Practical Research

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Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Laguna
District of Majayjay
STA. CATALINA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
M. H. del Pilar St., Brgy. San Miguel, Majayjay, Laguna
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Week 5, 6 and 7
LEARNING TASKS:
Guide Questions:
Week 5 – Learning Tasks 1: Discuss the following terms:
1. Data Analysis
2. Coding
3. Collating
4. Data Matrix
5. Profile Matrix
6. Proximity Matrix
7. Similarity Matrix
8. Dissimilarity Matrix
9. Qualitative Data Analysis
10. Conclusion
Week 6 – Learning Tasks 2: Enumerate and explain the following:
1. Pointers in Writing Conclusion
Week 7 – Learning Tasks 3: Answer each question intelligently.
1. Give the connection between conclusion and data analysis results.
2. Why should the conclusion section be final part of your research paper?
3. How do you determine the validity of evidence to back up your conclusion?
4. How can drawing of conclusions improve your logical thinking?
5. What is falsified evidence?
6. In what way do your conclusions appear unbelievable?
7. Would you rather avoid revealing the findings of your paper that run counter to
previous research findings than discuss them extensively with others? Why? Why
not?
8. In research, what conclusion sounds detrimental or damaging to others?
9. Are you playing a role of a debater in writing the conclusion of your research
paper? Justify your point.
10. How could you help your classmates create a good conclusion section of their
paper?

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CHAPTER 7
Analyzing the Meaning of the Data and Drawing
Conclusion
Lesson 1: Data Analysis
Nature
Data Analysis is a process of understanding data or known facts or
assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusions you have about
something. You collect these data in many ways: observation, interview,
documentary analysis and research instruments like questionnaire, test, etc. your
primary aim in analyzing recorded data is to find out if they exist or operate to give
answers to the research questions you raised prior to your acts of collecting them.
In analyzing data, you go through coding and collating. The Coding is your act
of using symbols like letters or words to represent arbitrary or subjective data
(emotions, opinions, attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the data. Collating,
on the other hand, is your way of bringing together the coded data. Giving the
orderly appearance is putting them in a graph, specifically a table of responses.
Data Matrix
The term “data matrix” is also used to name this table of responses that
consists of table of cases and their associated variables. This data matrix is of two
types: the profile matrix that shows measurements of variables or factors for a set of
cases or respondents and the proximity matrix that indicates measurements of
similarities and differences between items. Under proximity matrix, if the
measurements show how alike things are, it is called similarity matrix. If they show
how different they are, it is called dissimilarity matrix (Denzin, 2013).
Qualitative Data Analysis
In a qualitative research, you analyze or study data that reflect the
respondents’ thoughts, feelings, attitudes or views about something. These are
subjective data that are expressed in words and these words serve as the unit of
analysis in a qualitative type of research. You examine these subjective data to
understand how related or relevant they are to your research problem or specific
research questions.
You collect qualitative data through interviews, observations or content
analysis and then subject them to data analysis. In your data collection activities, you
indispensably experience a lot of things vis-à-vis the source of data, such as the size,
shapes, ideas, feelings, attitudes and so on. If you record these data through verbal
language or graphic means, you get to immerse yourself in a qualitative data
analysis, not quantitative data analysis, for the latter deals with data expressed in
numerical forms (Laydeer, 2013).

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Qualitative data analysis is a time-consuming process. It makes you deal with
data coming from a wide source of information. It is good if all the data you collected
from varied sources of information. It is good if all the data you collected from varied
sources of knowledge work favorable for your research study, but, ironically, some
of these may not have strong relation to your research questions. Data analysis in a
qualitative research is a rigorous act of a thematic or theoretical organization of
ideas or information into a certain format that is capable of presenting groups of
responses, analyzing the data and synthesizing them based on one principal idea,
theory or pattern demand a lot of time and effort, let alone, the methodical ways you
have to adhere to in presenting the results as long written discussions containing
verbal or graphical explanations of your findings (Letherby, 2012, Silverman, 2013
and Litchman, 2013).

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Lesson 2: Drawing of Conclusions
Meaning of Conclusion
Conclusion is a type of inferential or interpretative thinking that derives its
validity, truthfulness or reasonableness from your sensory experience. Touching,
seeing, hearing, tasting and smelling things around you lead to a particular
conclusion about each of these experiences. The results of your sensory experiences
are factual data to support the truthfulness of your conclusion.
Drawing Conclusions
In your research work, your next move after analyzing the data you have
gathered is drawing conclusions. This makes you from that arise from the factual
data you encountered and analyzed. Any conclusion drawn or deduced by you from
facts or statements resulting from logical thinking rather than another assumption,
prediction or generalization are the only ones included in the conclusion section of
your research paper (Decilo, 2014).
Any conclusion that you give about what you found out through your analysis
of the data you collected is a “warranted conclusion”, which explains how the
evidence or findings resulting from your data analysis stands to prove or disprove
your conclusion. And, by and large, the best kind of proof to back up your
conclusion is one that is factual and logical or given by correct reasoning.
Downplaying, much less, excluding warrants from this section of your paper reserve
specifically for stating conclusions about your findings makes your readers cast
doubts about the credibility or genuineness of your conclusions (Thomas, 2013, 38).
Research is bout discovering things and engaging you in an exchange of
theoretically supported ideas with those in the academic world. And you state all
your discoveries in the conclusions visible in your paper, but also making these
related with the claims or arguments of varied research studies and written works
you’ve subjected to your RRL or review of related literature. Creating a link between
your discoveries and your review of literature indicates the ability of your paper to
expand or enhance any existing knowledge about your research study (Harding,
2013).
Thinking of research as the means by which you, as a member of academic
institution, debate or argue with others on some principles in any area of
knowledge, you have to write the conclusion section of your paper with conviction.
Convinced of the validity of your findings to prove your conclusions, you must
confidently state how your conclusions work to debunk or contradict existing
theories, correlative assumptions and published works. Conversely, your
conclusions must obviously provide sufficient evidence to justify their alignment
with or its support recent theories and research findings. Most importantly, your
conclusions must present your judgment of the truthfulness of your findings and your
assessment of their capacity to answer either positively or negatively your research
hypotheses or research questions (Silverman, 2013 and Morgan, 2014).

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Pointers in Writing Conclusions
1. Explain your point in simple and clear sentences.
2. Use expression that center on the topic than on yourself, the researcher.
3. Include only necessary items, exclude any piece of information or picture not
closely related to your report.
4. Have your conclusion contain only validly supported findings instead of
falsified results.
5. Practice utmost honesty and objectivity in stating the results of your critical
evaluation of outcomes that you expect to support your conclusions.
Reference(s):
Practical Research 1
First Edition (2016)
Esther L. Baraceros