(collaboratories(available.21
(However,(the(list(was(
last(updated(in(2010.22
(At(the(time(of(the(last(update(774(collaboratories(were(
catalogued.(For(this(purpose(of(this(study(over(20(links(provided(at(the(SoC(website(
were(checked.(Approximately(half(of(these(links(were(live,(allowing(click(through(to(
functioning(collaboratories.(The(remaining(links(were(dead,(connected(to(archived(
websites(of(collaboratories(that(had(completed,(ceased(activity(or(simply(linked(to(
domains(which(bore(little(to(no(relationship(to(a(collaboratory.(The(National(Science(
Foundation((NSF)(in(the(United(States(has(funded(an(array(of(different(collaboratories,(
and,(in(fact,(funded(the(SoC(website((discussed(above)(from(2010(to(2011.(The(NSF(was(
contacted(both(by(phone(and(email(for(this(study,(and(according(to(staff(in(the(
Washington(DC(offices,(no(records(relating(to(collaboratories(were(kept((functioning(or(
otherwise).((
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
21
(http://soc.ics.uci.edu/Resources/colisting.php(Viewed(23:34(April(3rd,(2016.((
22
(See(appendix:(PDF(titled(“Suggestions(for(info(on(collaboratories.pdf”(

Michael(Bassett(
( 39(
(
An(additional(layer(of(complexity(is(added(by(the(following:(there(are(organisations(
working(in(ways(that(fit(the(definition(of(collaboratory(but(may(not(use(or(recognise(the(
term(to(describe(aspects(of(their(work.(An(example(of(this(is(discussed(in(the(case(study(
of(The(Laser(Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((below).((
(
Other(means(and(conceptual(frameworks(for(scientific(groups(working(at(distance(
complicate(attempting(to(locate(collaboratories(as(well.(As(an(example,(we(can(consider(
computerNsupported(cooperative(work((CSCW),(virtual(multidisciplinary(team([vMDT],(
multidisciplinary(case(conferences(and/or,(extended(research(groups,(etc.((Grudin,(1994;(
Hinds(&(Kiesler,(2002;(Munro(&(Swartzman,(2013;(Walsh(&(Maloney,(2002)(Though(
there(are(numerous(examples(and(types(to(consider(beyond(collaboratories(and(living(
labs,(these(entities(lie(beyond(the(scope(of(this(paper.((
(
Beyond(the(above,(the(act(of(establishing(a(particular(location(of(a(collaboratory(
produces(a(conundrum:(The(Internet(is(often(referred(to(as(a(“web”(this(is(an(apt(way(to(
describe(a(collaboratory.(Multiple(partner(organisations(and(individual(researchers(
contribute(from(all(points(in(the(network.(It(is(not(necessary(for(a(particular(node(to(
operate(as(the(central(focus.(Sometimes(two(or(more(nodes(are(prime((e.g.(LIGO).((For(
illustrative(purposes,(we(can(consider(a(collaboratory(titled(“The(Adult(to(Adult(Living(
Donor(Liver(Transplantation(Cohort(Study”((A2ALL).23
(The(participating(organisations(in(
A2ALL(are:(Northwestern(University((Evanston,(Illinois),(Columbia(University((NYC),(and(
Virginia(University.(In(addition,(there(are(the(Universities(of(Colorado,(California((San(
Francisco),(Toronto,(Pittsburgh,(Michigan(and(Pennsylvania,(as(well(as(The(Lahey(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
23
(https://www.nihNa2all.org((

Michael(Bassett(
( 40(
Hospital(&(Medical(Centre(at(Tufts(University((Massachusetts).(Finally,(the(National(
Institute(of(Diabetes(and(Digestive(and(Kidney(Diseases((NIDDK)(&(National(Institutes(of(
Health((NIH)(are(based(in(Bethesda,(Maryland(with(other(branches(in(Phoenix(Arizona.(
The(data(coordinating(for(A2ALL(takes(place(in(Michigan(and(the(Project(Officer(is(based(
in(Maryland.(It(may(be(sensible(to(suggest(the(network(is(somehow(based(in(Maryland(
or(Michigan,(but(from(another(point(of(view(making(a(determination(as(to(which(node(is(
central(to(the(collaboratory(is(contrary(to(the(nature(of(the(collaboratory(itself.(
!
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

Michael(Bassett(
( 41(
Case(Studies(
Smart(Village(Living(Lab:(How(it(works(
(
Smart(Village(Living(Lab((SVLL)(is(rurally(oriented,(focusing(on(the(areas(of(affordable(
housing,(environment,(energy,(water(and(education.(Coordination(of(the(project(is(via(
The(School(of(Applied(Sciences(in(Bhubaneswar,(the(capital(city(of(the(state(of(Odisha(in(
India((approximately(115km(from(the(Bay(of(Bengal).(The(project(connects(with(villages(
in(Nischintakoili(Block,(in(Cuttack(in(the(state(of(Odisha.(Nischintakoili(Block(covers(
about(approximately(225(square(kilometres,(and(SVLL(works(across(four(gram(
panchayats(in(the(region.24
(SVLL(was(granted(ENoLL(membership(in(August(2015.(The(
living(lab(gathers(and(channels(information(from(those(working(and(living(in(rural(
communities(–(end(users(in(real(life(settings.(Through(ENoLL(accreditation,(SVLL(receives(
close(support(from(experienced(members(of(living(labs(based(in(the(UK,(Belgium(and(
Finland.(We(will(see(in(the(case(studies(below(that(the(shared(resources(and(support(
coming(from(ENoLL(accreditation(and(the(emphasis(on(cross(border(collaboration(tends(
to(operate(reflect(the(approaches(used(in(with(collaboratories.(Much(of(the(
communication(between(the(players(involved(is(conducted(via(electronic(platform(
(email,(phone,(Skype(or(other(conferencing(approaches)(rather(than(via(actual(visits(to(
India(or(vice(versa.((
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
24
(A(gram(panchayat(is(the(local(lynchpin(in(selfNgovernance(at(the(village(and/or(small(town(level.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 42(
(
The(area(of(the(state(of(Odisha,(which(SVLL(covers(has(rich(resources,(but(there(is(need(
for(introduction(of(science,(technology(and(connectivity(for(economic(development(in(
the(region.(In(socioNeconomic(terms,(the(majority(of(people(of(the(region(are(grouped(
among(the(poorest(worldwide.(Smart(Village(LL(aims(to(facilitate(skills(development,(
generate(a(workforce(that(is(scientifically(and(technically(empowered,(and(foster(
entrepreneurship.(All(of(the(above(falls(squarely(within(the(definition(used(for(social(
innovation(as(described(in(the(literature(review(of(this(paper.(In(this(respect,(SVLL(will(
reside(on(the(social(innovation(end(of(the(spectrum(in(the(IO&DG(Plane,(and(will(be(
represented(as(more(geographically(dispersed(than(Manchester(or(Coventry(living(labs,((
(rather(than(a(city(region(or(centre).((
(
Harkening(back(to(the(Drexel(University(project(in(Philadelphia(that(preceded(the(MIT(
lab((mentioned(above),(activities(at(SVLL(are(driven(and(managed(through(student(
projects.(Students(from(the(University(and(children(from(village(schools(and(overseen(by(
University(staff.(This(way(of(reaching(a(user(base(is(considered(a(key(strength(–(
educating(children(about(science(and(the(scientific(method(and(accelerating(the(spread(
of(innovation(culture(in(the(region.(Another(area(of(activity(will(be(the(creation(of(
infrastructure,(bringing(amenities(common(to(urban(areas(to(village(populations,(
reducing(discrepancies(for(those(living(in(rural(areas.((((
(
Puspalata(Pattojoshi(is(a(Professor(in(Physics(at(KIIT(University,(India.(She(also(holds(an(
MBA.(The(focus(of(her(academic(work(is(on(Science(Communication,(Education(
Technology(and(Open(Innovation.(She(has(researched(and(worked(in(the(areas(of(Fibre(
Optics(and(Nanotechnology.(In(2005,(academic(outreach(activities(took(place(in(the(

Michael(Bassett(
( 43(
Odisha(region,(in(the(form(of(a(roving(science(lab(in(2005.(Professor(Pattojoshi(was(the(
driver(for(this(project,(and(SVLL(built(on(the(legacy.(Pattojoshi(described(a(project(that(
preceded(the(living(lab(as(follows:((
The"mobile"lab"was"a"collection"of"very"rudimentary"[pieces(of]"
equipment"(about"a"hundred"of"them)."That"was"good"enough"for"rural"
high"school"students"to"engage"in"hands"on"science"learning."A"group"of"
University"Professors"(including"me)"used"to"visit"the"Schools"(with"at"
least"two"rounds"of"discussion"prior"to"the"visit"with"the"School"
authorities"and"teachers)."[At(each(school]"about"30"school"students"
identified"by"the"school"were"trained"first"on"the"experiments."Then"
these"children"interact"with"the"rest"closely"observed"and"supported"by"
the"schoolIteachers"and"us.25
"
" "
Work(of(this(nature(continues(as(part(of(SVLL’s(approach.(When(asked(about(this(of,(
Professor(Pattojoshi(replied:((
The"Smart"Village"Living"Lab"is"experimenting"on"User"led"Open"
Innovation"dimensions"at"present."Basically"the"role"of"University"and"
Higher"education"institutions"is"currently"explored.26
"
"
When(asked(about(what(methods(are(used(to(elicit(inputs(for(user(engagement:((
"…"Action"research"methodologies,"interviews"etc."are"being"used.27
"
"
When(asked(who(were(the(lead(users:((
We"presently"are"relying"on"School"children"and"women,"but"not"
restricting"to"these"only.28
"
"
When(determining(which(users(will(be(consulted(and/or(relied(upon,(SVLL’s(approach(is(
as(follows:(
The"lab"focuses"presently"on"technology"innovation"related"to"water,"
energy,"education,"environment"etc."in"rural"areas."Hence"in"the"Living"
Lab"set"up,"people"in"all"segments,"based"on"gender,"age,"occupation"
levels,"education"levels"etc."are"consulted."The"secondary"users"/"
stakeholders"like"village"Heads,"Government"bodies"are"also"coaxed"to"
join.29
"
"
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
25
(Please(appendix(for(section(titled(“Smart(Village(responses”((
26
(Ibid.((
27
(Ibid.((
28
(Ibid.((
29
(Ibid.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 44(
When(asked(about(the(nature(of(the(consultation(with(participants/users(in(the(region,(
and(with(secondary(users/stakeholders(like(Village(Heads(&(Government(bodies,(
Professor(Pattojoshi(explained:((
Before"any"visit"to"a"particular"School,"a"team"visits"to"the"School"to"
discuss"the"needs"of"the"students,"the"offerings"of"the"mobile"lab,"the"
infrastructure"set"up"of"the"school,"interest"of"the"teachers,"time"
suitable"etc."Village"heads"and"local"Government"bodies"are"consulted"
in"most"of"the"cases"to"ascertain"the"needs"and"local"preferences"and"
cultural"practices"so"as"to"involve"the"students"and"the"School"
community."Often"Schools"are"within"the"villages"and"this"becomes"
necessary"so"that"the"entire"endeavour"is"accepted"by"the"villagers"as"a"
whole.30
"
"
When(asked(how(lead(users(were(selected(and(if(these(change(for(each(
intervention/visit:((
Based"on"the"intervention"area,"lead"users"are"selected."For"example,"
for"education,"School"students,"their"teachers,"parents;"in"that"order."
Yeah…"it"changes"for"particular"projects.31
"
"
An(example(of(an(innovation(that(came(from(the(users(engaged(with(SVLL(is(a(water(
filtration(method(used(in(the(home.(The(filtration(method(is(a(traditional(practice(in(the(
region(involving(the(use(of(a(piece(of(cloth(to(filter(water,(which(has(been(found(to(
improve(the(quality(of(water(used(in(the(home.(This(method(is(being(studied,(and(
through(the(Living(Lab,(will(undergo(further(testing(and(modification.(Then,(this(method(
will(be(brought(to(other(people(in(the(region((and(possibly(beyond).((
(
Another(example(of(innovation(arising(from(users(is(in(the(design(of(homes.(The(Living(
Lab(is(seeking(to(find(best(practices(for(the(design(of(homes(in(the(region,(looking(
toward(traditional(home(building(practices.(Many(of(the(traditional(building(practices(
arose(in(order(to(cope(with(serious(flooding(in(the(areas(where(people(live.(These(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
30
(Ibid.((
31
(Ibid.(

Michael(Bassett(
( 45(
building(practices(have(specific(implications(for(the(placement(of(kitchens(and(
sometimes(where(and(how(people(keep(pets(and/or(livestock.(
(
Observations:(SVLL(
The(living(lab(approach(at(SVLL(boils(down(to(research,(experimentation(and(innovation(
and(refinement(that(is(described(above.(The(entire(approach(is(underpinned(by(the(
scientific(method.(The(innovations(produced(are(technical(in(nature((however(‘lowNtech’(
they(may(seen(by(Western(standards),(with(a(social(innovation(orientation.(Specifically,(
they(centre(on(social(concerns(of(water(quality(and(housing.(
(
These(innovations(were(found(amongst(the(users(as(participants(dispersed(across(the(
gram(panchayats(in(Nischintakoili(Block,(collaborating(with(the(researchers(for(the(work.(
The(area(of(distribution(is(actually(is(a(broader(than(the(living(labs(located(cities(in(
Western(Europe.(As(an(additional(point(concerning(dispersed(actors,(we(should(also(
note(the(involvement(of(advisors(from(ENoLL((mentioned(above)(in(the(SVLL(project(as(
well.(((
(
Given(that(SVLL(made(connections(to(users,(in(part(through(local(government(and(local(
leaders,(we(can(take(note(of(resonances(that(will(arise(in(the(case(studies(of(Manchester(
and(Coventry(living(labs;(governmental(or(local(leaders(remain(intrinsic(to(reaching(users(
and(facilitating(the(living(lab(approach.(This(is(the(case(with(City(Observatory(Living(Lab,(
in(which(the(case(study(mentions(the(involvement(of(a(citizen’s(group(in(a(crime(
reduction(project.(Inversely,(and(perhaps(of(equal(importance(is(that(SVLL(may(serve(as(
a(means(of(connecting(the(users(back(to(their(governments,(which(in(turn(relates(to(
Coventry,(Manchester(and(City(Observatory(Living(Labs.(

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