1. F962B: Democracy and Dictatorship, Italy 1896–1943
Key Issue 1
How well did Italian governments deal with internal problems
1896–1915?
N L
Italy in 1896
Trasformismo
Economic and political problems
Violence and strikes
Giolitti’s ministries
Reforms
Industrialisation
Tripoli
Irredentism and nationalism
Catholic Church
Socialism and Red Week
Key Issue 2
Assess the role of, and impact on, Italy of the First World War to
1920.
N L
Neutrality
Entry into war and Treaty of London
Management of war effort
Key battles and campaigns
Debt and inflation
Orlando and Paris Peace Conference
‘Mutilated victory’
Nationalists and D’Annunzio
Economic, social and political problems
Key Issue 3
Assess the factors that brought Mussolini to power in October
1922.
N L
Economic problems in agriculture and industry
Rise of socialism
‘Two red years’
Weaknesses of liberal governments
Fascism
Mussolini
Violence
Electoral pact of 1921
Facta

2. Victor Emmanuel and the ‘March on Rome’
Key Issue 4
How effectively did Mussolini consolidate his political power in
Italy?
N L
From Prime Minister to ‘il Duce’
Acerbo Law
Matteotti murder
Aventine Secession
Electoral law of 1928
Restrictions on power of the King
Fascist Grand Council
Reform of local government
Lateran Accords
Propaganda and police
Key Issue 5
How successful were Mussolini’s economic and social policies? N L
Fascist aims and ideas in economic and social policy
Education and youth policy
Media and sport
Dopolavoro
Corporatism
Battles for lira, land, grain and births
Railways and roads
Key Issue 6
How far did Mussolini achieve his aims in foreign policy? N L
Corfu Incident
Locarno and Kellogg-Briand Pact
Policy towards Britain, France, Austria, Germany
Dollfuss
Stresa Front
Abyssinian Crisis
Spanish Civil War
Rome–Berlin Axis
Anti-Comintern Pact
Munich Conference
Pact of Steel
Albania
Second World War and defeat