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Sterilizaton and disinfection
1. By: Dr MD ASHFAQ AHMED
MODERATOR: Dr NITIN TENGLI
2. Sterilization the process by which an article, surface or
medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in
vegetative or spore state
Disinfection it is the destruction or removal of all
pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise
to infection
Antiseptics chemical disinfectants used to prevent
infection by inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the skin
or mucous membrane
Asepsis term used to indicate the prevention of
infection by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or
tissues
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
3. Bactericidal agents kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic agents prevents multiplication of
bacteria
Decontamination article or area free from
contaminants that include microbial, chemical, radioactive
and other hazards
Cleaning removing soil or dirt reduces the
microbial burden making sterilization more effective
5. physical agents
1. Sunlight MOA due to UV radiations
2. Drying MOA removes moisture, hampers the
growth of bacteria
Both are not an effective sterilizing and disinfecting
agents
3. Heat Most reliable method of Sterilization
Factors influencing sterilization by heat
a. Nature of heat Moist Heat > Dry Heat
(Temperature required for Protein Denaturation
is more compared to Protein Coagulation)
6. b. Temperature and time inversely proportional
c. Number of microorganism present
d. Characteristics of the organism species, strain,
sporing capacity
e. Type of material from which the organism must be
eradicated
A. Dry Heat
a. Flaming
Substance sterilized tip of forceps, Spatulas,
inoculation loops, held under flame till they become red
hot
b. Incineration
Substance sterilized contaminated cloths, animal
carcasses and pathological materials
7. c. Hot Air Oven
Most widely used method
Substance sterilized glassware, forceps, scissors,
scalpels, all glass syringes, swabs, liquid paraffin,
dusting powder, fats and grease
Holding period 160’c for two hours
Precautions
Glassware should be completely dry
Test tubes and flasks should be wrapped
Cotton plugs charred at 180’c
Cutting instruments 150’c for two hours
Dusting powder, oils, glycerol 150’d for one
hour
Oven must be allowed to cool for about two hours
before opening the door
8.
9. Sterilization control
Physical temperature monitoring or thermocouples
Chemical Browne’s tube appearance of green light
Biological Cl Tetani, Bacillus Subtilis subsp. Niger
spores are used
10. B. Moist Heat
1. Temperature below 100’c
Pasteurization of milk
Holder’s method 63’c for 30 min
Flash method 72’c for 15-20 sec followed by rapid
cooling below 13’c
Vaccines vaccine bath for 60’c for one hour
Serum or body fluids 56’c for one hour
2. Temperature at 100’c
Boiling not a recommended method for
sterilization of instruments, can only be regarded as a
means of disinfection
11. Steam at atmospheric pressure sterilization of
culture media, holding period 90 min but
For media containing sugar/gelatin 100’c for
20 min on three successive days
Tyndallisation or intermittent sterilisation
Steam under pressure (AUTOCLAVE)
Principle when steam comes in contact with a
cooler surface it condenses to water and gives up
its latent heat to that surface
Temperature 108’c to 147’c
Substances sterilized dressings, gowns, gloves,
instruments, laboratory ware, media
12. Types of autoclave
Gravity displacement autoclave
Pre vacuum type
Vertical or Horizontal type
Mechanism
Loading Closing Air removal Steam exposure
Holding Exhaust Drying Unloading
Temperature 121’c
Chamber pressure 15 lb/sq inch
Holding time 15 min
Flash sterilization 132’c at 30 lbs for 3 min
13.
14. Precautions
The tap should be opened only after pressure inside
the chamber becomes equal to atmospheric pressure
(risk of explosion)
Sterilization control
Physical Temperature monitoring and
thermocouples
Chemical Browne’s tube (green spot)
Biological Bacillus stearothermophilus spores
are used
15. 4. Filtration
Substance sterilized sera, sugars, antibiotic solutions, sterilization of hydatid
fluid
Types
1. Candle filters purification of water for drinking purpose
2. Membrane filters sterilisation and sterility testing, production of solutions
for parenteral use
3. Asbestos filter
4. Sintered glass filters
5. Radiation
Non-Ionizing radiation
Infrared radiation rapid mass sterilization of syringes and catheters
UV radiation disinfection of entryways, OT and laboratories
Ionizing radiation/cold sterilization
Sterilization of disposable items like plastic syringes, swabs, cannulas,
catheters etc
16.
17. Chemical Agents
Features of ideal antiseptic or disinfectant
1. Wide spectrum of activity i.e. effective against all
microorganisms
2. Active in presence of organic matter
3. Active in acidic as well as alkaline media
4. Stable, high penetrating power, speedy action
5. Compatible with other antiseptics and disinfectant
6. No local irritation, does not interfere with healing, non
toxic if absorbed
7. Inexpensive and easily available
18. Alcohols (Ethyl, Methyl and Isopropyl Alcohol)
Most frequently used, mainly used as skin
antiseptics
MOA denaturation of protein
Effective conc 60-90%
Isopropyl Alcohol disinfection of clinical
thermometers
Methyl Alcohol Effective against fungal
spores, can be used for incubators
19. Aldehydes (Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde)
Formaldehyde both bactericidal and sporicidal
Uses preservation of anatomical specimens,
destruction of anthrax spores in hair and wool,
sterilization of clean metal instruments (10% formalin),
fumigating wards, laboratories
It is irritant and toxic when inhaled, nullified by exposure
to ammonia vapour after disinfection
Glutaraldehyde effective against tubercle bacilli, fungi
and virus
Uses to treat corrugated rubber anesthetic tubes, face
masks, plastic ET tubes, metal instruments etc
Less irritant and toxic compared to formaldehyde
20. Dyes used in skin antiseptics
Aniline dyes
Includes brilliant green, malachite green and crystal
violet
Active against Gram positive > Gram negative
No activity against tubercle bacilli (used in LJ
medium)
Non irritant, non toxic but inhibited by pus
Use selective agents in culture media
Acridine dyes
Includes proflavine, Acriflavine, Euflavine
Impregnated in gauze and released in moist
environment
21. Halogens
Used as a skin disinfectant
Active against tubercle bacilli and viruses
Chlorine used as disinfectant in water supplies,
swimming pools
Phenols
Include Lysol, Cresol, Chlorhexidine
Aqueous solution are used in treatment of wounds
22. Ethylene Oxide Sterilization (ETO)
Used almost exclusively to sterilize
medical products that cannot be steam
sterilized or sensitive to radiation.
Mechanism of action: denaturation of
nucleic acids of micro-organisms.
At 30 °C - 60°C with relative humidity
above 30 % and gas conc. between 200
and 800 mg/l for at least 3 hours.
23. Ethylene oxide is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 10.7
°C.
Highly penetrating gas with sweet ethereal smell.
Highly inflammable & in conc. greater than 3%, highly
explosive.
By mixing with inert gases such as CFC or CO2, explosive
tendency is eliminated.
Plastics, rubber & photographic equipments can be sterilized
by this method.
Also used for mass sterilization of disposable items, plastic
syringes, needles, catheters, blades etc.
24. Disadvantages
– Lengthy cycle time
– High Cost
– Potential hazards to patients & staff
Advantage:
Can sterilize heat or moisture sensitive medical
equipments.
25. Various sterilization techniques for
instruments used in OT
For forceps, scissors, scalpels, all glass syringes, swabs
HOT AIR OVEN IS USED
For dressings, gowns, gloves, instruments, laboratory ware
AUTOCLAVE IS USED
For production of solutions for parenteral use membrane
filters are used
For rapid mass sterilization of syringes and catheters
Infrared radiation
For disinfection of entryways, OT and laboratories UV
radiation
For Sterilization of disposable items like plastic syringes,
swabs, cannulas, catheters Ionizing radiation/cold
sterilization
26. STERILIZATION OF OPERATION THEATRE
Basic principles
All materials that are to be used in OT should be sterile
Instrument sterilization should be done
One night before or
Immediately before operation
Once the instruments are removed from the sterile wrap
Either use it or discard it
Only the top surface of the draped table is considered sterile
Sterile packages should be laid in dry area, any wet area
should be covered with dry drape
27. Precautions
Skin shaving, head caps and masks
Proper scrubbing of hand and arms
Dry the hands with sterile towel
A sponge is used only once
After skin incision the blade/knife should be kept isolated
from other items
Should not talk to patient except when essential (respiratory
tract is a source of infection)
Doors should be kept close
Temperature 24c to 27c
Ventilation
1 change/hr contamination reduced by 60%
2 change/hr contamination reduced by 86%
10 change/hr contamination reduced by 99%
28. Zoning :
Divided into four zones
Protective zone
Clean zone
Sterile zone
Disposal zone
Advantages
Minimizes risk of hospital infection
Increases the efficacy of operative team members
Ensures smooth work flow
Ensures proper positioning of equipments
29.
30. Sterilization and Disinfection of OT
Daily cleaning after the operation session is over
All surfaces should be cleaned with detergent and water
and wiped over phenol and are left to dry
Fumigation:
Procedure The windows should be sealed and
formaldehyde should be generated either by boiling a
solution of formalin 40% or by adding it to potassium
permanganate, in a metal vessel on the floor, since heat is
also generated. The door is than closed and sealed.
For a 10 x 10 x 10 ft room - 150 gm potassium
permanganate and 280 ml of formalin are used
31.
32. Duration:
In case of any construction in O.T 48 hrs
In case of infected cases 24hr
For routine clean cases 12 hrs.
Alternatively 250 ml of formalin and 3000 ml of tap water are
put into a machine (auto mist) and time is set for 2 hrs The
mist is circulated for 2hrs inside the closed room Room is
kept sealed for another 2 hrs for action of vapor
Three swabs are taken from walls, all equipments, floor or O.T.
table at intervals
1st swab - 48 hrs after fumigation
2nd swab- 24 hrs after 1st swab
3rd swab - 12 hrs after 2nd swab
33. All three consecutive swabs should come negative
Ideally all O.T. rooms should be fumigated once a week
Neutralization of fumigation
Ammonia is used for neutralizing, here 300 ml of Ammonia
per liter of Formaldehyde is used ammonia solution is
placed at the centre for 3 hours
Formula for calculation of quantity required
Formaldehyde 500 ml/ cubic feet
Ammonia (10%) required 150 ml/500ml of
formaldehyde
34. Bacillocid combination of formaldehyde and
glutaraldehyde
Advantages
1. Provides complete asepsis within 30 to 60 mins
2. Formalin fumigation not required
3. OT shutdown for 24 hrs not required
35.
36. Microbiological monitoring
Swab collection and culture for bacteria in OR
Usually done once in a month
Areas swabbed
Operation table at the head end
Over head lamp
Four walls
Floor below the head end of OT
Instrument trolley
AC duct
Microscope handles
37. Media for culture
Aerobic chocolate agar
Anaerobic Robertson’s cooked meat medium
For quality of air in OT
Settle plate method is used once a month
One plate of blood agar and sabouraud dextrose agar is
placed in the centre of the OR close to operation table for 30
min
38. Incubation
Blood agar at 37’c for 48 hours
SDA 27’c for 7 days
Inference
Bacterial colony count in blood agar > 10 per plate and/or
Fungal colony count in SDA > 1 per plate is unacceptable
39. Hand scrub
Compounds used
include
1. Alcohol with
Chlorhexidine
2. Alcohol without
Chlorhexidine
3. Chlorhexidine 2 %
4. Chlorhexidine 4 %
5. Povidone with Iodine
7.5 % - 10%
6. Triclosan 1 %
7. Phenolics
8. Quaternary
ammonium compound
9. 3 % hexachlorophane
44. Procedure for patient preparation
Preparation in the ward
Hospitalization 2-3 days prior to surgery
Discard outside cloths, hospital cloths should be
provided
Pre op orders
NPO for food 6 hours
NPO for clear fluids 3 hours
Shaving, removal of lipstick, nail tarnish etc
Empty the bladder before shifting the patient
45. Part preparation
Washed thoroughly with soap and water
Hairs should be removed (at least 12 hours before
surgery)
Scrubbing of the part with antiseptic solution like
savlon, Chlorhexidine or povidine iodine
mopped with sterile gauge
Then the part is covered with sterile pad and sealed
with adhesive taps
46. Preparation of surgical site
Done for 5 min
Procedure
Scrub should begin in the center of the area to be
prepared & then move outwards (minimizes the
contamination from unscrubbed area)
Once central part is prepared, then it should not
be touched again with same sponge
Start in middle & extend towards periphery
Draping of the patient isolation of the surgical
area from other parts of the body that have not been
prepared for surgery
47. At the end of operation
Check for proper wound closure and cessation of
hemorrhage
Confirm the completion of all surgical plan
Report the anesthetist regarding the completion of procedure
Write operative notes
Shift the patient on a trolley equipped with oxygen cylinder
and mask assisted by 2 persons
Keep the patient in recovery room and recovery position
(under the observation of anesthetist)