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Chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis
- 1. Chronic Hepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis, Chronic Pancreatitis MUHAMMED MUSTHAFA KALATHINGAL
- 3. CHRONIC HEPATITIS Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. In chronic hepatitis, liver inflammation continues for at least six months. This condition may be mild, causing relatively little damage, or more serious, causing many liver cells to be destroyed. Some cases lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.
- 4. CAUSES Hepatitis B and C. Often the person infected is unaware of any initial symptoms. Or the symptoms were so mild that the person did not seek medical attention. This is especially true for chronic hepatitis C. Over time, perhaps a decade or more, both types may lead to the serious complication of cirrhosis due to ongoing destruction of liver cells and resultant scarring. A minority of patients with cirrhosis develop liver cancer over time Hepatitis D. Hepatitis D infects only patients already infected with hepatitis B, and it generally results in a flare of active hepatitis.
- 6. Diagnosis Because chronic hepatitis often does not cause any early symptoms, the disorder frequently is discovered during a routine blood test. If your doctor suspects you may have chronic hepatitis, he or she may examine you for jaundice, tenderness in the abdomen (especially the right upper corner where the liver is located) and signs of fluid that fills the abdomen during liver failure. Dark urine Easy bruis ability and spontaneous bleeding Confusion that may progress to coma
- 7. SYMPTOMS At first, chronic hepatitis often does not cause any symptoms. People with symptoms most commonly complain of fatigue. Fatigue worsens throughout the day and may even be debilitating. Other common symptoms include: Mild upper abdomen discomfort Loss of appetite Nausea Body aches However, chronic hepatitis caused by medications is relatively uncommon. Periodic blood tests are warranted when patients are placed on drugs known to cause hepatitis. Discontinuing the medication usually reverses early liver inflammation.
- 8. Treatment he goals of treatment for chronic hepatitis are to prevent the disease from getting worse and to prevent cirrhosis and liver failure. Chronic hepatitis B and C are treated with antiviral medications. The newest drugs have incredibly high success rates. If you have hepatitis C, you should receive the vaccine for hepatitis A and B unless blood tests show that you are already immune to these viruses. You can develop more severe symptoms from hepatitis A or B than someone who does not have hepatitis C.
- 10. Liver Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. Each time your liver is injured — whether by disease, excessive alcohol consumption or another cause — it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function (decompensated cirrhosis). Advanced cirrhosis is life-threatening.
- 11. SYMPTOMS Cirrhosis often has no signs or symptoms until liver damage is extensive. When signs and symptoms do occur, they may include: 1. Fatigue 2. Easily bleeding or bruising 3. Loss of appetite 4. Nausea 5. Swelling in your legs, feet or ankles (edema) 6. Weight loss 7. Itchy skin 8. Yellow discoloration in the skin and eyes (jaundice) 9. Fluid accumulation in your abdomen (ascites) 10. Spiderlike blood vessels on your skin 11. Redness in the palms of the hands
- 12. causes A wide range of diseases and conditions can damage the liver and lead to cirrhosis. Some of the causes include: 1. Chronic alcohol abuse 2. Chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B, C and D) 3. Fat accumulating in the liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) 4. Iron buildup in the body (hemochromatosis) 5. Cystic fibrosis 6. Copper accumulated in the liver (Wilson's disease) 7. Poorly formed bile ducts (biliary atresia)
- 13. DIAGNOSIS People with early-stage cirrhosis of the liver usually don't have symptoms. Often, cirrhosis is first detected through a routine blood test or checkup. To help confirm a diagnosis, a combination of laboratory and imaging tests is usually done Laboratory tests Your doctor may order blood tests to check for signs of liver malfunction, such as excess bilirubin, as well as for certain enzymes that may indicate liver damage. To assess kidney function, your blood is checked for creatinine. You'll be screened for the hepatitis viruses
- 14. DIAGNOSIS CONTINUES… Imaging tests. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) may be recommended. This noninvasive advanced imaging test detects hardening or stiffening of the liver. Other imaging tests, such as MRI, CT and ultrasound, may also be done Biopsy. A tissue sample (biopsy) is not necessarily needed for diagnosis. However, your doctor may use it to identify the severity, extent and cause of liver damage.
- 15. Treatment Treatment for cirrhosis depends on the cause and extent of your liver damage. The goals of treatment are to slow the progression of scar tissue in the liver and to prevent or treat symptoms and complications of cirrhosis. You may need to be hospitalized if you have severe liver damage. Treatment for alcohol dependency. Weight loss Medications to control hepatitis Medications to control other causes and symptoms of cirrhosis.
- 16. Liver transplant surgery In advanced cases of cirrhosis, when the liver ceases to function, a liver transplant may be the only treatment option. A liver transplant is a procedure to replace your liver with a healthy liver from a deceased donor or with part of a liver from a living donor. Cirrhosis is one of the most common reasons for a liver transplant. Candidates for liver transplant have extensive testing to determine whether they are healthy enough to have a good outcome following surgery
- 17. Chronic Pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that alters the organ's normal structure and functions. It can present as episodes of acute inflammation in a previously injured pancreas, or as chronic damage with persistent pain or malabsorption
- 19. CAUSES autoimmune disease, which occurs when your body mistakenly attacks your healthy cells and tissues a narrow pancreatic duct, which is the tube that carries enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine a blockage of the pancreatic duct by either gallstones or pancreatic stones cystic fibrosis, which is a hereditary disease that causes mucus to build up in your lungs genetics high blood levels of calcium, which is called hypercalcemia a high level of triglyceride fats in your blood, which is called hypertriglyceridemia
- 20. SYMPTOMS pain in your upper abdomen diarrhea fatty stools, which are loose, pale, and don’t flush away easily nausea and vomiting shortness of breath unexplained weight loss excessive thirst and fatigue
- 22. TREATMENT pain medication artificial digestive enzymes if your enzyme levels are too low to digest food normally insulin if you have diabetes steroids if you have autoimmune pancreatitis, which occurs when your body’s immune system attacks your pancreas
- 23. Surgery Surgery is not necessary for most people. However, if you have severe pain that isn’t responding to medication, removing part of your pancreas can sometimes provide relief. Surgery may also be used to unblock your pancreatic duct, drain cysts, or to widen it if it’s too narrow. It’s important to avoid alcohol after you’ve been diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis, even if alcohol wasn’t the cause of your illness. You should also avoid smoking because it can increase your risk of developing pancreatic cancer. You may need to limit the amount of fat in your diet and take vitamins.